Fever is an elevation of body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus in response to pyrogens. It is a common symptom of infection or inflammation. Fever has various stages as temperature rises and falls, and can be classified by pattern of temperature changes. Fever benefits the immune response by enhancing immune cell activity and inhibiting microbial growth at higher temperatures. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while controlling temperature.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
Fever is an elevation of body temperature that exceeds
normally daily variation and occurs in conjunction with an
increase in the hypothalamic set point for e.g. 37⁰C-
39⁰C.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
Fever is an elevation of body temperature that exceeds
normally daily variation and occurs in conjunction with an
increase in the hypothalamic set point for e.g. 37⁰C-
39⁰C.
vitals sign is the basic parameter used for all the patients to know the vital and general parameter for the patients and any changes in this parameter can cause the life threatening condition for the patients or clients life the proper technique and its alternatives assessment knowledge can help the nurses to improve academic performance and can be apply this knowledge in their clinical practices
The four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and health care providers include the following: Body temperature. Pulse rate. Respiration rate (rate of breathing) Blood pressure (Blood pressure is not considered a vital sign, but is often measured along with the vital signs.)
A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. A normal temperature can vary from person to person, but it is usually around 98.6 F. A fever is not a disease. It is usually a sign that your body is trying to fight an illness or infection. Infections cause most fevers
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. • Most common presenting symptom to
clinician.
• May associated with other symptom eg
chills, rigor ,bodyache, generalised
weakness, headache, anorexia etc
3. • Pyrexia –Greek- pyr meaning fire.
• Febrile- Latin- febris meaning fever.
4. Normal temperature regulation
in body
Normally heat is continuously produced in
body and being lost to surroundings.
Rate of heat production= rate of heat loss,
person is said to be in heat balance.
When there is disturbance of equilibrium
between the two, then body temperature may
rise-fever, or fall-hypothermia.
5. • No single core temperature can be
considered normal, there is always a
range.
Core temperature is normally maintained
within a range of 36.0 C-37.5C(97 F-99.5
F).
6.
7. • At 6 AM 37.0C(98.6 F)
• At 6 PM 37.6 C(99.6F)- increased BMR &
muscle activity.
• An a.m. temperature of >37.2°C
(>98.9°F)
• An p.m. temperature of >37.7°C
(>99.9°F) defines a fever
12. Factors Determining Rate of Heat
Production
• a. Basal metabolic rate of body
• b. Muscle activity
• c. Effect of thyroid hormones
• d. Effect of epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
13. Method of Heat Loss from Body
• a. Radiation: Loss of heat from body in
form of infrared rays.
• b. Conduction: Heat is conducted from
body to objects in contact with it, e.g.
chair, bed, etc.
14. • c. Convection: Heat is lost from body by
air currents surrounding it.
• d. Evaporation: Evaporation of water
(sweat) from body surface serves as an
important protective mechanism in
reducing body temp.
15.
16. • Fever:- Is an elevation of body
temperature above normal circadian
variation as a result of change in
thermoregulatory centre, located in
anterior hypothalamus.
17. Relation with Pulse, Resp. , BMI
• With every 1°F rise of temp >100 F
Pulse rate increases 10,
Respiratory rate by 4
BMR by 7
Oxygen consumption increases by 13%.
18. Stages of fever
4 successive stages -
1. Prodrome
• nonspecific complaints, mild headache,
fatigue, general malaise, aches and pains.
2. Temperature rises
• generalized shaking with chills and feeling
of being cold
• Vasoconstriction, piloerection precede
onset of shivering
• skin is pale
19. –3. Flush
• cutaneous vasodilation occurs and
skin becomes warm, flushed
4. Defervescence
• Initiation of sweating.
20.
21.
22. Pathogenesis of fever
• Pyrogen-Any substance that cause fever
• Exogenous pyrogens -derived from
outside the patient: microbial products,
microbial toxins, or whole microorganisms
23. Eg - Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) of
gram-negative bacteria.
-Enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus
They induce host cells, i.e, blood
leukocytes, tissue macrophages to
produce endogenous pyrogens (e.g.,
interleukin-1).
24. Pyrogenic cytokines- include IL-1, IL-4, IL-6,
TNF, ciliary neurotropic factor (CNTF),
IFN-alpha.
Endogenous pyrogens increase set point
hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
through prostaglandin E2.
27. The effects of fever
• Metabolic effects:
– Increased need for oxygen
• Increases heart rate
• Increases respiration
– Increased use of body proteins as an energy
source
– During fever body switches from using
glucose (an excellent medium for bacterial
growth) to metabolism based on protein and
fat breakdown
28. The effects of fever
It enhance immune function
– Increases motility and activity of WBC
– Stimulates the interferon production and
activation of T cells
• Inhibits growth of some microbial agents:
– Many microbial agents that cause infection
and grow at normal body temperatures.
29. Celcius Fareinheit
Hypothermia <35 C <95 F
Subnormal 35-36.7 95-97
Normal 36.7-37.2 98-99
Mild Fever 37.2-37.8 99-100
Moderate Fever 37.8-39.4 100-103
High Fever 39.4-40.5 103-105
Hyperpyrexia >40.5 >105
30. Types of fever
• Continous fever
-Temperature remains above normal
throughtout the day
-Does not fluctuate more than 1 C in 24 hrs.
Eg lobar pneumonia, UTI, infective
endocarditis, brucellosis
31. • Remittent fever
Temperature remains above normal
throughout the day
Fluctuate more than 1 C in 24 hrs.
Eg typhoid ,viral upper respiratory tract,
legionella, and mycoplasma infections
32. • Intermittant fever
Temperature is present for some hours in a
day and remits to normal for remaining
time.
Daily spike-Quotidian
Every alternate day-Tertian
Every third day-Quartan
Eg malaria , kala-azar, septicemia
34. • Pel Ebstein fever
Bouts of febrile and afebrile periods
Temperature takes 3 days to rise, remains
high for 3 days and remits in 3 days,
followed by apyrexia for 9 days.
Eg Hodgkin lymphoma
35. • Low grade fever
Temperature present daily, mainly in evening
for several days but usually does not
exceed 37.8 C.
Eg tuberculosis
39. • Drug fever
Prolonged fever
Relative bradycardia and hypotension
Perisist 2-3 days even after drug is
withdrawn
Eg penicillins,procainamide,propylthoiuracil,
sulphonamides,anticonvulsant
41. • Fever with rigors
Malaria
Kala azar
UTI
Septicemia
Infective endocarditis
Collection of pus in body
Lobar pneumonia
Cholangitis
pyleonephritis
42. • Fever with rash
1. Rash appearing on 1st day of fever—
Chicken pox.
2. Rash appearing on 4th day of fever—
Measles.
3. Rash appearing on 7th day of fever—
Typhoid.
43. • Fever with membrane in throat
Diphtheria
Infectious mononucleosis
Agranulocytosis
44. • Fever with delerium
Encephalitis
Tyhpoid
Meningitis
Hepatic encephalopathy
45. Hyperpyrexia
• When body temperature > 105 F.
• Cause
1 Pontine haemorhrage
2 Rheumatic fever
3 Menigococcal meningitis
4 Cerebral malaria
5 Septicimia
6 Enchephalitis
46. Pyrexia of unknown origin
• Persistance of temperature > 101.2 F
• > 3 weeks duration
• Faliure to reach diagnosis even after 1
week of evaluation