Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the use and effects of medications in large populations. It provides estimates of drug benefits and risks in real-world populations, helping to detect adverse effects that may have been missed in pre-market clinical trials due to limited sample sizes and patient populations that do not represent those seen in practice. Pharmacoepidemiology uses epidemiological methods like cohort studies and case-control studies to understand drug effects, interactions, and outcomes in patient populations. It also includes pharmacovigilance to monitor drug safety after market approval.
pharmacoepidemiology is the study of use and effect of drugs in large number of population.
pharmacoepidemiology enhances or supplements the information from the preclinical studies.
pharmacoepidemiology is the study of use and effect of drugs in large number of population.
pharmacoepidemiology enhances or supplements the information from the preclinical studies.
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people.
Epidemiologic Study Designs, Reasons to perform Pharmacoepidemiology studies, Users of pharmacoepidemiology and Role of Pharmacists & other Public Health Practitioners in Pharmacoepidemiology are discussed in this presentation.
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
Ideas for pharmacy students on final year project : Possible Research FieldsTareq ✅
A lot of pharmacy students start to worry about what they should do for a Final Year Project (fyp). The aim of the presentation is to provide the basic ideas about FYP based on different courses of pharmacy discipline.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4MapX6DM4I
Journal of Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug SafetyOMICS International
OMICS Publishing Group journal, Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of research on the use and effects of drugs in large numbers of people and drug safety. The emphasis is on publishing quality papers quickly and making them easily accessible to researchers all over the world.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
Better Insights from Your Master Data - Graph Database LA MeetupBenjamin Nussbaum
Master Data Management, is a practice that involves discovering, cleaning, housing, and governing data. Data architects for enterprises require a data model that offers ad hoc, variable, and flexible structures as business needs are constantly changing.
We'll be discussing the benefits of using the Neo4j graph database for Master Data Management including the flexible schema free data model, concepts of layering in data, keeping your data current and flowing and then the benefits of connected data analytics and real-time recommendations that can result.
An overview of MDM with Neo4j https://www.graphgrid.com/graph-advantage-master-data-management/
The demo portion of the presentation is here: https://youtu.be/_GnDiwngnXk
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people.
Epidemiologic Study Designs, Reasons to perform Pharmacoepidemiology studies, Users of pharmacoepidemiology and Role of Pharmacists & other Public Health Practitioners in Pharmacoepidemiology are discussed in this presentation.
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
Ideas for pharmacy students on final year project : Possible Research FieldsTareq ✅
A lot of pharmacy students start to worry about what they should do for a Final Year Project (fyp). The aim of the presentation is to provide the basic ideas about FYP based on different courses of pharmacy discipline.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4MapX6DM4I
Journal of Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug SafetyOMICS International
OMICS Publishing Group journal, Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of research on the use and effects of drugs in large numbers of people and drug safety. The emphasis is on publishing quality papers quickly and making them easily accessible to researchers all over the world.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
Better Insights from Your Master Data - Graph Database LA MeetupBenjamin Nussbaum
Master Data Management, is a practice that involves discovering, cleaning, housing, and governing data. Data architects for enterprises require a data model that offers ad hoc, variable, and flexible structures as business needs are constantly changing.
We'll be discussing the benefits of using the Neo4j graph database for Master Data Management including the flexible schema free data model, concepts of layering in data, keeping your data current and flowing and then the benefits of connected data analytics and real-time recommendations that can result.
An overview of MDM with Neo4j https://www.graphgrid.com/graph-advantage-master-data-management/
The demo portion of the presentation is here: https://youtu.be/_GnDiwngnXk
Knowledge Graphs for a Connected World - AI, Deep & Machine Learning MeetupBenjamin Nussbaum
We live in an era where the world is more connected than ever before and the trajectory is such that data relationships will only continue to increase with no signs of slowing down. Connected data is the key to your business succeeding and growing in today’s connected world. Leading enterprises will be the ones that utilize relationship-centric technologies to leverage connections from their internal operations and supply chain to their customer and user interactions. This ability to utilize connected data to understand all the nuanced relationships within their organization will propel them forward as they act on more holistic insights.
Every organization needs a knowledge graph because connected data is an essential foundation to advancing business. Additional reading on connected can be found here: https://www.graphgrid.com/why-connected-data-is-more-useful/
Knowledge Graphs - Journey to the Connected Enterprise - Data Strategy and An...Benjamin Nussbaum
We live in an era where the world is more connected than ever before and the trajectory is such that data relationships will only continue to increase with no signs of slowing down.
Connected data is the key to your business succeeding and growing in today’s connected world.
Leading enterprises will be the ones that utilize relationship-centric technologies to leverage connections from their internal operations and supply chain to their customer and user interactions. This ability to utilize connected data to understand all the nuanced relationships within their organization will propel them forward as they act on more holistic insights.
Every organization needs a knowledge graph because connected data is an essential foundation to advancing business. Knowledge graphs provide:
- Increased visibility between internal groups
- Efficiency gains
- Cross-functional data collaboration
- Core complete and reliable business insights
- Better customer engagement
The live presentation and discussion can be found here: https://youtu.be/7vBdlXzhs_4
Additional reading on why connected data is beneficial: https://www.graphgrid.com/why-connected-data-is-more-useful/
Connected data solutions available by Benjamin and his team via GraphGrid and AtomRain: https://www.graphgrid.com and https://www.atomrain.com
Objetivo general
Construir un librillo y una infografía capaz de mostrar la relación entre el afiche, autor y escuela de Diseño en Chile. Esto pensado a partir del afiche desde un mundo social a través de aquellos afichistas que marcan un hito desde 1970. Esto pensado en la falta de cultura historia del Diseño Gráfico dentro de la EAD
Epidemiology is the study of occurrence, distribution and determinants of health and
diseases or disorders in man and its application in controlling health problems.
Epidemiology has by tradition two major areas.
First is the study of infectious diseases that spread to large populations, i.e., epidemics.
The second is the study of chronic diseases.
Epidemiological studies help to solve such health problems and provide a basis for
improving living conditions of the people.
During its progress and development, epidemiology has made available precise and
strict methodologies for the study of diseases.
Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs.
Clinical Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs in humans, It is traditionally
divided into two basic areas namely:
1. Pharmacokinetics
2. Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the relationship between dose administered of a drug
and the serum or blood level achieved, it deals with absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in
populations.
Epidemics is the study of chronic/ infectious diseases in large populations.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the use of and the effects of drugs in large
number of people.
It involves the examination of a single individual or large groups of people followed for
many years.
It involves gathering & analysis of information in order to identify possible causation &
related factors, that can be applied in clinical practice to group of people & also to
individuals undergoing treatment.
Clinical pharmacy may be defined as the science and practice of rationale use of medications, where the pharmacists are more oriented towards the patient care rationalizing medication therapy promoting health, wellness of people.
It is the modern and extended field of pharmacy.
PHARMACOVIGILANCE TERMINOLOGIES ASKED IN INTERVIEWS-
For more information regarding PHARMACOVIGILANCE, CLINICAL RESEARCH, CLINICAL DATA MANAGEMENT & DRUG REGULATORY AFFAIRS kindly contact us on 9028839789
A study on prescription pattern and rational use of statins in tertiary care ...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
Our objectives are to evaluate prescription pattern and rational use of statins in a tertiary care corporate hospital.
Methodology
It was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months and included various departments of 300
bedded multi specialty tertiary care corporate hospital. A total of 200 patients were included and the study criteria
was inpatients and induvial more than 18 years of either gender who are prescribed with HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors.
Results
In the present study 200 patients belonged to the age group of above 18 years, out of which about 65% were male
and 35% were female. Atorvastatin (67%) was prescribed mostly and Rosuvastatin (29.5%) was also used.
Conclusion
It is finally concluded that Rational and prophylactic use of statins can reduce further complications of Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) and cardiac events.
Statins treatment is favourable in long term treatment of diseases, it is most effectively used in treatment of serious
disease conditions which has shown its immense therapeutic role in treatment
It is not for practicing, only general description of prostate cancer.......of my presentation . for explanation study authentic books also .....and webs.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. Pharmacoepidemiology
By: Dr.Yasar Shah Page 1
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
DEFINITIONS:
“The study of the use and effects of medications in large numbers of people”
(By: Strom)
“The application of epidemiologic knowledge, methods, and reasoning to the study of the
effects (beneficial and adverse) and use of drugs in human populations”
(By: Porta and Hartzema)
“The study of drugs as determinants of health and disease in the general unselected
population”
(By: Spitzer)
INTRODUCTION / EXPLAINATION:
Pharmacoepidemiology provides an estimate of the probability of beneficial effects of a drug
in a population and the probability of adverse effects. Although new drug products undergo the
careful scrutiny of Phase-I through Phase-III trials, some drugs are recalled soon after they are
marketed. e.g.,
Bromfenac, recalled in 1998 due to severe hepatitis and liver failure (some requiring
transplantation).
Cerivastatin recalled in 2001 due to Risk of rhabdomyolysis
Propoxyphene recalled in 2010 due to increased risk of heart attacks and stroke.
Iproniazid recalled in 1964 due to interactions with food products containing tyrosine
Zomepirac recalled in 1983 due to Anaphylactic reactions and non-fatal allergic
reactions, renal failure
A major reason for these drug recalls is that premarketing studies treat too few patients for
uncommon effects. Therefore an adverse effect associated with drug use may go un-noticed.
Another reason that adverse events are not identified in the pre marketing drug experience is that
although subjects in pre marketing studies have the disease that the drug is targeted to treat, but
are usually devoid of other co-morbidities (such as renal failure, hepatic failure). However, in
real practice, such co-morbidities may be present. All drugs have adverse effects.
Pharmacoepidemiology will never succeed in preventing them. It can only detect them, hopefully
early, and thereby educate health care providers and public, which will lead to better medication
use. A lot of people die each year from Adverse Drug Reactions. The harm that drugs can cause
has led to the development of the field of Pharmacoepidemiology.
It can be called a bridge science between both clinical pharmacology and epidemiology.
Pharmacoepidemiology concentrates on clinical patient outcomes from therapeutics by using
methods of clinical epidemiology and applying them to understanding the determinants of
beneficial and adverse drug effects, effects of genetic variation on drug effect, duration-response
relationships, clinical effects of drug-drug interactions, and the effects of medication non-
adherence.
2. Pharmacoepidemiology
By: Dr.Yasar Shah Page 2
Pharmacovigilance is a part of pharmacoepidemiology that involves continual monitoring, in a
population, for unwanted effects and other safety concerns arising in drugs that are already on
the market. Pharmacoepidemiology sometimes also involves the conduct and evaluation of
programmatic efforts to improve medication use on a population basis.
Epidemiology: (see from epidemiology notes)
Definition:
Study Design:
1. Descriptive studies
2. Analytical studies
a. Observational studies
i. Case control studies
ii. Cohort studies
iii. Cross sectional studies
b. Experimental studies
i. Randomized control Trials
DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEW:
Drug utilization studies aim to evaluate factors related to the prescribing, dispensing,
administering and taking of medication, and its associated events (either beneficial or adverse).
Since the early 1960’s the interest in Drug Utilization Studies has been increasing, first with
market-only purposes, then for evaluating the quality of medical prescription and comparing
patterns of use of specific drugs.
The increasing importance of drug utilization studies as a valuable investigation resource
in pharmacoepidemiology has been bridging it with other health related areas, such as public
health, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics, or pharmacogenetics. Drug utilization research
is thus an essential part of pharmacoepidemiology as it describes the extent, nature and
determinants of drug exposure. In common use, the distinction between these two terms has
become less sharp, and they are sometimes used interchangeably.
Drug utilization research and pharmacoepidemiology may provide insights into the
following aspects of drug use and drug prescribing:
Pattern of use: extent and profiles of drug use and trends in drug use and costs over time.
Quality of use: audits comparing actual use to national and regional prescription guidelines or
local drug formularies. Quality indices of drug use may include the choice of drug (compliance
to recommended assortment), drug cost (compliance to budgetary recommendations), drug
dosage (awareness of inter-individual variations in dose requirements and age dependence), drug
interaction awareness, ADR awareness, proportion of patients being aware of/unaware of the
cost/benefit of the treatment, etc.
3. Pharmacoepidemiology
By: Dr.Yasar Shah Page 3
Determinants of use: user characteristics (e.g. socio-demographic parameters, attitude towards
drugs), prescriber characteristics (e.g. specialty, education and factors influencing therapeutic
decisions), and drug characteristics (e.g. therapeutic properties, affordability)
Outcomes of use: health outcomes (benefits and adverse effects) and economic consequences.
Methods used for conducting Drug utilization reviews:
Using purchasing records
The simplest level of information about which medicines are being used is obtained from
purchasing records. Both hospital and community pharmacies use computerized systems for
purchase, which means these data are readily available. This gives information about
comparison between pharmacies but provides no information about medicines use.
Using issue record
A more detailed record of use can be obtained from the medicines issued from pharmacies, to
individual patient via prescriptions or to wards in hospitals. The units used are the same as
those of purchase. Computerized systems are also used for keeping issue record. This data
may give information to the prescribers regarding their prescribing practice.
Using prescription records
More detailed information from prescriptions, which includes the actual dose prescribed and
the concurrent medication, can be obtained in community pharmacies from patient
medication record. The extent of poly pharmacy, prescribing errors and drug interactions can
also be traced from this record.
Using medical records and trained investigators
Examining medical record of the patients will provide information about the decisions behind the
use of particular medicines and their effectiveness. Small studies can be performed manually for
assessing the appropriate and effective use of medicines. These studies usually involve the use of
trained investigators such as Pharmacists for reviewing the medical records.
Special applications of Pharmacoepidemiology:
Evaluating and improving physician prescribing
Drug Utilization Review
Special methodologic issues in PE studies of Vaccine Study
PE studies of Devices
Studies of Drug induced birth defects
PE and Risk management
Use of PE to study Medication Errors
Hospital PE.