Presentation deals with the heat transfer in human body. The working of lungs and blood vessels as heat exchanger is discusses along with thermal comfort.
this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
Engineering Thermodynamics-second law of thermodynamics Mani Vannan M
This file consists of content which covers the basics of second law of thermodynamics,heat reservoir,heat source ,heat sink,refrigerator, heat pump,heat engine,carnot theorem,carnot cycle and reversed carnot cycle
The effects of Heat on the Human Body- discusses the mechanisms of heat transfer in the human body and the detrimental effects of high and low body temperature
this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
Engineering Thermodynamics-second law of thermodynamics Mani Vannan M
This file consists of content which covers the basics of second law of thermodynamics,heat reservoir,heat source ,heat sink,refrigerator, heat pump,heat engine,carnot theorem,carnot cycle and reversed carnot cycle
The effects of Heat on the Human Body- discusses the mechanisms of heat transfer in the human body and the detrimental effects of high and low body temperature
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
UNIT 08 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS PART 1.pptxMithulBharathi
Thermodynamics is the same thing as a new one doubt the same way that has been done in the past and I will not have to be the same way that you can get to the developing society and the same way you could have to go to a 3coincidence and hip 3hop or the one mark you ok you ok baby and I think you 6th grade girls are you mad at jiosaavn and 5th 6th class la school name 5PM but I don't know how to check a value for 6a and I have to do it in a month or so on a bit 6th 6th grade but I don't want a bit more of a 6th grade teacher sex drive I 5am a lot more attractive to me than daNa point of a year and two of my 6relationship classes leave the same way of being in tamil or Asian and I have a good idea for a given time of engineering coi or a bit more than a few years of experience in the universe that has the ability
As companies examine their total cost of operations, energy usage and heat recovery deliver cost savings through increased energy utilization and efficiency. Heat exchangers offer companies the opportunity to reuse energy generated for a specific purpose instead of venting that energy to the atmosphere. Shell and tube heat exchangers are in wide use throughout the Food, Dairy, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Chemicals, Petroleum Refining, and Utility industries. This paper briefly explores three modes of heat transfer and basic designs found in shell and tube heat exchangers. Also included are several case studies from different industries where
Enerquip’s heat exchangers have saved the operators energy and money.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics system (open, close, and isolated), Thermodynamic Properties:
Definition and Units of -Temperature, Pressure (atmospheric, absolute and gauge). Volume. Internal
energy, Enthalpy, Concept of Mechanical work, Thermodynamics Laws with example- Zeroth Law, First
Law, Limitations of first law. Concept of heat Sink. Source, heat engine, heat pump,
refrigeration engine. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics statements (Kelvin Plank, Claussius), Numerical
on 2" law only.
Measurement: Measurement of Temperature (Thermocouple - Type according to temperature range
and application), Measurement of Pressure (Barometer, Bourdon pressure gauge, Simple U tube
Manometer with numerical).
Mohammad AlbuloushiExperiment IVNewtonian CoolingEGME 30.docxmoirarandell
Mohammad Albuloushi
Experiment IV
Newtonian Cooling
EGME 306A
Group members:
Bader Alrashidi – Yousef Ali – Christian Aguinaga
ABSTRACT
The objective of this experiment is to understand the relationship between the change of temperature of an object and its surroundings. The Newtonian Cooling says that the temperature of an object is proportional to the temperature of the surrounding. The reason for the experiment is to make an experiment that measures temperature using a transducer of our own choice, understand the heat transfer and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient. After finishing the experiment and calculating the data and graph them, we concluded that the area of the crucible was 33.53 by using either AutoCad or SolidWorks. Furthermore, the lead undergoes two phases and between these two phases there is a transition phase where the temperature stays constant for a period of time, which is between the 2nd and the 5th minute of the experiment. Point () turned out to be (17.0315,126.6141). And point () is (6.3648,301.5625). Moreover, then we got the heat transfer coefficient which is h = 2.6019.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………2
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………..3
Introduction and Theory……………………………………………………….......4-9
Procedures………………………………………………………………………..10-11
Summary of Important Results…………………………………………………….12
Sample Calculations and Error Analysis…………………………………………...13
Discussion and Conclusion…………………………………………………………14
References…………………………………………………………………………..15
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………16-19
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
In this experiment, a mass of lead in a crucible will be heated to its melting point and a transducer will be inserted in the lead. The heating is then ceased and the data of temperature versus time are accumulated by some data-acquisition system of your choice.
It is known from thermodynamics that when two bodies at different temperatures are in contact, heat will flow from the hotter body to the cooler one in a process known as Heat Transfer. The rate of this heat flow depends upon the temperature difference and thermal resistances in much the same way that electric current depends upon the potential difference (voltage) and electrical resistances. In solids, heat transfer occurs by molecular motion in a process called conduction, whereas in fluids, such as air and water, heat is transferred by fluid motion in a process called convection. In addition, heat is also transferred by electromagnetic radiation in transparent substances, or in a vacuum.
Consider a solid object in contact with air. If the surface temperature of the body, , is higher than the air temperature, , then there will be heat transferred from the object to the air. Newton proposed that the rate of this heat transfer, q, is proportional to the surface area of the object, A, and the temperature difference, :
(IV-1)
where the constant of pro ...
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. Bio-Heat Transfer Equation
• The transport of thermal energy in living tissues involves a multiple of mechanisms
such as conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation, phase change,
metabolic heat generation.
• A fairly simple but accurate model for bio-heat transfer was Proposed by Harry Pennes
in 1948.
• d2T/dx2 + ( ėm + ėp )/k = 0 , ėm and ėp are the metabolic and perfusion
. heat source terms
• ėp = p’*ρ*cb ( Ta – T ) , p’ is (volumetric blood flow rate per unit volume of tissue),
Ta is arterial inlet temperature , T is local tissue temperature
ρ is the density of blood , cb is the specific heat of blood.
The combined equation is d2θ/dx2 – B2θ = 0.
2. Lungs
• Analogous to Heat Exchanger.
• Heat transfer between warm blood and cool air.
• Combined surface area of its various alveoli and ducts is approximately equal to 80
square meters
3. Body loses both sensible heat by convection and latent heat by evaporation from the
lungs, and these can be expressed as
The rate of total heat loss from the lungs through respiration can also be
expressed approximately as
4. Effects of the ventilation pattern and
pulmonary blood flow on lung heat
transfer
-V. B. Serikov and W. Fleming
Ventilation: Ventilation is a process of "processing" or
replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air
quality .
Pulmonary blood flow: Pulmonary arteries carries
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. So blood
flow through pulmonary artery is pulmonary blood flow.
Perfusion: Perfusion is the process of a body delivering
blood to a capillary bed in its biological tissue. Its
basically the passage of a fluid through the vessels of a
specific organ.
7. Where
J=The total heat flux from the lung
Tb=Blood temperature
Tge=Temperature of exhaled air
Tgo=Temperature of inhaled air
n=n molar ratio of water vapor in the gas
H=heat of water vaporization
Heat transfer in the bronchial wall is
given by
Overall Lung Heat Transfer Coefficent
w=effective thermal conductivity
r=radial coordinate
9. The Human Cardiovascular System as
Counter Current Heat Exchanger
• In order to prevent the core body temperature from reducing significantly, the
cardiovascular system is organized as a counter-current heat exchanger.
• This organization has been observed in many species (including all warm-blooded
animals)
• In this design, one artery is always paired and adjacent to one vein.
• This mechanism plays a primary role when the external environmental
temperature diverge significantly from the core body temperature in all warm-
blooded animals.
10. Mechanism of Cardiovascular System as Heat
Exchanger
• In colder environment the human’s extremities (hands, fingers, toes, etc.)
will be at a higher temperature than the environment.
• The temperature of the tissue in the extremity and importantly
the blood in the veins will be lower than the temperature of blood in the arteries
• Due to eat transfer between the artery and vein, the arterial blood temperature
begins to reduce, at the same time, the venous blood would begin to be rewarmed.
•This results in the venous blood returning to the core at a higher temperature
than it would have without the heat transfer between the artery and vein in a
counter-current mechanism.
•Thus the net heat transfer to the environment is reduced through the actions of
the cardiovascular counter-current heat exchanger.
11. Equations for the Cardiovascular System
• Q = U As ΔTm
• Q blood = mcp dT/dx
• Combining the two equation we get,
Q + Q blood= U As ΔTm + mcp dT/dx
• So individual equations are, equations,
mcp dTA/dx + (UAs)AV(TA-Tv) + (UAs)AV(TA-To) = 0 (for artery)
mcp dTv/dx - (UAs)AV(TA-Tv) + (UAs)AV(TV-To) = 0 (for vein)
These are system of linear ordinary differential equations,
which can be solved using standard methods to obtain the artery and vein
temperatures.
12. Heat Losses From Human Body
• The metabolic heat generated in the body is dissipated to the environment
through the skin and the lungs by convection and radiation as sensible heat
and by evaporation as latent heat.
•Sensible heat loss from the skin depends on the temperatures of the skin, the
environment, and the surrounding surfaces as well as the air motion. The
latent heat loss, on the other hand, depends on the skin wettedness and
the relative humidity of the environment as well.
14. Human Thermal Comfort
•Average core temperature of 37 ±0.5 degrees Celsius, or 98.2
±1.3°F.
•Less than normal produces severe shivering, poor
coordination, and again confusion and even death.
• More than normal into heat stroke, producing dehydration,
confusion, and eventually even death.
15. Depends on
Clothing
Climate
Physical Activity
The human body converts the chemical energy of its food into
work and heat. The amount of heat generated and lost varies markedly
with activity and clothing levels.
16. Role of Insulation
•If the air around our bodies were completely still (and if we too kept
completely still), then that air would act as a pretty good heat insulator,
and we would stay nice and warm.
•But air being a fluid naturally moves around, and the movement of air
carries heat away from our bodies by a process called convection.
•On a windy day, the atmosphere of warmer air near our bodies is carried
away, and it is replaced by cooler air, thus speeding the loss of heat. That’s
why the wind chill factor is a relevant measure of how cool the air feels
on a cold, windy day.
17. Providing Insulation
•When we wrap our bodies in layers of wool or down, we surround
ourselves with a huge number of tiny air pockets. The fibers or feathers
between those air pockets block the movement of air from pocket to
pocket, thus reducing the flow of heat by convection within the material.
•Convection can still carry heat away from the surface of a sweater or
jacket, but the temperature is lower there than at the surface of our
bodies, so there is less heat loss by convection than if we were naked or
wearing less insulating clothing.
18. Different types of clothing
• One famed property of wool is that it still insulates when
wet, unlike cotton which only insulates well when dry.
Why is this?
•Synthetic fiber insulation
◦ Thinsulpahte
◦ Primaloft
19. Convection with clothing
• Convection heat transfer Q’= Acl. hc . (Tcl - Ta)
where, hc= heat transfer coefficient , Tcl =clothing temperature,
Ta =ambient air temperature, Acl =clothing area factor.
Radiation with clothing
Qr’ = σ . εcl . Acl . Fvf [(Tcl + 273.15)^4 + – (Tr + 273.15)^4]
where σ= Stephen-Boltzmann constant,
εcl= Emissivity of clothing,
Fvf= View factor,
21. Activity W/m2 W1) Btu/hr1) Met
Reclining
Sleepimng
46 83 282 0.8
Seated relaxed 58 104 356 1.0
Standing at rest 70 126 430 1.2
Sedentary activity (office, dwelling,
school, laboratory)
70 126 430 1.2
Car driving 80 144 491 1.4
Graphic profession - Book Binder 85 153 522 1.5
Standing, light activity (shopping, laboratory, light industry) 93 167 571 1.6
Teacher 95 171 583 1.6
Domestic work -shaving, washing and dressing 100 180 614 1.7
Walking on the level, 2 km/h 110 198 675 1.9
Standing, medium activity (shop assistant,
domestic work)
116 209 712 2.0
Building industry - Brick laying (Block of 15.3 kg) 125 225 768 2.2
Washing dishes standing 145 261 890 2.5
Domestic work - raking leaves on the lawn 170 306 1043 2.9
Domestic work - washing by hand and ironing (120-220 W) 170 306 1043 2.9
Iron and steel - ramming the mould with a
pneumatic hammer
175 315 1075 3.0
Building industry -forming the mould 180 324 1105 3.1
Walking on the level, 5 km/h 200 360 1228 3.4
Forestry -cutting across the grain with a
one-man power saw
205 369 1259 3.5
Volleyball
Bicycling (15 km/h)
232 418 1424 4.0
22. Bibliography
• MODELLING HEAT TRANSFER IN HUMANS - A.J.H. Frijns, G.M.J. van Leeuwen and A.A. van
Steenhoven
•Effects of the ventilation pattern and pulmonary blood flow on lung heat transfer
AUTHOR(S) - Serikov, V. B.; Fleming, N. W
•https://en.wikipedia.org/
•http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatreg.html
•http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zttrd2p/revision/5
•Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals and Applications 5th edition – Yunus Cengel
Human thermal comfort depends on combinations of clothing, climate, and physical activity [13]. The human body converts the chemical energy of its food into work and heat. The amount of heat generated and lost varies markedly with activity and clothing levels