Health (barbiturates drugs
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Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants that can produce effects ranging from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. While barbiturates have analgesic effects, they are not typically used in surgery alone due to their weak pain-relieving properties. Barbiturates are addictive and have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines, except for uses in general anesthesia, epilepsy treatment, and assisted suicide due to benzodiazepines being less dangerous in overdose.
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![Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous
system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of
effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective
as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. Barbiturates also
have analgesic effects, however these effects are somewhat weak,
preventing barbiturates from being used in surgery in the absence of
other analgesics. They have addiction potential, both physical and
psychological. Barbiturates have now largely been replaced
by benzodiazepines in routine medical practice - for example, in the
treatment of anxiety and insomnia – mainly because benzodiazepines
are significantly less dangerous in overdose. However, barbiturates are
still used in general anesthesia, for epilepsy, and assisted
suicide.[1] Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Introduction:
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HYPNOTICS drugs that produce sleep similar to that of natural arousal sleep.
Both sedative & hypnotic action may reside in the same drug.
A small dose may act as sedative, whereas a large dose of the same drug may act as a hypnotic.
SAR of Benzodiazepine:
Presence of phenyl ring / pyridyl ring promotes sedative-hypnotic activity at C5-position.
If presence of electron withdrawing group like –Cl or –NO2 (Lorazepam, Clonazepam) at R2’ position, then sedative-hypnotic activity .
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-F, –NO2 at C7 position, activity.
Substitution at 6,8,9 position of carbon atom, activity.
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R3 = alkyl group, activity & R3 = -OH or –COOH activity & R1 = -CH3 ,if larger group is present activity.
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Barbiturates such as thiopental and methohexital act as central nervous system depressants by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors. Thiopental is commonly used for induction of general anesthesia due to its rapid onset and short duration of action. It has a narrow therapeutic index, so proper dosing is important to achieve hypnosis without causing respiratory depression or cardiovascular complications. While barbiturates can provide neuroprotective effects at high doses, their use remains controversial except for certain clinical scenarios like incomplete brain ischemia. Potential adverse effects include hypotension, apnea, allergy, and tissue damage if injected intra-arterially rather than intravenously.
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Both sedative & hypnotic action may reside in the same drug.
A small dose may act as sedative, whereas a large dose of the same drug may act as a hypnotic.
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Presence of phenyl ring / pyridyl ring promotes sedative-hypnotic activity at C5-position.
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Presence of electron withdrawing group like –Cl,
-F, –NO2 at C7 position, activity.
Substitution at 6,8,9 position of carbon atom, activity.
Shifting of double bond present between –N4 & C5 or saturation of double bond activity.
R3 = alkyl group, activity & R3 = -OH or –COOH activity & R1 = -CH3 ,if larger group is present activity.
Sleep is mainly loss of consciousness. Sleep is an architectured cyclic process.
These drugs maintains the sleep-wake cycle.
Insomnia is a symptom & its proper treatment depends on finding the cause of sleeplessness. To treat this type of patient, use sedative-hypnotics.
High dose of the drugs may lead to coma or death.
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Sedative & Hypnotics ppt
Barbiturates. Benzylbutylbarbiturate. Butalbital. ...
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First generation Antihistamines. Diphenhydramine. ...
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1. Psychostimulants like caffeine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate which inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine.
2. Brainstem stimulants called analeptics, like doxapram, which stimulate respiratory centers in the brainstem.
3. Convulsants like strychnine and picrotoxin which antagonize inhibitory neurotransmitters like glycine and GABA, leading to uncontrolled excitation.
4. Psychotomimet
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Barbiturates such as thiopental and methohexital act as central nervous system depressants by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors. Thiopental is commonly used for induction of general anesthesia due to its rapid onset and short duration of action. It has a narrow therapeutic index, so proper dosing is important to achieve hypnosis without causing respiratory depression or cardiovascular complications. While barbiturates can provide neuroprotective effects at high doses, their use remains controversial except for certain clinical scenarios like incomplete brain ischemia. Potential adverse effects include hypotension, apnea, allergy, and tissue damage if injected intra-arterially rather than intravenously.
Anti psychotics
This document discusses anti-psychotic medications. It describes how anti-psychotics work by inhibiting dopamine to treat psychosis symptoms. The document categorizes anti-psychotics as first-generation or typical, and second-generation or atypical. Typical anti-psychotics are further divided into basal and incisive, while atypical anti-psychotics have multi-receptor targets and include multi-acting receptor targeted antagonists, dopamine-serotonin antagonists, dopamine D2-D3 antagonists, and a dopamine partial agonist. The document notes the pharmacokinetics, side effects, and therapeutic strategies for using anti-psychotics.
Anti psychotics
Antipsychotic drugs like phenothiazines and butyrophenones were initially used to treat psychotic disorders by blocking dopamine receptors, but often caused serious side effects. Newer atypical antipsychotics have been developed that are more selective in their receptor targeting, reducing side effects. Current research focuses on individualizing treatment and developing drugs that target other neurotransmitter systems beyond just dopamine to better treat symptoms with fewer side effects.
Antipsychotic agents & Lithium by Dr. Nadeem Korai
This document discusses antipsychotic agents and lithium used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It covers the symptoms and hypotheses of schizophrenia, how antipsychotics work in the brain, examples of typical and atypical antipsychotics, their therapeutic indications and dosages. It also discusses the absorption, metabolism, drug combinations, and adverse effects of antipsychotics, as well as lithium's use in treating bipolar disorder.
Anti psychotics
This document discusses various anti-psychotic and mood stabilizing medications, including their indications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and drug interactions. It provides examples of common anti-psychotic medications like haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone. It also discusses lithium, valproic acid, and carbamazepine as common mood stabilizing agents. The document ends with a case study describing a patient found wandering in a park in army fatigues who is brought to the emergency room and is on multiple medications.
Anti psychotic drugs
This document discusses the case of a 45-year-old male patient brought to the emergency department in an agitated state. His symptoms meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. He is initially treated with haloperidol to control his agitation. After 2 weeks, his symptoms improve and he is started on an atypical antipsychotic for long-term stabilization. The document then discusses various first and second generation antipsychotics, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and monitoring considerations.
Drugs of Abuse: Benzodiazepines
Reviews the uses for benzodiazepines and barbiturates, the signs of intoxication and withdrawal, impact on sports performance. Continuing Education for mental health and substance abuse counselors and therapists.
Mood Stabilisers (Antimanic drugs)
This document discusses mood stabilizers used to treat bipolar disorder. It describes the symptoms of mania and depression in bipolar disorder. Lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and various antipsychotics are described as first-line mood stabilizing agents. The mechanisms of action of these drugs involve inhibition of inositol monophosphatase and other enzymes, decreasing intracellular inositol levels. Novel targets for treating bipolar disorder discussed include inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3, protein kinase C, modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, enhanced Bcl2 expression, effects on oxidative stress, and modulation of glutamatergic transmission.
Antipsychotics
This document discusses antipsychotic and mood stabilizing drugs. It begins by classifying antipsychotics such as phenothiazines, butyrophenones, and atypical antipsychotics. It then describes the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of typical antipsychotics like chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Atypical antipsychotics like clozapine and risperidone are also discussed. The document also covers mood stabilizers lithium and sodium valproate, focusing on lithium's mechanism and use in treating mania and bipolar disorder. Management of schizophrenia, mania, and bipolar disorder is described.
Antipsychotic drugs
Anti-psychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the brain and are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. They are categorized as either typical or atypical, with atypical drugs blocking additional serotonin receptors and being less likely to cause motor side effects. Common types include risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and clozapine. While effective in reducing psychotic symptoms, anti-psychotics may cause movement disorders or other side effects depending on their receptor affinities. Long-term treatment can help prevent recurrence of psychotic episodes.
Mood stabilizers
This document discusses mood stabilizers, which are medications used to treat mood disorders like bipolar disorder. It describes bipolar disorder and its symptoms. The main types of mood stabilizers are lithium, anticonvulsants like valproate and carbamazepine, and antipsychotics. Lithium was one of the first mood stabilizers and works by interfering with cell signaling pathways. Anticonvulsants also have mood stabilizing effects through mechanisms like enhancing GABA. Antipsychotics are used to treat mania and can have side effects like extrapyramidal symptoms. The goals of treatment are to reduce symptoms, prevent relapse, and improve functioning while reducing risks.
Lithium
Lithium is approved for treating bipolar disorder and is dosed based on achieving a target serum level. Common side effects include thyroid dysfunction, diabetes insipidus, tremor, weight gain and cognitive impairment. Dosing must be adjusted for renal impairment and in elderly patients due to reduced clearance. Lithium has a half-life of 14-24 hours and is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine. Monitoring of serum levels and side effects is important during long-term lithium treatment.
Antipsychotics
Antipsychotic drugs, also known as neuroleptics, are used to treat psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. There are two main types - first generation "typical" antipsychotics that are associated with more extrapyramidal side effects, and second generation "atypical" antipsychotics that have fewer of these motor side effects. Antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway. They can have various adverse effects involving the cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine and other body systems. Proper management of these drugs requires monitoring for potential toxic reactions and drug interactions.
anti-psychotic drugs
The document discusses various types of anti-psychotic drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical indications, and adverse effects. It focuses on drugs that block dopamine receptors in the brain to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses by modifying dopaminergic activity. The drugs discussed include both typical and atypical antipsychotics, as well as mood stabilizers like lithium that are used to treat bipolar disorder.
Barbiturates
Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants and were one of the first intravenous anesthetic agents used clinically, with thiopental and methohexital being two examples that are ultra short-acting and can be used for anesthetic induction. Barbiturates work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain and have a variety of clinical uses but also potential adverse effects like respiratory depression if overdosed.
Barbiturates
Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid that act as central nervous system depressants. They have multiple mechanisms of action in the brain involving GABA receptors and ion channels. Barbiturates are classified based on their duration of action and include long, intermediate, short, and ultrashort-acting varieties. While once widely used as sedatives, hypnotics, and for anesthesia, barbiturates have significant disadvantages like low therapeutic index, drug interactions, abuse potential, and severe withdrawal syndrome. Newer agents like benzodiazepines, buspirone, zolpidem, and zaleplon have replaced barbiturates for most indications due to safer profiles
Barbiturates
Sedatives and hypnotics work by calming agitation, inducing sleep, and reducing anxiety. Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants that produce their effects by potentiating the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Their mechanism of action, uses, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships are described. While formerly widely used, barbiturates have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines due to risks of addiction and tolerance. Other sedative-hypnotics discussed include paraldehyde, chloral hydrate, alcohols, ethchlorvynol, and glutarimide derivatives.
Antipsychotic drugs
Antipsychotic drugs are primarily used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders by decreasing hallucinations, delusions, and permitting patients to function better. First-generation ("typical") antipsychotics like chlorpromazine work mainly by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Second-generation ("atypical") antipsychotics have fewer motor side effects and also block serotonin receptors. Clozapine was the first atypical drug and is effective for treatment-resistant cases but requires blood monitoring due to risk of agranulocytosis. Risperidone and olanzapine are also widely used atypical antipsychotics.
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Biological therapies barbiturates
The document summarizes information about various sedative-hypnotic drugs including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and other related compounds. It describes their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, precautions, and adverse effects. Specifically, it notes that while barbiturates were widely used in the 20th century, their use has been replaced by benzodiazepines and other drugs due to the barbiturates' high abuse potential and narrow therapeutic window.
Drugs acting on cns sedative and hypnotics
What are sedatives and Hypnotics? Difference between them, various class of drugs employed as sedative and hypnotics, SAR, MOA and Uses
Barbiturates
Barbiturates are one of the much oldest classes of sedative-hypnotic agents. They have typically significant depressive cardiovascular and respiratory effects, however, and have been largely replaced in the ICU by the benzodiazepines, propofol, butyrophenones, and other newer agents. Barbiturates are occasionally availed for deep sedation or anesthesia in mechanically ventilated patients with status epilepticus and in patients with quiet elevated intracranial pressure (barbiturate coma). In patients with closed-head injury and aggrandized intracranial pressure refractory to conventional therapies, survival has been improved by adding high-dose barbiturates to conventional therapy Barbiturate, any of a class of organic compounds availed in medicine as sedatives (to produce a calming effect), as hypnotics (to produce sleep), or as an adjunct in anesthesia. Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid (malonyl urea), which is typically formed from malonic acid and urea. Barbital was first synthesized in 1903, and phenobarbital became available in 1912. Barbiturates act by depressing the central nervous system, specifically on certain portions of the brain, though they tend to depress the functioning of all the body’s tissues. Most of them exert a quiet sedative effect in small doses and a hypnotic effect in larger doses [2]. The barbiturates have largely been replaced as sedatives by the benzodiazepines and other minor tranquilizers, which have fewer unfavourable side effects and less abuse potential.
Cns depressants
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are drugs that reduce nervousness, excitability, and irritability without causing sleep at low doses, or that cause sleep at high doses. There are two main types: sedatives, which calm the CNS, and hypnotics, which induce sleep. Common sedative-hypnotics are barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Barbiturates have a narrow therapeutic index and can cause respiratory depression in overdose. Benzodiazepines are more commonly prescribed due to their favorable side effects, efficacy, and safety compared to barbiturates. Nursing implications for CNS depressants include monitoring for side effects and ensuring patient safety.
Cns depressants
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are drugs that reduce nervousness, excitability, and irritability without causing sleep at low doses, or that cause sleep at high doses. There are two main types: sedatives, which calm the CNS, and hypnotics, which induce sleep. Common sedative-hypnotics are barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Barbiturates have a narrow therapeutic index and can cause respiratory depression in overdose. Benzodiazepines are more commonly prescribed due to their favorable side effects, efficacy, and safety compared to barbiturates. Nursing implications for CNS depressants include monitoring for side effects and ensuring patient safety.
NurseReview.Org - Cns Depressants Updates (pharmacology cram)
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are drugs that reduce nervousness, excitability, and irritability without causing sleep. They include sedatives and hypnotics. Sedatives calm the CNS without inducing sleep, while hypnotics calm the CNS enough to cause sleep. Barbiturates were commonly used as sedative-hypnotics but have been replaced by benzodiazepines, which have more favorable side effects and safety profiles. Both can cause drowsiness, respiratory depression, and interactions with other CNS depressants like alcohol. Nurses must monitor patients taking these drugs for therapeutic effects and side effects.
2) SEDATIVES HYPNOTICS AND PHARMACOTHERAPY OF SLEEP DISORDERS.ppt
Sedative hypnotics are drugs that produce calming and sleep-inducing effects through central nervous system depression. They are classified into benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and newer agents. Benzodiazepines like diazepam are commonly used as they are safer and less addictive than barbiturates. They work by enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Common side effects include drowsiness and impaired motor skills. Barbiturates directly activate GABA receptors but have greater risks of tolerance, dependence, and respiratory depression. Newer non-benzodiazepine drugs like zolpidem are promoted as effective hypnotics with fewer side effects than other
Sedative & Hypnotics.pptx
Briefly describe sedative hypnotic drug with their classification and mechanism , therapeutic effect , adverse effect and dose preparation . this presentation is useful for pharma student .
Cns depressants
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are a class of drugs that slow down brain activity and cause muscles to relax. They include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, opioids, and some sleeping pills. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, resulting in sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant effects. While effective for treating conditions like anxiety and insomnia, long-term use can lead to tolerance, addiction, and withdrawal symptoms.
psychoactive drug
The document discusses psychoactive drugs and the synthesis of barbiturates and phenobarbital. It defines psychoactive drugs as chemicals that alter mood, behavior, and perceptions. It describes the four main types - stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and hallucinogens. It then focuses on barbiturates, describing their synthesis, mechanism of action by enhancing the GABA neurotransmitter, and uses including epilepsy treatment. Finally, it discusses phenobarbital as a long-acting barbiturate used for seizures, its synthesis, mechanism of action, uses, and disadvantages like withdrawal risks.
SA 202 Week 3 lecture 4 benzodiazepines
This document discusses benzodiazepines (BZs), their medical uses for treating anxiety and as sleep aids, subjective effects at normal levels including relaxation and reduced anxiety, and potential side effects like sedation. It notes that BZs are involved in 1/3 of prescription drug deaths when combined with other depressants. The document outlines two groups that abuse BZs, describes common sleep aids like Ambien and Lunesta that also carry abuse potential, and discusses diagnostic criteria in the DSM-V for sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorders.
Medical uses of barbiturates
Barbiturates have several medical uses including treating anxiety, acting as a sedative, and treating convulsive disorders like epilepsy. They are commonly used to sedate patients before surgery or dental procedures. Psychiatrists also use barbiturates to diagnose and treat some mental disorders. While barbiturates can be prescribed to treat conditions like high blood pressure or nervous disorders, they are highly dangerous without medical supervision and can cause death from overdose or withdrawal.
sedative & hypnotics.pptx
Sedatives produce drowsiness without inducing sleep by decreasing activity and calming patients. Hypnotics induce sleep resembling natural sleep by producing drowsiness that results in sleep onset and sleep maintenance. Both act on the limbic system and midbrain. Lower doses of sedative hypnotics have an anxiolytic effect while higher doses produce sleep and therapeutic coma. These drugs are used to treat insomnia, anxiety, seizures, and to induce coma for head injuries. Common types are barbiturates and benzodiazepines, which have dose-dependent sedative, hypnotic, anesthetic and coma effects.
Psychoactive Drug
Types of Psychoactive drug based on action on typical diseases. examples : stimulants , depressants , narcotics , sedatives and hypnotics.
Chapter 6 Depressants
This document discusses central nervous system (CNS) depressants such as sedatives and hypnotics. It provides background on the history of CNS depressants including early uses of bromides and barbiturates. It describes the effects of CNS depressants such as reducing brain activity and awareness. Common types are discussed including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other depressants. Medical uses include treating anxiety and insomnia. Mechanisms of action involve enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Patterns of abuse and dangers of overdose are also summarized.
Notes sedative & hypnotics
This presentation will help the viewers to get a summed up knowledge about sedatives and hypnotics. the MoA is clearly described.
cns depressants
This document discusses central nervous system depressants, including sedatives, hypnotics, and sedative-hypnotics. It focuses on barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Barbiturates were historically used as sedatives and hypnotics but have been largely replaced by benzodiazepines due to safer profiles. Both classes of drugs work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain. They are commonly prescribed to treat insomnia, anxiety, and other conditions but can cause side effects like drowsiness and respiratory depression in overdose. Nursing implications for these drugs include thorough assessment, monitoring for interactions and adverse effects, and administration guidance.
Hart13 ppt ch07
This chapter discusses depressants and inhalants. Depressants are drugs that slow activity in the central nervous system, including alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and meprobamate. Inhalants are volatile solvents and other compounds that are inhaled for their intoxicating effects. The chapter describes the history and mechanisms of action of various depressants and inhalants, their beneficial medical uses, and causes for concern regarding dependence, toxicity, abuse patterns, and dangers of inhalant use.
Sedatives and hypnotics
This document discusses sedatives and hypnotics which are drugs that depress the central nervous system. Sedatives are used to treat anxiety while hypnotics cause sleep. Both can lead to tolerance and dependence with long term use. The document categorizes and describes different types of sedatives and hypnotics like barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and other drugs. It provides information on their uses, side effects, and important considerations for administration.
Sedative, Hypnotics and Anxiolytics
Sedative, Hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs are used to treat anxiety, insomnia and induce sleep. They work by potentiating the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are common classes of these drugs. Benzodiazepines increase the frequency of chloride channel opening, while barbiturates increase the duration. Both classes are used as sedatives, hypnotics and to relieve anxiety. They can cause dependence and tolerance with long term use. Newer non-benzodiazepine drugs like Zolpidem and Zaleplon have fewer side effects.
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NurseReview.Org - Cns Depressants Updates (pharmacology cram)
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Health (barbiturates drugs
- 1. HEALTH BARBITURATES DRUGS
- 2. Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. Barbiturates also have analgesic effects, however these effects are somewhat weak, preventing barbiturates from being used in surgery in the absence of other analgesics. They have addiction potential, both physical and psychological. Barbiturates have now largely been replaced by benzodiazepines in routine medical practice - for example, in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia – mainly because benzodiazepines are significantly less dangerous in overdose. However, barbiturates are still used in general anesthesia, for epilepsy, and assisted suicide.[1] Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid.
- 3. Quiz 1 Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia Yes No
- 4. It is a drug that depress the nervous system. Amphetamine Barbiturates Stimulants
- 5. Directions: Identify the pictures according to the reason of using barbiturates. For sleep For relaxation For surgery