ASSESSMENT OF BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE
Components of internal and external validity of controlled clinical trials
Internal validity — extent to which systematic error (bias) is minimized in clinical trials
Selection bias: biased allocation to comparison groups
Performance bias: unequal provision of care apart from treatment under evaluation
Detection bias: biased assessment of outcome
Attrition bias: biased occurrence and handling of deviations from protocol and loss to follow up
Requirements, needs
Planning, direction
Information collection
Information Assessment
- Evaluation for accuracy, correctness, relevance, usefulness
- Source reliability assessment (competency and past behavior based)
- Bias assessment (motivators, interests, funding, objectives)
- Conflicts of interest
- Sources of funding, important business relationships
- Grading of individual items (study, report, analysis, article)
Collation of information
- Exclusion of irrelevant, incorrect, and useless information
-Arrangement of information in a form which enables real-time analysis
- System for rapid retrieval of information
External validity — extent to which results of trials provide a correct basis for generalization to other circumstances
Patients: age, sex, severity of disease and risk factors, comorbidity
Treatment regimens: dosage, timing and route of administration, type of treatment within a class of treatments, concomitant treatments
Settings: level of care (primary to tertiary) and experience and specialization of care provider
Modalities of outcomes: type or definition of outcomes and duration of follow up
ASSESSMENT OF BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE
Components of internal and external validity of controlled clinical trials
Internal validity — extent to which systematic error (bias) is minimized in clinical trials
Selection bias: biased allocation to comparison groups
Performance bias: unequal provision of care apart from treatment under evaluation
Detection bias: biased assessment of outcome
Attrition bias: biased occurrence and handling of deviations from protocol and loss to follow up
Requirements, needs
Planning, direction
Information collection
Information Assessment
- Evaluation for accuracy, correctness, relevance, usefulness
- Source reliability assessment (competency and past behavior based)
- Bias assessment (motivators, interests, funding, objectives)
- Conflicts of interest
- Sources of funding, important business relationships
- Grading of individual items (study, report, analysis, article)
Collation of information
- Exclusion of irrelevant, incorrect, and useless information
-Arrangement of information in a form which enables real-time analysis
- System for rapid retrieval of information
External validity — extent to which results of trials provide a correct basis for generalization to other circumstances
Patients: age, sex, severity of disease and risk factors, comorbidity
Treatment regimens: dosage, timing and route of administration, type of treatment within a class of treatments, concomitant treatments
Settings: level of care (primary to tertiary) and experience and specialization of care provider
Modalities of outcomes: type or definition of outcomes and duration of follow up
“CSR is a detailed regulatory document which gives the information about the methods and results (related to efficacy and safety) of a clinical trial. CSRs are created as a part of the process of submitting applications to the Regulatory Authorities for new medical treatments and for its approval. CSRs can be full, abbreviated, synopsis, supplementary, observational etc as per the results and requirements”.
Ideas for pharmacy students on final year project : Possible Research FieldsTareq ✅
A lot of pharmacy students start to worry about what they should do for a Final Year Project (fyp). The aim of the presentation is to provide the basic ideas about FYP based on different courses of pharmacy discipline.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4MapX6DM4I
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people.
Epidemiologic Study Designs, Reasons to perform Pharmacoepidemiology studies, Users of pharmacoepidemiology and Role of Pharmacists & other Public Health Practitioners in Pharmacoepidemiology are discussed in this presentation.
Journal of Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug SafetyOMICS International
OMICS Publishing Group journal, Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of research on the use and effects of drugs in large numbers of people and drug safety. The emphasis is on publishing quality papers quickly and making them easily accessible to researchers all over the world.
This slide contains B.Pharm 8th Sem Biostatistics and research methodology, Unit-3.
Topic covered: Designing the methodology, Sample size determination and Power of a study, Report writing
and presentation of data, Protocol, Cohorts studies, Observational studies, Experimental studies,
Designing clinical trial, various phases.
“CSR is a detailed regulatory document which gives the information about the methods and results (related to efficacy and safety) of a clinical trial. CSRs are created as a part of the process of submitting applications to the Regulatory Authorities for new medical treatments and for its approval. CSRs can be full, abbreviated, synopsis, supplementary, observational etc as per the results and requirements”.
Ideas for pharmacy students on final year project : Possible Research FieldsTareq ✅
A lot of pharmacy students start to worry about what they should do for a Final Year Project (fyp). The aim of the presentation is to provide the basic ideas about FYP based on different courses of pharmacy discipline.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4MapX6DM4I
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people.
Epidemiologic Study Designs, Reasons to perform Pharmacoepidemiology studies, Users of pharmacoepidemiology and Role of Pharmacists & other Public Health Practitioners in Pharmacoepidemiology are discussed in this presentation.
Journal of Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug SafetyOMICS International
OMICS Publishing Group journal, Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of research on the use and effects of drugs in large numbers of people and drug safety. The emphasis is on publishing quality papers quickly and making them easily accessible to researchers all over the world.
This slide contains B.Pharm 8th Sem Biostatistics and research methodology, Unit-3.
Topic covered: Designing the methodology, Sample size determination and Power of a study, Report writing
and presentation of data, Protocol, Cohorts studies, Observational studies, Experimental studies,
Designing clinical trial, various phases.
All the concepts related to research design are covered in this PPT Presentation.Research Design being an integral and crucial part of Research majorly deals with Parametric and non-parametric test, Type 1 and type 2 error, level of significance etc.It helps in ascertaining which research technique is used in which situation.
Overview of Evidence-basedPractice and the Research Pro.docxLacieKlineeb
Overview of Evidence-based
Practice and the Research Process
What is EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE?
A systematic review of critical appraisal and synthesis of the most relevant research.
Clinical Expertise
Patient Preferences and Values
Initiatives to Advance EBP
To Err is Human: Institute of Medicine (IOM): Building a Safer Health System
Initiatives driving the movement
IOM’s goal: By 2020, 90% health care will be evidence-based
US Preventive Services Task Force (sponsored by AHRQ): analyzing evidence and publishing guidelines (Guide to Preventive Clinical Services)
Magnet Recognition Program (ANA): mandate nursing research and use of EBP
Goal of EBP
OPTIMUM PATIENT OUTCOMES
Once you begin to look for
evidence-based projects,
you’ll start to see them everywhere!
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
Research Findings
Agency quality monitoring data
Data from national databases
Expert opinions
Scientific principles
Research prOCESS
Conducting Research:
Steps of the Research Process
1. Identify issue or question
2. Formulate research question
3. Review the literature
If further research is needed:
4. Determine theoretical framework
5. Design the study
6. Select the sample
7. Collect data
8. Analyze data
9. Interpret results
If indicated, change practice!
Step ONE: Identify issue
Step Two: formulate Research Question
Conducting Research: Formulating the research question
Research Questions (quantitative):
Identify the target population
State an intervention or treatment (independent variable)
List the variables to be measured/outcomes (dependent variables)
Sample Research Question
Do pediatric patients who are given a
reward when they cooperate during
nursing procedures tend to be more
cooperative during those procedures
than unrewarded peers?
12
Sample Research Question
What are the relationships among spiritual well-being, sleep quality, and health status in HIV-infected men and women?
13
Conducting Research: Formulating the research question
Research Question:
What are the effects of weekly quizzes on the grades of nursing students?
What is the target audience?
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
Conducting Research: Formulating the research question
Research Question:
Do nursing students who participate in study groups earn higher grades on final exams?
What is the target audience?
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
Conducting Research: Formulating the research question
Research Question:
Is there a difference in patient satisfaction scores between patients who have had nursing students care for them and patients who have not had nursing students assigned to them?
What is the target audience?
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
Avoid “Yes” or “No” Question Formats
.
in the field of science and technology especially health science we cannot say anything without proper research. Research should follow a scientific method. And here we tried to describe the scientific method for research especially for health science.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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2. Introduction to Health Research
Key questions:
What is a question?
What is a problem?
What is a research?
Why a research is conducted?
Who should be involved in research?
3. Basic questions in health system
• What are health needs of people?
• What is the coverage of health interventions?
• How can we use resources cost-effectively?
• How can we control environmental factors?
Without research answering these questions is
unthinkable
4. Health systems research
A systematic collection, analysis and interpretation
of health and health related data
to answer a certain question
or to solve a problem
5. Characteristics of research
• Demands clear statement of the problem
• Requires clear objectives & methods
• Builds on existing data
• Involves systematic process
• Have clear vision of outcome
6. Purposes of health research
• Basic research:
To generate new knowledge and technology
• Applied research:
It seeks to solve practical problems
It is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and
develop innovative technologies
7. Quantitative Vs. Qualitative
Quantitative research:
Tries to quantify things in terms of numbers
Explanatory purpose
Qualitative research:
Tries to describe things in terms of contexts
Exploratory purpose
8. Guidelines for successful research
1. Focus on priority problems
2. Action-oriented
3. Multi-disciplinary
4. Participatory
5. Timely
6. Cost-effective
7. Simple, short-term designs
8. Clear results
9. Honest limitations
10. Expressed implications and recommendations
9. It is a must
It is a must for any research to be:
• Purposeful
• Targeted
• Credible
• Timely
11. Study designs
Four major study designs
• Experimental
• Non-experimental
• Cross-sectional
• Case-control
• Cohort
• Selection of the study design depends on the
objective of a study
12. POPULATION
Target population: the population to whom
the results would be applied
• Source population: the population from
whom study subjects would be obtained
• Sample: Subjects who are selected
• Study subjects: the actual participants of
the study
13. Sampling techniques
1. Probability sampling
• Simple random
• Stratified random
• Systematic random
• Cluster sampling
• Multistage sampling
2. Non-probability sampling
• Purposive/Judgmental
• Convenience/Reliance
• Consecutive
• Snow ball
14. Study variables
A variable is a characteristic of a person, object
or phenomenon that can take on different
values expressed in numbers or categories.
15. Types of variables
1. Dependent/outcome/response variable
– Used to measure the problem under study
2. Independent/exposure/predictor variable
– Used to measure determinants of a
problem
3. Confounding variable
– A variable associated with both the
exposure and outcome
16. Statistical Procedures
Descriptive statistics
• Descriptive statistics try to describe the relationship
between variables in a sample or population
• It provides a summary of data in the form of mean,
median and mode
Inferential statistics
• Inferential statistics use a random sample of data taken
from a population to describe and make inferences
about the whole population
• It is valuable when it is not possible to examine each
member of an entire population
• Tests hypothesis
17. Understanding Inferential
Statistics
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed
explanation for a phenomenon. Hypothesis tests are
thus procedures for making rational decisions about
the reality of observed effects
Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an
event will occur
0 and 1
0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty
18. ‘Null hypothesis’ (H0 ‘H-naught,’ ‘H-null’) denotes that
there is no relationship (difference) between the
population variables in question
Alternative hypothesis (H1 and Ha) denotes that a
statement between the variables is expected to be
true
The P value is the probability of the event occurring
by chance if the null hypothesis is true.
19. The P value is a numerical between 0 and 1 and
is interpreted by researchers in deciding whether
to reject or retain the null hypothesis
21. Students’t-test
Employed for comparing means of two
population
Significant difference between means of two
groups/variables
ANOVA Test
The purpose of ANOVA is to test if there is any
significant difference between the means of two
or more groups
22. One-way ANOVA
Determines variance between means
obtained from two different populations
Two-way ANOVA
Analyze factor that interacts with the variables
under study along with analysis of variance