This document discusses various topics related to thermoregulation including types of temperature, factors affecting thermoregulation, fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and frostbite. It defines these conditions and discusses their causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Nursing considerations are provided for assessment and care of patients experiencing fever, hyperthermia, and hypothermia. Current trends in cooling techniques for hyperthermia are also reviewed.
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
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THIS presentation EXPLAINS biomedical waste management IN EASY WAY
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#VITAMIN_A,#FUNCTIONS,#SOURCE, #DEFICIENCY,#DISEASE,#NIGHTBLINDNESS#XEROPHTHALMIA,#BITOTSPOT,#CORNEALXEROSIS, #CONJUNCIVALXEROSIS, YELLOWFRUITS,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
if you like this kindly give your comment and share to others for a education purpose. and follow to my account on slide share to know the update. i tried to give the all information in this slide in detailed. in hope its helpful for you all.
THIS presentation EXPLAINS biomedical waste management IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU...
CHANEL PLAYLIST-
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S...
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139...
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu...
Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#VITAMIN_A,#FUNCTIONS,#SOURCE, #DEFICIENCY,#DISEASE,#NIGHTBLINDNESS#XEROPHTHALMIA,#BITOTSPOT,#CORNEALXEROSIS, #CONJUNCIVALXEROSIS, YELLOWFRUITS,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
in this topic the technique of chest physiotherapy, indications, contradications of chest physiotherapy are explained. different positions used in postural drainage are briefed.
An integrated portable device for continuous heart rate and body temperature monitoring system development is presented in this paper (Proc. of 2nd EICT, 2015). Heart related diseases are increasing day by day; therefore, an accurate, affordable and portable heart rate and body temperature measuring device is essential for taking action in proper time. Such a device is more essential in a situation where there is no doctor or clinic nearby (e.g., rural area) and patients are unable not recognize their actual condition. The developed system of this study consists of Arduino UNO microcontroller system, transmission system and Android based application. The system gives information of heart rate and body temperature simultaneously acquired on the portable device in real time and shows it through the connected Android application instantly. The developed system is more affordable with low price compared to other developed devices due to use of easy available Arduino UNO and smart phone as Android device. The developed device is shown acceptable outcomes when compared with other measuring devices.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. A normal temperature can vary from person to person, but it is usually around 98.6 F. A fever is not a disease. It is usually a sign that your body is trying to fight an illness or infection. Infections cause most fevers
Fever is an elevation of body temperature that exceeds
normally daily variation and occurs in conjunction with an
increase in the hypothalamic set point for e.g. 37⁰C-
39⁰C.
Temperature is the balance between the heat production and heat loss.
A brief outline of diffrent aspects regarding body temperature is discussed here under following headings
*Normal body temperature regulation
*Fever of unknown origin
*Hyperthermia
*Hypothermia
*Frost bite
vitals sign is the basic parameter used for all the patients to know the vital and general parameter for the patients and any changes in this parameter can cause the life threatening condition for the patients or clients life the proper technique and its alternatives assessment knowledge can help the nurses to improve academic performance and can be apply this knowledge in their clinical practices
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
4. INTRODUCTION
• Homeothermic- Humans capable of
maintaining their body temperatures within
narrow limits.
• Biochemical reactions do not fluctuate due to
the constant & high temperatures.
• 410 C (1060F) – 430C convulsions are seen
• Nerve malfunction & protein denaturation
seen with higher temperature.
5. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Temperature can be expressed as 0C or 0F.
C = ( F - 32) x 5/9 and F = (C x 9/5) + 32
Normal is 370C or 98.60F
Measured under tongue, axilla or rectum
Oral temp is 0.50C less than core body temperature
(rectal temp).
Internal temp varies with activity pattern and changes
in ext temp.
Circadian fluctuation of about 10C - lowest at night
and highest during the day.
Women show higher temp during second half of
menstrual cycle
6. DEFINITION
Body temperature is the degree of hotness or
coldness of a body or environment.
It is the somatic sensation of heat or cold. It is the
degree of or intensity of heat of a body in relation to
external environment.
The body temperature is the difference between the
amount of heat produced by body processes & the
amount of heat lost to the external environment.
8. TYPES OF TEMPERATURE:
Core temperature-
it is the temperature of internal body tissues below
the skin & subcutaneous tissues. The sites of measurement
are rectum, tympanic membrane, esophagus, pulmonary
artery & urinary bladder.
9. Surface body temperature-
it refers to the body temperature of external
body tissues at the surface that is of the skin &
subcutaneous tissues.
SITES
10. PHYSIOLOGY OF
THERMOREGULATION
It is precisely regulated by physiological & behavioral
mechanisms in number of ways:-
Neural control
Vascular control
Skin in temperature
regulation
Behavioral control
11. FACTORS AFFECTING BODY TEMPERATURE
AGE
EXERCISE
HORMONAL LEVEL
STRESS
CIRCARDIAN RHYTHM
ENVIRONMENT
12.
13.
14. FEVER
Fever is an elevation of body temperature that exceeds
normally daily variation and occurs in conjunction
with an increase in the hypothalamic set point for e.g.
37⁰C-39⁰C.
15. CLASSIFICATION OR PATTERNS OF FEVER:
1. Intermittent fever: Temperature returns to acceptable
value at least once in 24 hours. The temperature curve
returns to normal during the day and reaches its peak in
the evening. E.g.- in septicemia.
2. Remittent fever: fever spikes & falls without a return to
the normal temperature levels. The temperature fluctuates
but does not return to normal. E.g.- TB, viral diseases,
bacterial infections
16. 3.Sustained fever: the temperature remains continuously
elevated above 38 degree Celsius & demonstrates little
fluctuation.
4. Relapsing fever: periods of febrile periods interspersed
with acceptable temperature values i.e. periods of fever are
interspersed with periods of normal temperature.
17. FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN:
Fever of Unknown Origin(FUO) was defined by
Peterson & Benson in 1961 as having following
features-
temperature of > 38.3 degree Celsius (>101
degree Fahrenheit) in several occasions.
A duration of fever of > 3 weeks.
Failure to reach a diagnosis despite one week of
inpatient investigation.
18. CLASSIFICATION OF FUO:
Derrick and Street have purposed a new system for
classification of FUO:-
Classic FUO: E.g. infections, malignancy,
inflammatory diseases, drug fever.
Nosocomial FUO: a temperature of >= 38.3 C
(>=101 F) develops on several occasions in a
hospitalized patients who are receiving acute care
and in whom infection was not present at time of
admission. For e.g. septic thrombophlebitis,
sinusitis, drug fever.
19. Neutropenic FUO: a temperature of >=
38.3 C (>=101 F) develops on several
occasions in a patient whose neutrophil
count is < 500/micro litre.
21. TREATMENT:
Continuous observation and examination.
Do not start with immediate Antibiotic Therapy
as it can delineate the cause of FUO.
The debilitating symptoms are treated by
NSAIDS and glucocorticoids.
22. If neutropenia and vital sign instability are
present then empirical therapy with
fluroquinolone and piperacillin is given.
When no underlying source of infection is found
even after 6 months the prognosis is generally
good.
23. HYPERTHERMIA
It is elevated body temperature due to
failed thermoregulation that occurs
when a body produces or absorbs
more heat than it dissipates.
Temperature ranges - >37.5-38.3degree
Celsius (99.5- 100.9 degree
Fahrenheit).
24. CAUSES OF HYPERTHERMIA
1.HEAT STROKE
Prolonged exposure to sun or high environmental
temperatures. These condition causes heat stroke A
dangerous heat emergency with a high mortality rate.
25.
26. 2.DRUG INDUCED HYPERTHERMIA
DIH syndromes are a rare and often overlooked cause of
body temperature.
Elevation and can be fatal if not recognized
promptly and managed appropriately.
There are five major DIH syndromes:
(1) neuroleptic malignant syndrome,
(2)serotonin syndrome,
(3) Anticholinergic poisoning,
(4) sympathomimetic poisoning,
(5) malignant hyperthermia
27. MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA
It is a rare reaction to common
anesthetic agents (such as halothane) or a
reaction to the paralytic agent
succinylcholine.
Malignant hyperthermia is a genetic
condition, and can be fatal.
28. 3. ENDOCRINOPATHY
Thyrotoxicosis and pheochromocytoma can lead to
increased thermogenesis
4.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DAMAGE Cerebral
hemorrhage, status epileptics, hypothalamic injury
can cause hyperthermia
29. DIAGNOSIS
History taking
Physical examination
Laboratory tests
i. Clinical pathology
ii. Biochemistry
iii. Microbiology
30. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
o Acetaminophen: adult: 325-650 mg PO q 4-6 hrs.
Children: 10-15mg/kg body weight q4-6 hrs.
o Ibuprofen (NSAID) - dosage: adult-200-400mg PO
q6hrs; children: 5mg/kg body wt for temp. <102.5F; 10
mg/kg body wt. for temp 102.5F (not to exceed 40
mg/kg/day).
o Indomethacin and naproxen (NSAID).
31. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF FEVER AND
HYPERTHERMIA:
ASSESSMENT-
Monitor vital signs.
Assess skin color and temperature.
Monitor white blood cell count, hematocrit value, and
other pertinent laboratory reports for indication of
infection or dehydration.
32. NURSING DIAGNOSIS:
1) During chill phase: Risk for altered body
temperature as evidenced by shivering and feeling
cold
2) During fever phase: Hyperthermia as evidenced
body temperature >38.5C, irritability, increased
respiratory rate and dry skin
33. 3)Altered comfort as evidenced by
restlessness
4) Altered nutrition related to fever as
evidenced by anorexia and lack of food
intake
5) During Flush phase- Altered fluid &
electrolyte balance related to excessive
sweating
34. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF FEVER
AND HYPERTHERMIA:
Provide adequate nutrition and fluids to meet
the increased metabolic demands and prevent
dehydration.
Reduce physical activity to limit heat production
especially during the flush stage.
Provide a tepid sponge bath to increase heat loss
through conduction.
Provide dry clothing and bed linens.
35. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF FEVER
AND HYPERTHERMIA
Remove excess blankets when the client feels warm,
but provide extra warmth when the client feels chilled.
Monitor intake and output.
Administer antibiotics as ordered.
Provide oral hygiene to keep the mucous membranes
moist.
36. CURRENT TRENDS
Internal cooling techniques -such as ice water gastric or rectal
lavage, extracorporeal blood cooling, and peritoneal or thoracic
lavage are effective but they are also difficult to manage and
associated with complications.
External cooling techniques are usually easier to implement,
well tolerated and effective.
Conductive cooling techniques include direct application of
sources such as hypothermic blanket, ice bath, or ice packs to
neck, axillae and groin
Convective techniques include removal of clothing and use of
fans and air conditioning.
Evaporative cooling can be accelerated by removing clothing and
using a fan in conjunction with misting the skin with tepid water
or applying a single layer wet sheet to bare skin.
37. PREVENTION
Drink 2 to 3 quarts of water daily.
Avoid exertion or exercise, especially during the hottest part
of the day.
If traveling, allow 2 to 3 weeks in an unusually hot climate
before attempting any type of exertion.
When outside, wear a hat and loose clothing; when indoors,
remove as much clothing as needed to be comfortable.
Take a tepid bath or shower.
Use cold wet towels or dampen clothing with tepid water
when the heat is extreme.
Avoid hot, heavy meals.
Avoid alcohol.
Determine if the person is taking any medications that
increase hyperthermia risk; if so, consult with the patient's
physician.
38. HYPOTHERMIA:
Hypothermia is a state in which the core body
temperature is lower than 35 degree Celsius and 95
degree Fahrenheit. At this temperature many of the
compensatory mechanism to conserve heat begin to
fall.
39. Normal Range:
96-100º F
Mild Hypothermia:
90-95º F
SevereHypothermia
< 90º F
40. CAUSES:
Exposure to cold environment in winter months and
colder climates.
Occupational exposure or hobbies that entail
extensive exposure to cold for e.g. hunters, skiers,
sailors and climbers.
Endocrine dysfunction: hypothyroidism, adrenal
insufficiency , hypoglycemia
41. Medications like ethanol, phenothiazines,
barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cyclic
antidepressants, anesthetics.
Neurologic injury from trauma, Cerebral vascular
accident, Subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Sepsis
42. RISK FACTORS FOR HYPOTHERMIA:
Age extremes: elderly, neonates.
Outdoor exposure: occupational, sports-related,
inadequate clothing.
Drugs and intoxicants: ethanol, phenothiazine's,
barbiturates, anesthetics, neuromuscular blockers
and others.
Endocrine related: hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism,
adrenal insufficiency, and hypopituitarism.
48. PASSIVE: involves the use of
blankets to cover body and
head to trap heat being lost.
ACTIVE: the application of
outside heat to raise body
temperature
External – heat
blanket/forced hot air system
Internal – introduction of
warm fluids into the body
Warm IVF, body cavity
lavage, extracorporeal
49. Active Rewarming of MILD
Hypothermia:
Active external methods:
Warm blankets
Heat packs
Warm water immersion (with
caution)
Active internal methods:
Warmed IV fluids
50. Active Rewarming of
SEVERE Hypothermia:
Active external
methods:
Warm blankets
Heat packs
Warm water
immersion (with
caution)
Active internal
methods:
Warmed IV fluids
Warmed, humidified
oxygen
51. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTHERMIA:
Provide extra covering and monitor temperature.
Cover head properly.
Use heat retaining blankets.
Keep patient‘s linen dry.
52. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTHERMIA:
Control environmental temperature.
Provide extra heat source (heat lamp, radiant warmer,
pads, and blankets).
Carefully assess for hyperthermia or burn.
Regulate heat source according to physical response.
53. FROST BITE:
Frost bite is the condition in which the tissue
temperature drops below 0 degree Celsius. It results
in cellular and vascular damage. Body parts more
frequently affected by frostbite include the digits of
feet and hands, tip of nose, and earlobes.
54. PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
Contact with thermal conductors such as metal or
volatile solutions
immobility
careless application of cold packs
vaso constrictive medications
57. Third degree frost bite:
Affect the dermis, epidermis and
fatty tissue beneath the dermis.
58. Fourth degree frost
bite:
Affects the full thickness of the
skin, the tissue that lie underneath
the skin and also deeper structures
such as muscles, tendons and bone
59. SYMPTOMS:
The injured area is white or mottled blue white, waxy
and firm to the touch.
There is tingling and redness followed by pallor and
numbness of the affected area.
There are three degrees: transitory hyperemia
following numbness, formation of vesicles and
gangrene.
The affected area is insensitive to touch.
60. MANAGEMENT OF FROST BITE:
Before thawing:
remove client from cold environment,
stabilize core temperature, treat
hypothermia, protect the frozen part and do
not apply friction or massage.
61. MANAGEMENT OF FROST BITE:
During thawing:
provide parental analgesia e.g. keratolac &
Provide ibuprofen 40 mg PO. Immerse part
in 37-40 C circulating water containing an
antiseptic soap for 10-45 minutes. Encourage
patient to gently move the part.
62. After thawing:
i) gently dry and elevate it.
ii) Apply pledges between toes; if macerated.
iii) If clear vesicles are intact aspirate the fluid or the
fluid will reabsorb in days; if broken then debride
and dress with antibiotic.
63. After thawing: Cond….
iv) Continue analgesics Ibuprofen 400mg 8-12 hourly.
Provide tetanus prophylaxis and hydrotherapy at 37C.
v) The patient should be stimulated with orally
administered hot fluids such as tea and coffee.
vi) The patient should not be allowed to smoke.
vii)Artificial respiration should be administered if the
patient is unconscious.
64. 1. Management of malignant hyperthermia:
diagnosis and treatment
Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
11-Sep-2016
65. MH crises, patient survival depends on early
recognition of symptoms of MH and prompt
action on the part of the attending
anesthesiologist. In clinics that use known MH-
triggering agents for induction and maintenance
of general anesthesia, dantrolene must be
available for immediate treatment and to reduce
the risk of serious harm to the patient in the
event of an episode of MH. After a suspected MH
event, the patient should be referred to an MH
center for further counseling.
66. 2. Diagnosis and treatment of drug-
induced hyperthermia
American Society of Health-System
Pharmacists
Jan 1 2013
67. DIH is a hypermetabolic state caused by
medications and other agents that alter
neurotransmitter levels
In patients with known susceptibility to
malignant hyperthermia, there are many
potential alternative agents that can be
used to provide anesthesia or therapeutic
paralysis, such as nitrous oxide, propofol,
nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers,
and benzodiazepines
68. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Basheer. P. Shabeer, Khan Yaseen S. A Concise Textbook of
Advanced Nursing Practice. “ Psychosocial Pathology”.
Emmess Medical Publishers. 2013.Page No. 241- 255.
Basvanthappa BT. Textbook of Fundamentals of Nursing. “
Vital Signs”. Jaypee Medical Publisher.Page No. 125-165.
Nancy Sr. Fundamentals Of Nursing. Jaypee Medical
Publishers. 1st Volume. 2006.Page No. 245-269.
Potter A Patrica, Anne Griffin Perry‘s ―Fundamental Of
Nursing‖, Edition 6th; Published By: Elsevier India Private
Limited, Page No. 619-637.
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