2. OBJECTIVES OF THE SESSION
Thermoregulation- mechanisms and its responses in
hot and cold environments
Knowing about abnormal core temperatures in heat-
related illness and hypothermia
Clinical features of heat and cold related illness
Management
4. Heat loss mechanisms
1.Evaporation of skin moisture - single most efficient
mechanism of heat loss
Ineffective in high humidity ( >70%)
2.Radiation of infrared electromagnetic energy
3.Conduction- direct transfer of heat to a cooler
object
4. Convection-the loss of heat to air currents
Becomes ineffective when the environmental
temperature exceeds the skin temperature .
5. Responses in hot and cold
environment
Heat loss Hot environment Cold environment
Conduction Increased by
vasodilatation
Decreased by
vasoconstriction
Convection Increased Decreased
(* increased if wind
movement +)
Evaporation Increased by sweating
(* decreased if high
humidity)
Increased by
hyperventilation
Radiation Increased Decreased
6. Risk factors in heat illness
Obesity
Age extremes – young and elderly
Poor conditioning and lack of acclimatisation
Military personnel, laborers strenuously working in
heat
Medical conditions – cardiovascular diseases
Medications - Anticholinergic agents impair sweating
Phenothiazines (anticholinergic properties ) interferes
with anterior hypothalamus due to central depletion
of dopamine affecting thermostat
8. Heat Related Disorders
Minor heat related
disorders
Heat rash
Heat edema
Hyperventilation
tetany
Exertion associated
collapse (Heat
syncope )
Major heat related
disorders
Heat cramps
Heat Exhaustion
Heat stroke
9. Heat Rash
Prickly heat (miliaria rubra)
Maculopapular erythematous rash in clothed areas
Predominant Sx- Itching
Blockage of the sweat pores by debris causes
inflammation and ducts dilate ----rupture and produce
superficial vesicles.
Rx Antihistamines, chlorhexidine
Clothing should be clean and loose fitting
10. Heat Edema
Dependent edema in the hands, feet, and ankles
It is self limiting
Management: loosening clothes and elevating the
legs, diuretics are not indicated.
Involves cutaneous vasodilation and pooling of
interstitial fluid. Heat also increases the secretion of
ADH and aldosterone
11. Heat Tetany
Main cause is hyperventilation
Clinical features : Produces respiratory alkalosis
causing paraesthesias and carpo pedal spasm and
tetany
Management: removal from source of heat, and
controlling hyperventilation.
12. Exertion Associated Collapse (Heat syncope)
Mechanism: Decreased vasomotor tone, and
peripheral vasodilation causing postural hypotension
After removal from the heat source, most patients
will
recover promptly with cooling and rehydration.
14. Heat Cramps
Intermittent, painful, and involuntary spasmodic
contractions of skeletal muscles.
Typically occur in an unacclimated individual who is
at rest after vigorous exertion in a humid, hot
environment
No elevation of core temperature.
D/t extracellular sodium depletion as a result of
persistent sweating, exacerbated by replacement of
water but not salt.
Symptoms usually respond rapidly to salt
replacement
15. Heat Cramps
Due to fluid and
electrolyte loss due to
sweating
Core Temperature
normal
Electrolyte drink
16.
17. Heat Exhaustion
Physiologic hallmarks of heat exhaustion in
contrast to heatstroke are the maintenance of
thermoregulatory control and CNS function
Core temperature is elevated >37 C < 40 C
Inadequate salt and water replacement
Diagnosis of exclusion
18. Heat Exhaustion
Fluid and electrolyte loss
causing hypovolemia
Signs of shock!
Get out of heat
ABC’s
Treat for shock
Cooling measures
Electrolyte drink (if
airway secure)
Medical care/EMS)
19.
20. Heat stroke
Total loss of thermoregulatory function.
Typical vital-sign abnormalities include
tachypnea,tachycardias, hypotension, and a widened
pulse pressure, anhidrosis
Triad :
1.Exposure to a heat stress,
2.CNS dysfunction, and
3. core temperature >40.5°C helps establish the
preliminary diagnosis
21. Exclude the following (DDs)
Sepsis including meningitis, cerebral abcess,
Malaria
Drug overdose- cocaine, amphetamines,
hallucinogens
Malignant hyperthermia/NMS
Thyroid storm
Pheochromocytoma
22. Clinical features:
Headache, nausea and vomiting.
Neurological manifestations: coarse muscle tremor ,
confusion, loss of consciousness.
The patient's skin feels very hot, and sweating is
often absent due to failure of thermoregulatory
mechanisms.
Complications:
Hypovolaemic shock, lactic acidosis, disseminated
intravascular coagulation(DIC), rhabdomyolysis,
hepatic and renal failure (MODS)
23. Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia)
Elderly, young, or
chronic illness
High temp and high
humidity
Hot dry skin
High body temp (above
105 F)
Rapid bounding pulse
Change in LOC
Seizures
24. Cooling tecniques
Spraying Cool water (15°C [60° F]) on exposed skin
Fans direct continuous airflow over the moistened
skin.
Cold packs applied to the axillae and groin
Safety of Immersion cooling (only for young,
previously healthy patients )
25. Other methods:
IV infusion of cold fluids
Cold irrigation of the bladder or GIT
Cold thoracic and peritoneal lavage (efficient
maneuvers but invasive )
26. Heat Stroke Treatment
Cooling measures
Crystalloids IV
Coagulopathy – FFP
and platelets
BZDs for sedation in
agitated patients
29. Endocrine dysfunction leads to hypothermia
1.Hypothyroidism and myxedema coma reduces the
metabolic rate and impairs thermogenesis
2.Adrenal insufficiency and hypopituitarism increase
susceptibility to hypothermia.
3.Hypoglycemia - because of neuroglycopenic effects on
hypothalamic function.
4.Increased osmolality and metabolic derangements
associated with uremia, DKA and lactic acidosis can
lead to altered hypothalamic thermoregulation
30. Localized Cutaneous Cold Injury
Occur s at peripheral sites on the body
It classified into:
Freezing (Frostbite)
Nonfreezing (immersion)
31. Nonfreezing Cold Injury
Trench Foot or Immersion Foot
Less severe form of cold injury resulting from
prolonged exposure to cold and usually damp
conditions.
Initially the limb (usually foot) appears cold, and
numb but there is no freezing of the tissue.
32. On rewarming the limb appears mottled, swollen and
painful.
Recovery may take many months
Probably involves endothelial injury
Gradual rewarming is associated with less pain than
rapid rewarming
34. Freezing Cold Injury- Frostbite
Direct freezing of body tissues
Usually affects the extremities, in particular the fingers,
toes, ears and face
Risk factors : smoking, peripheral vascular disease,
dehydration and alcohol consumption.
The tissues may become anaesthetised before freezing
and as a result the injury is often not recognised until
later, e.g. when boots are removed.
35. Frostbitten tissue is initially pale and doughy to the
touch and insensitive to pain.
Once frozen, the tissue is hard.
Amputations should be delayed for 2-3 months as
good recovery may occur over an extended period
36. Frostbite
Prevention is best
Get out of cold
Remove constricting
clothing
Immersion in warm water
( 37-39 degree C)
Analgesia as rewarming is
painful
Pentoxifylline
( vasodilator) improves
tissue survival
38. Hypothermia
Hypothermia exists when the body's normal thermal
regulatory mechanisms are unable to maintain heat in
a cold environment and core temperature falls below
35°C
39.
40. Investigations:
Haemoconcentration and metabolic acidosis are
common.
ECG may show characteristic J waves which occur at
the junction of the QRS complex and the ST
segment , VF may occur
AST and CK may be elevated due to skeletal muscle
damage
Serum amylase is elevated ( subclinical pancreatitis)
Although the arterial oxygen tension may be normal
when measured at room temperature, the arterial PO2
in the blood falls by 7% for each °C fall in core
temperature.
41. Management:
1.Rewarm the patient in a controlled manner
2.Treating the associated hypoxia, fluid and electrolyte
disturbance, and
3.Treating cardiovascular abnormalities, particularly
dysarhythmias
42. Mild hypothermia:
Sheltering the patient from the cold,
Replacing wet clothing, covering the head and
insulating him or her from the ground.
Patients should be maintained in a warm room, with
additional thermal insulation (blankets and/or space
film blanket).
Warm fluids to drink
Core temperature will rise slowly over a few hours
Underlying conditions should be treated e.g.
hypothyroidism with tri-iodothyronine 10 μg i.v. 8-
hourly
43. Severe hypothermia
In addition,
Supplementary oxygen,
warm intravenous fluids
Monitoring of cardiac rhythm and arterial blood
gases, including H+
(pH) is essential.
Active rewarming measures - administration of
warm humidified oxygen, lavage of the stomach,
peritoneal cavity or rectum with warm fluid,
haemodialysis and cardiac bypass.