Heavy metals in landfill leachate-polluted groundwater were analyzed to determine their distribution between different species. Two samples were collected from depths of 7m and 5m downgradient from a landfill. For cadmium, copper, and lead, over 59% of the metals were in organic forms, while inorganic colloids made up 1-41%. Nickel and zinc had 30% or more in dissolved inorganic forms. Overall, colloids constituted 15-40% of heavy metals, with organic matter dominating the colloidal fractions. The study provides insight into the speciation and behavior of heavy metals as they migrate from landfills into groundwater.
Heavy metals and its effects on plants and environmentHaider Ali Malik
Ā
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earthās crust , but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemicals balance.
Any toxic metals may be called heavy metals.
Since heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in selective body organs.
The average safety levels in food or water are often misleading high.
Heavy is any metal or metalloid of environmental concern.
Heavy metals are metallic element that have relatively high density usually greater than 5 g/cm3, or their density is greater than the density of water.
heavy metal toxicity and effect on the environment as well as on the humanShahZain73
Ā
Heavy metal toxicity refers to the harmful effects that can occur when the body accumulates high levels of certain metals. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and others can be toxic even at low concentrations. These metals can enter the body through various sources like contaminated water, food, air, or exposure in certain occupations.
When these metals build up in the body over time, they can cause serious health issues. Symptoms of heavy metal toxicity can vary depending on the type of metal and the level of exposure but may include fatigue, headaches, nausea, neurological problems, organ damage, and in severe cases, even death.
Treatment for heavy metal toxicity usually involves removing the source of exposure, chelation therapy to remove metals from the body, and supportive care to manage symptoms. It's essential to be aware of potential sources of heavy metals and take precautions to minimize exposure to protect your health.
Heavy metals and its effects on plants and environmentHaider Ali Malik
Ā
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earthās crust , but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemicals balance.
Any toxic metals may be called heavy metals.
Since heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in selective body organs.
The average safety levels in food or water are often misleading high.
Heavy is any metal or metalloid of environmental concern.
Heavy metals are metallic element that have relatively high density usually greater than 5 g/cm3, or their density is greater than the density of water.
heavy metal toxicity and effect on the environment as well as on the humanShahZain73
Ā
Heavy metal toxicity refers to the harmful effects that can occur when the body accumulates high levels of certain metals. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and others can be toxic even at low concentrations. These metals can enter the body through various sources like contaminated water, food, air, or exposure in certain occupations.
When these metals build up in the body over time, they can cause serious health issues. Symptoms of heavy metal toxicity can vary depending on the type of metal and the level of exposure but may include fatigue, headaches, nausea, neurological problems, organ damage, and in severe cases, even death.
Treatment for heavy metal toxicity usually involves removing the source of exposure, chelation therapy to remove metals from the body, and supportive care to manage symptoms. It's essential to be aware of potential sources of heavy metals and take precautions to minimize exposure to protect your health.
HEAVY METALS POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT
Introduction:
In the era of rapid industrialization and urbanization pollution has totally deteriorated the quality and diversity of life and heavy metals contamination are major cause of environment deterioration which persuades severe poisonous effect on all the forms of living being. It poses threat due to its non-biodegradable, bioaccumulation, stability and persistence characteristics. Therefore, disrupt the natural ecosystem.
Definition: Any metallic chemical elements that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration.
In metallurgy, Heavy Metals are defined on the basis of density, having density more than 4g/cm3. In physics it is defined on the basis of atomic number having atomic number more than 20, while in chemistry on the basis of chemical behavior. But, modern definition of heavy metals describes as metallic elements and metalloids which are toxic to the environment and human.
ā¢ Heavy metal ranges from 3.5g/cm3 to 7 g/cm3 and have specific gravity at least 5 times more than water.
ā¢ These are often called ātrace elementsā as required in small quantity (ppm or ppb)
ā¢ Heavy metals can be found in the forms of sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and silicates.
ā¢ Heavy metal contamination and toxicity: a prominent environmental issue in water, soil/sediments and air.
ā¢ Heavy metals can be both beneficial and detrimental (at high concentration) to the environment and life.
ā¢ These are natural components of the Earthās crust. Consumed by life forms via eating food, drinking water and inhaling air.
Physical Properties of heavy metals
ā¢ Lustre /shininess
ā¢ High melting point
ā¢ High density
ā¢ Good conductor of heat and electricity
ā¢ Non-degradable
ā¢ Malleable
ā¢ Ductile
Toxicological properties of Heavy Metals
ā¢ Persistence ālong residual and half life
ā¢ Soil residence time is more than 1000years
ā¢ Acute toxicity-plants, animals and microorganisms
ā¢ Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through food chain
ā¢ Chronic and sub-lethal effects at low concentration
ā¢ Synergistic effects
ā¢ Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
Ā
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPEĆĀ¢Ć¢āĀ¬Ć¢ā¬ÅTKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE ĆĀ¢Ć¢āĀ¬Ć¢ā¬Å TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
HEAVY METALS POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT
Introduction:
In the era of rapid industrialization and urbanization pollution has totally deteriorated the quality and diversity of life and heavy metals contamination are major cause of environment deterioration which persuades severe poisonous effect on all the forms of living being. It poses threat due to its non-biodegradable, bioaccumulation, stability and persistence characteristics. Therefore, disrupt the natural ecosystem.
Definition: Any metallic chemical elements that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration.
In metallurgy, Heavy Metals are defined on the basis of density, having density more than 4g/cm3. In physics it is defined on the basis of atomic number having atomic number more than 20, while in chemistry on the basis of chemical behavior. But, modern definition of heavy metals describes as metallic elements and metalloids which are toxic to the environment and human.
ā¢ Heavy metal ranges from 3.5g/cm3 to 7 g/cm3 and have specific gravity at least 5 times more than water.
ā¢ These are often called ātrace elementsā as required in small quantity (ppm or ppb)
ā¢ Heavy metals can be found in the forms of sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and silicates.
ā¢ Heavy metal contamination and toxicity: a prominent environmental issue in water, soil/sediments and air.
ā¢ Heavy metals can be both beneficial and detrimental (at high concentration) to the environment and life.
ā¢ These are natural components of the Earthās crust. Consumed by life forms via eating food, drinking water and inhaling air.
Physical Properties of heavy metals
ā¢ Lustre /shininess
ā¢ High melting point
ā¢ High density
ā¢ Good conductor of heat and electricity
ā¢ Non-degradable
ā¢ Malleable
ā¢ Ductile
Toxicological properties of Heavy Metals
ā¢ Persistence ālong residual and half life
ā¢ Soil residence time is more than 1000years
ā¢ Acute toxicity-plants, animals and microorganisms
ā¢ Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through food chain
ā¢ Chronic and sub-lethal effects at low concentration
ā¢ Synergistic effects
ā¢ Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
Ā
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPEĆĀ¢Ć¢āĀ¬Ć¢ā¬ÅTKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE ĆĀ¢Ć¢āĀ¬Ć¢ā¬Å TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Ā
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Ā
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
Ā
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70Ā°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50Ā°C at 70Ā°C and between 4.83Ć10-07 at 9.04Ć10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Ā
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRIās brand new āFood Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choicesā gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Ā
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Ā
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
Ā
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. Jens
Martensson
2
Heavy metals
Heavy metals are a group of metals and metalloids that have relatively high
density and are toxic even at ppb levels
Essential elements are often required in trace amounts in the level of 10ā15 ppm
and are known as micronutrients.
EPA and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have classified
heavy metals as human carcinogen.
Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and
mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance.
Heavy metals are also considered as trace elements because of their presence in
trace concentrations (ppb range to less than 10ppm) in various environmental
matrices
3. Jens
Martensson
3
The HMs can be broadly
classified into two categories:
essential and nonessential
heavy metals
Essential HMs are those required by living organisms for carrying out the
fundamental processes like growth, metabolism, and development of
different organs. There are numerous essential heavy metals like Cu, Fe,
Mn, Co, Zn, and Ni required by plants as they form cofactors that are
structurally and functionally vital for enzymes and other proteins.
Nonessential heavy metals like Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, and Al are not required by
plants, even in trace amounts, for any of the metabolic processes. Table
6.1 depicts the manifestation of toxicity induced by copper, zinc,
cadmium, and lead to different plant species.
There is a very narrow range of concentrations between beneficial and
toxic effects
4. Jens
Martensson
4
Properties
Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and have
tendency to accumulate in living beings.
Heavy metals induce detrimental effects, including developmental toxicity, cell
death, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and immunotoxicity.
Owing to their bioaccumulative potential along the food chain, high toxicity,
prevalence, and persistence in the environment, heavy metals have become a
major public health concern.
Heavy metals commonly accumulate in living organisms because of the non-
biodegradable, toxic nature of heavy metals, and non-thermo degradable.
5. Jens
Martensson
5
Sources
Although heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that are found
throughout the earthās crust, most environmental contamination and human
exposure result from anthropogenic activities such as mining and smelting
operations, industrial production and use, and domestic and agricultural use of
metals and metal-containing compounds metals are released into the
environment by both natural and anthropogenic sources such as industrial
discharge, automobiles exhaust, and mining.
Their multiple Industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological
applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment; raising
concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment.
Industrial sources include metal processing in refineries, coal burning in power
plants, petroleum combustion, nuclear power stations and high tension lines,
plastics, textiles, microelectronics, wood preservation and paper processing
plants.
7. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ effects of exposure to heavy metals can vary
depending on the type of metal, the route of
exposure, and the duration and level of exposure.
ā¢ Some heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, can
have serious health effects even at low levels of
exposure.
ā¢ Other heavy metals, such as copper and zinc, are
essential to human health in small amounts but can
be toxic at higher levels.
Routes Of Exposure
7
8. Jens
Martensson
8
Toxicokinetics
Toxicokinetics describes how the body handles a chemical, as a function of
dose and time, in terms of the concept of ADME (absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion): The rate of chemical absorption from the site of
application into the blood stream.
9. Jens
Martensson
ABSORPTION
ā¢ Inhalation: Heavy metals can be inhaled as fumes, dust, or
mist. This is a common route of exposure for workers in
industries that involve metal processing, smelting, and welding.
ā¢ Ingestion: Heavy metals can enter the body through the
gastrointestinal tract, either by consuming contaminated food
or water or by accidental ingestion.
ā¢ Dermal Contact: Heavy metals can also enter the body
through the skin, for example, through contact with
contaminated soil or through the use of cosmetics or other
personal care products that contain heavy metals.
Toxicokinetic Of Heavy Metal
9
10. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ DISTRIBUTION
ā¢ Some heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, have a high
affinity for bone and can accumulate in bone tissue over time.
Other heavy metals, such as mercury, tend to accumulate in the
kidneys and brain.
ā¢ Some heavy metals, such as iron, are essential for the body's
normal function and are tightly regulated. Others, such as lead,
cadmium, and mercury, have no known essential function in the
body and can accumulate in the body over time with repeated
exposure.
Toxicokinetic Of Heavy Metal
10
11. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ METABOLISM
heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury,
have no known essential function in the body and can
accumulate in the body over time with repeated
exposure. These metals can disrupt normal cellular
processes and can bind to various proteins, enzymes,
and nucleic acids, altering their function.
Toxicokinetic Of Heavy Metal
11
12. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ Lead: Lead can bind to several enzymes and proteins
in the body, causing them to malfunction.
ā¢ Cadmium: Cadmium can bind to metallothionein, a
protein that regulates the uptake and elimination of
heavy metals, which can lead to the accumulation of
cadmium in the body.
ā¢ Mercury: Mercury can bind to and inactivate enzymes
in the body, and can also form a complex with a
specific protein called metallothionein, which can lead
to the accumulation of the metal in the body.
12
14. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ Excretion
ā¢ Excretion of heavy metals refers to the process by which the
body eliminates these metals from the body. The excretion of
heavy metals varies depending on the specific metal and can
occur through urine, feces, sweat, or hair.
ā¢ Urine: Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury can
be excreted through urine. However, the efficiency of excretion
through urine can vary depending on the individual's health
status, genetics and nutritional status.
Toxicokinetic Of Heavy Metal
14
15. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ Feces: Some heavy metals such as lead and cadmium
can be excreted through feces.
ā¢ Sweat: Heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be
excreted through sweat. However, the efficiency of
excretion through sweat is generally low compared to
urine and feces.
ā¢ Hair: Heavy metals can also be excreted through hair,
but it's not a common route of elimination, and hair
analysis is not a reliable indicator of exposure.
15
17. Jens
Martensson
Among lead's well-
known developmental
health effects
is stunting of skeletal
growth in children.
Moreover, lead is known
to delay fracture
healing and may
contribute to
osteoporosis.
Lead
17
Permissible Standards for lead
are
ā¢ The lead standards
establish a permissible
exposure limit (PEL) of 50
Ī¼g/m3 of lead over an
eight-hour time-weighted-
average for all employees
covered.
ā¢ The calculated IRLs are 2.2
micrograms (Āµg) per day
for children and 8.8 Āµg
per day for females of
childbearing age.
19. Jens
Martensson
Mercury majorly cause Minamata
disease
It may
ā¢ Deteriorates nervous system
ā¢ Impairs hearing, speech, vision, and gait
ā¢ Cause involuntary muscles movements
ā¢ Corrodes skin and mucous membranes
ā¢ Cause chewing and swallowing to become difficult
Mercur
y
OSHA: The legal
airborne permissibl
e exposure
limit (PEL) is 0.1
mg/m3 averaged
over an 8-hour
work shift
Symptoms
include
ā¢ Tremors
ā¢ Insomnia
ā¢ memory loss
ā¢ neuromuscular
effects
ā¢ Headaches
ā¢ cognitive and
motor
20. Jens
Martensson
Cadmiu
m
20
Cadmium have many adverse effects
on different parts or organs of body
Respiratory system
ā¢ Pneumonia
ā¢ Destruction of mucous membrane
Kidney
ā¢ kidney stones
ā¢ Glomerular and tubular damage
Reproductive system
ā¢ Testicular necrosis
ā¢ Estrogen like effects
ā¢ Infection of steroid hormones
Skeletal system
ā¢ Loss of bones density
ā¢ Itai itai disease
21. Jens
Martensson
Permissible level of arsenic
ā¢ The permissible exposure limit for arsenic is no greater than 10 micrograms of
inorganic arsenic per cubic meter of air, averaged over any 8 hour period for a 40
hour workweek [OSHA 2001; NIOSH 2005].
ā¢ The current drinking water standard, or Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), from the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is 0.010 mg/L or parts per million
(ppm).
Arsenic
21
24. Jens
Martensson
The concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb and As) in
sediment, and fish were investigated in the middle and lower reaches of
the Yangtze River, China. The samples were collected from the main
river and lakes in the Yangtze River basin at 17 sites in the middle reach
and from 10 sites in the lower reach. In total, 27 water and sediment
samples were collected.
HM concentration in sediments:
24
25. Jens
Martensson
The lakes had the highest mean concentrations of Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn,
and OM, while the lower reach of the main river had the highest mean
concentrations of Cd, As, TN, and TP. Mean concentrations of metals in
the middle reach were relatively lower. This may be due to the
downstream movement of water. The heavy metal concentrations in the
sediments were higher in the lakes than in the river. We suggest that this
was due to the higher flow disturbance in the river that led to re-
suspension and downstream movement of pollutants.
HM in sediments
25
26. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ The potential ecological risk index (RI) was introduced to assess the
degree of heavy metal pollution in sediments, according to the
toxicity of heavy metals and the response of the environment
ā¢ Hg posed a considerable ecological risk at five sites and a
moderate risk at two. Additionally, Cd and As also posed relatively
high ecological risks in these areas. The high ecological risks of
these three heavy metals in freshwater ecosystems are
consequences of their high toxic-response factors.
Ecological risk assessment
26
27. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ In terms of their spatial distribution, sites with moderate or
considerable potential ecological risk indices for Hg and Cd
were located near to large cities (Wuhan, Nanjing, and
Jiangyin), or ports (Chenglingji), or lakes with high human
activity (Dongting Lake and Donghu Lake).
ā¢ The highest potential ecological risk indices for As were found
in the lower reach, mainly downstream of Poyang Lake.
ā¢ For other metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, and Zn), the potential ecological
risk indexes were low. The potential ecological risk indices for
single regulators indicated that the severity of pollution of the
seven heavy metals decreased in the following sequence: Hg >
Cd > As > Cu > Pb > Cr > Zn
Ecological risk assessment
27
28. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ Two sites among twelve in the middle reach of the main river
exhibited moderate or considerable ecological risk. Most of the
lakes and sites in the lower reach of the main river posed
moderate or considerable ecological risk. The RI values were
clearly related to the degree of anthropogenic disturbance.
ā¢ For example, the Tianāezhou wetland, which is a natural
conservation area in China, had the lowest heavy metal
concentrations and minimal potential ecological risk, while
sites near to big cities (such as Wuhan, Nanjing, and Jiangyin)
had relatively high ecological risks.
Ecological risk assessment
28
29. Jens
Martensson
According to the potential ecological risk index, Hg represented
a moderate risk at 7.4% of sites, and a considerable risk at 18.5%
of sites; Cd posed a moderate risk in 37% and As in 22% of the
regions. The ecological risk for all factors (RI) showed that 7.4%
of sample sites belonged in the category of considerable risk,
and 33% were of moderate risk.
In accordance with the high potential ecological risk of the
metals Hg, Cd, and As in sediments, the four metals Pb, Cd, Hg
and As, were the most important with respect to health risks
Conclusion
29
31. Jens
Martensson
Introduction:
ā¢ Heavy metals contained in waste have for years been disposed of in dumps and
landfills.
ā¢ Organic matter in landfill leachate binds heavy metals strongly and colloidal matter has
a high affinity for heavy metals. The presence of organic complexes and colloidal-
bound heavy metals in leachate-polluted groundwater affects the total concentration
as well as the behavior of heavy metals in the aquifer.
ā¢ The purpose of this paper is to determine the distribution of heavy metals between
different species in leachate-polluted groundwater sampled down gradient of an
actual landfill.
ā¢ Organic bound species were determined by a speciation procedure involving an
anion-exchange column and the distribution of heavy metal species in the inorganic
part of the truly dissolved fraction was calculated using a geochemical speciation
model.
32. Jens
Martensson
Sampling Site:
ā¢ Two landfill-leachate polluted groundwater samples were collected down gradient at
two different depths of 7 m with area strongly anaerobic with a high content of organic
matter.
Sampling procedure:
ā¢ One leachate-polluted groundwater sample 2 m below the groundwater table with a
Teflon tube.
ā¢ Other with stainless steel tube 5 m below with low oxygen diffusion coefficient.
ā¢ Turbidity, pH, specific conductivity and temperature were monitored during the
pumping to ensure equilibrium before the samples were collected and no samples
were collected until all these indicator parameters had reached steady values.
33. Jens
Martensson
Methodology:
Size Fractionation:
ā¢ The spiked leachate-polluted groundwater samples were separated into size fractions
using the pore sizes 0.40,0.010 and 0.001 mm.
Chemical Analysis:
ā¢ Specific conductivity, pH and alkalinity were measured immediately after the filtration
in all size-fractions.
Calculation of heavy metal species:
ā¢ A geochemical model was used in order to estimate dissolved inorganic species in the
samples.
Anion Exchange Technique:
ā¢ Reference solutions were used to caught only organic species and determined by TOC
content.
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Martensson
Heavy Metal Distribution:
ā¢ Four categories (inorganic colloidal metal species, , organic colloidal metal species,
organic dissolved metal species, inorganic dissolved metal species.
ā¢ For Cd, Cu and Pb the fractions of organic species dominated (>59%). The inorganic
colloidal species were 1-41% ,dissolved inorganic species only constituted a very small
part.
ā¢ Ni and Zn the dissolved inorganic species were 30% L1 of the metal content and for
about 70% in L2. In both groundwater samples 2-40% of the total content of Ni and Zn
was free metal ions, whereas the organic fractions contained 15-62% of the total
content of Ni and Zn.
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Martensson
Conclusion:
ā¢ Colloidal matter was found in spiked leachate-polluted groundwater
samples, but the truly dissolved fraction (<0.001 mm) constituted 79-84% of
the total solids probably as inorganic salts and small organic molecules.
ā¢ Most of the colloids were small and consisted to a large extent of organic
matter. Fe, Ca, S and Cu were found in the colloidal fractions. This indicated
that both clay type particles, organic matter and precipitates were present
in sample.
ā¢ Speciation by an anion-exchange technique showed that the heavy metals
complexed strongly with the organic matter in leachate-polluted
groundwater, especially with respect to Cd, Cu and Pb. More than 60% of
Cd, Cu and Pb were found to be organic species.
ā¢ Results suggests except for Zn, heavy metals are strongly associated with
small-size colloidal matter, which is to a large extent organic matter. This
implies that the behavior of heavy metals in the environment may differ
from the behavior expected for truly dissolved heavy metal
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Martensson
Assessment of heavy metals to determine ecological risk
through measurement of biotic response in plants can
provide information on the extent of bioavailability of
metals and their influence on the natural state of
aquatic ecosystem.
A significant aspect of this lagoon is a series of events
that might have occurred during the last four decade.
Assessment of ecological risk by determination of heavy
metals in benthic sediment and investigation of
physiological response against heavy metals in
Avicennia marina leaves is the main objective of this
study. A. marina is the only mangrove species found
throughout the Rabigh lagoon.
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Martensson
38
ļ± Materials and methods
1. Study area
2. Experimental design and sample collection
3. Preparation of samples
4. Determination of heavy metals in plants and sediments
5. Determination of heavy metals in plants and sediments
6. Determination of sediment pollution
7. Ecotoxicological risk
8. Bioaccumulation of metal in mangrove
9. Analysis of antioxidant enzymes in mangrove A. marina
10. Data analysis
39. Jens
Martensson
39
Conclusions:
1. A. marina was evaluated in this study in relation to possible stress caused by heavy
metals in eight stations investigated at the Rabigh lagoon, Red Sea.
2. There was a significant correlation between heavy metal concentrations in A. marina
leaves and mangrove ecosystem sediments, except for Cu and Cd. This is an indication of
fluctuation in the bio concentration factor of both plants and sediment.
3. In total, the results of our findings established deterioration of the sediment in a gradual
pattern which has a potential for negative impacts on the biogeochemical cycle, with
potentially lethal consequences for biodiversity survival. Consequently, there is a need for
periodic and regular monitoring of the pollution status in this ecosystem, through the use of
biochemical markers in the mangrove A. marina
41. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ There are various laws and regulations in place to control the
release of heavy metals into the environment. These include;
ā¢ the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act in the United States. The Clean
Air Act and Clean Water Act are two laws that specifically
regulate heavy metal emissions and discharges into the
environment
EPA sets limits on the amount of heavy metals that can be
present in drinking water, air, and soil.
Heavy metals
41
43. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ The European Union also has regulations in place to control the
release of heavy metals, including the Heavy Metals in
Fertilizers Regulation and the REACH Regulation. These laws
and regulations are intended to protect human health and the
environment by limiting exposure to heavy metals, which can
have negative effects on both. The European Union has
regulations in place to limit the amount of heavy metals in
consumer products, including toys and jewelry, and sets limits
on heavy metal emissions from industrial sources.
Laws and regulations
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44. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ The Executive Body adopted the Protocol on Heavy Metals in
Aarhus (Denmark) on 24 June 1998. It targets three particularly
harmful metals: cadmium, lead and mercury. The Protocol aims
to cut emissions from industrial sources, combustion processes
and waste incineration.
ā¢ In 2012, Parties to the Protocol on Heavy Metals adopted
decision 2012/5 to amend the Protocol to introduce flexibilities
to facilitate accession of new Parties, notably countries in
Eastern Europe, South-Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. In
addition, they adopted decision 2012/6 to update guidance on
best available technologies (BAT), as contained in annex III.
Amendments entered into force on 8 February 2022.
Laws and regulations
44
45. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ . In addition, they adopted decision 2012/6 to update guidance
on best available technologies (BAT), as contained in annex III.
Amendments entered into force on 8 February 2022.
ā¢ In 2013, the Minamata Convention on Mercury was adopted, a
treaty negotiated (UNEP). Building on the 1998 Protocol on
Heavy Metals, the Minamata Convention raised the profile of
mercury to the global level.
Laws and regulations
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46. Jens
Martensson
ā¢ The permissible limits for heavy metals in food and water vary
depending on the specific metal and the country or
organization setting the standards. For example, in the United
States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for certain heavy metals,
such as lead and arsenic, in drinking water. The European Union
has established maximum levels for a number of heavy metals
in food, such as cadmium in cocoa and chocolate products. It's
best to check with the relevant authorities in your country or
region for specific information on permissible limits for heavy
metals.
Laws and regulations
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It's important to note that the metabolism of heavy metals in the body can vary depending on the individual's health status, genetics and nutritional status, so it's not possible to give a general metabolism of heavy metals. However, in general, the body has limited capacity to metabolize heavy metals and that's why accumulation in the body can lead to a range of health effects, so it's important to limit exposure to these substances as much as possible.
Change in shape of molecule . Oxidative stress :The attack of heavy metals on a cell and the balance between ROS production and the subsequent defense presented by antioxidants