Thermodynamics is the same thing as a new one doubt the same way that has been done in the past and I will not have to be the same way that you can get to the developing society and the same way you could have to go to a 3coincidence and hip 3hop or the one mark you ok you ok baby and I think you 6th grade girls are you mad at jiosaavn and 5th 6th class la school name 5PM but I don't know how to check a value for 6a and I have to do it in a month or so on a bit 6th 6th grade but I don't want a bit more of a 6th grade teacher sex drive I 5am a lot more attractive to me than daNa point of a year and two of my 6relationship classes leave the same way of being in tamil or Asian and I have a good idea for a given time of engineering coi or a bit more than a few years of experience in the universe that has the ability
This presentation is prepared for the students of grades 11 and 12 concluding the chapter thermodynamics. Proper notes with diagrams, facts, and figures are presented. Numericals are solved too.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics system (open, close, and isolated), Thermodynamic Properties:
Definition and Units of -Temperature, Pressure (atmospheric, absolute and gauge). Volume. Internal
energy, Enthalpy, Concept of Mechanical work, Thermodynamics Laws with example- Zeroth Law, First
Law, Limitations of first law. Concept of heat Sink. Source, heat engine, heat pump,
refrigeration engine. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics statements (Kelvin Plank, Claussius), Numerical
on 2" law only.
Measurement: Measurement of Temperature (Thermocouple - Type according to temperature range
and application), Measurement of Pressure (Barometer, Bourdon pressure gauge, Simple U tube
Manometer with numerical).
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Similar to UNIT 08 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx
This presentation is prepared for the students of grades 11 and 12 concluding the chapter thermodynamics. Proper notes with diagrams, facts, and figures are presented. Numericals are solved too.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics system (open, close, and isolated), Thermodynamic Properties:
Definition and Units of -Temperature, Pressure (atmospheric, absolute and gauge). Volume. Internal
energy, Enthalpy, Concept of Mechanical work, Thermodynamics Laws with example- Zeroth Law, First
Law, Limitations of first law. Concept of heat Sink. Source, heat engine, heat pump,
refrigeration engine. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics statements (Kelvin Plank, Claussius), Numerical
on 2" law only.
Measurement: Measurement of Temperature (Thermocouple - Type according to temperature range
and application), Measurement of Pressure (Barometer, Bourdon pressure gauge, Simple U tube
Manometer with numerical).
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
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spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. Temperature and heat play very important role.
All species can function properly only if its body is maintained at
a particular temperature.
In fact life on Earth is possible because the Sun’s temperature.
Understanding temperature and heat - understand the nature.
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which explains the
phenomena of temperature, heat etc.
this chapter helps to understand the terms ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ and
heat from temperature.
Heat and temperature are two different but closely related
parameters.
4. Spontaneous flow of energy from the object at higher
temperature to the one at lower temperature is called heat.
This process of energy transfer from higher temperature object
to lower temperature object is called heating.
Due to flow of heat sometimes the temperature of the body will
increase or sometimes it may not increase.
5.
6.
7. the temperature of hands is
increased due to work.
Temperature of the chin is
increased due to heat transfer
from the hands to the chin.
By doing work on the system,
the temperature in the system
will increase and sometimes
may not.
Either the system can transfer energy to the surrounding by doing work on
surrounding or the surrounding may transfer energy to the system by doing
work on the system.
For the transfer of energy from one body to another body through the process
of work, they need not be at different temperatures.
8. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coolness of a body.
Hotter the body higher is its temperature.
The temperature will determine the direction of heat flow.
The SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K).
In our day to day applications, Celsius (˚C) and Fahrenheit (°F)
scales are used.
Temperature is measured with a thermometer.
10. Scale Symbol
for each
degree
LFP UFP Number of
divisions
on the
scale
Celsius C 0C 100C 100
Fahrenheit F 32F 212F 180
Reaumer R 0R 80R 80
Rankine Ra 460 Ra 672 Ra 212
Kelvin K 273.15 K 373.15 K 100
11.
12. Here k = Boltzmann constant = 1.381×10−23 JK−1
C = k N.
NA = Avogadro number = 6.023 ×1023mol-1
NAk=R (universal gas constant) = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
13.
14.
15. Only 21% of N are oxygen.
The total number of
oxygen molecules
Number of oxygen
molecules
16. Here STP means
T=273 K or 0 °C)
P=1 atm or 101.3 kPa)
μ = 1 mol
R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
𝐕 =
(𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥) 𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝟒
𝐉
𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐊
(𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝐊)
𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐍 𝐦−𝟐
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and
volume due to a change in temperature.
All three states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) expand when heated.
When a solid is heated, its atoms vibrate with higher amplitude about their
fixed points. The relative change in the size of solids is small.
25. Liquids, have less intermolecular forces than solids and hence they expand
more than solids. This is the principle behind the mercury thermometers.
In the case of gas molecules, the intermolecular forces are almost negligible
and hence they expand much more than solids. For example in hot air
balloons when gas particles get heated, they expand and take up more
space.
The increase in dimension of a body due to the increase in its temperature is
called thermal expansion.
The expansion in length is called linear expansion.
Similarly the expansion in area is termed as area expansion and
the expansion in volume is termed as volume expansion.
33. Calorimetry means the measurement of the amount of heat released
or absorbed by thermodynamic system during the heating process.
34.
35.
36.
37. Conduction :
Process of direct transfer of heat through matter due to
temperature difference.
When two objects are in direct contact with one another, heat
will be transferred from the hotter object to the colder one.
The objects which allow heat to travel easily through them are
called conductors.
Thermal conductivity :
ability to conduct heat.
The quantity of heat transferred through a unit length of a
material in a direction normal to unit surface area due to a unit
temperature difference under steady state conditions is known
as thermal conductivity of a material.
38. Thermal conductivity :
ability to conduct heat.
The quantity of heat transferred through a unit length of a
material in a direction normal to unit surface area due to a unit
temperature difference under steady state conditions is known
as thermal conductivity of a material.
𝐐
𝐭
∝
𝐀∆𝐓
𝐋
K coefficient of thermal conductivity.
The SI unit of thermal conductivity is J s-1 m-1 K-1 or W m-1 K-1.
39.
40.
41. Convection:
Process in which heat transfer is by actual movement of
molecules in fluids such as liquids and gases.
Molecules move freely from one place to another.
It happens naturally or forcefully.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46. T − Ts = e
−
a
ms
t+b1
T − Ts = e
−
a
ms
t
eb1
T = Ts+b2e
−
a
ms
t
𝐨𝐫
𝐝𝐓
𝐝𝐭
∝ − 𝐓 − 𝐓𝐒
47. Solution:
The hot water cools 8 °C in 3
minutes.
The average temperature of 92 °C
and 84 °C is 88 °C.
This average temperature is 61 °C
above room temperature.
𝐝𝐓
𝐝𝐭
∝ − 𝐓 − 𝐓𝐒
The hot water cools 5 °C in dt
minutes.
The average temperature of 65 °C
and 60 °C is 62.5 °C.
This average temperature is 35.5 °C
above room temperature.
𝟖 °𝑪
𝟑
∝ − 𝟔𝟏 °𝑪 1
𝟓 °𝑪
𝐝𝐭
∝ − 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓 °𝑪 2
1 ÷ 2
48. Every object emits heat radiations at
all finite temperatures (except 0 K) as
well as it absorbs radiations from the
surroundings.
Prevost theory states that all bodies
emit thermal radiation at all
temperatures above absolute zero
irrespective of the nature of the
surroundings.
49. σ = Stefan’s constant
= 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 k−4
If a body is not a perfect black body,
E = e σ T4
Where ‘e’ is emissivity of surface.
Emissivity is defined as the ratio of
the energy radiated from a material’s
surface to that radiated from a
perfectly black body at the same
temperature and wavelength.
𝐞 =
energy radiated from a material’s surface
radiated from a perfectly black body
at the same temperature and wavelength.