Sedative-hypnotics are a class of drugs that cause a dose-dependent depression of the CNS function, inducing sedation, sleep, and unconsciousness with increasing dose. Agents in this class of drugs include benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, barbiturates, and melatonin agonists. Most of the sedative-hypnotic drugs affect GABAergic transmission, increasing the inhibition of neuronal excitability, with the exception of melatonin agonists, which act on hypothalamic melatonin receptors. Sedative-hypnotic drugs are used as anxiolytics, sedatives, muscle relaxants, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants. Common side effects result from excessive CNS depression and include confusion, drowsiness, somnolence, and respiratory depression. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics is associated with a risk of dependence.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
2. DEFINITION:-
A type of drug that slows down brain
activity, which causes the muscles to
relax and calms and soothes a person.
CNS depressants are used to treat
insomnia (trouble sleeping), anxiety,
panic attacks, and seizures. They may
also be used to relieve anxiety and
tension before surgery. Examples of
CNS depressants are benzodiazepines,
barbiturates, and certain sleep
medicines. CNS depressants are
sometimes called sedatives or
tranquilizers. Also called central
nervous system depressant.
3. Drugs that are classified as CNS
depressants include:
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Many sleeping pills
Opioids
4.
5. Alcohol
Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. The degree to which the brain
is affected by this central nervous system depressant depends on how much, and how
fast, a person drinks. Due to the initial positive behavioral effects of alcohol, many
people don’t realize that the substance is a CNS depressant. For example, when
someone first begins to drink, he or she may feel less reserved and more relaxed
because of the chemical changes alcohol causes within the brain. However, the more
someone drinks, the more the brain is affected and the likelihood that a negative
emotional response will take over. Alcohol can actually increase anxiety and stress
rather than reduce it, and elicit other negative reactions such as anger, aggression, and
depression. Chronic alcohol use can also lead to dependence, addiction, and withdrawal
symptoms when attempting to stop usage of the drug.
Barbiturates
Barbiturates, or “downers,” are a type of CNS depressant that are prescribed to treat
anxiety, tension, and sleep disorders. Common barbiturates include Amytal, Luminal
(Phenobarbital), Mebaral, Nembutal, and Seconal. Barbiturates were previously regarded
as a generally safe depressant, but problems with abuse, addiction, and overdose
quickly became apparent after widespread prescription. These drugs can generate a
sense of euphoria and relaxation even when taken in small doses, which encourages
abuse in some. Barbiturates have also shown to have a dramatic impact on sleep
patterns, resulting in suppressed REM sleep. In response to particularly high abuse rates
from the 1950s to the 1970s, benzodiazepines, which are generally regarded as less
addictive and less likely to cause overdose, were developed and popularized. Because
the potential for addiction and overdose is so high, the drugs are no longer commonly
used to treat anxiety and sleep problems.
6. Benzodiazepines
Sometimes called “benzos,” benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants
that are prescribed to treat anxiety, sleep disorders, convulsions, and other acute stress
reactions. Common benzos include Valium, Xanax, and Ativan. Benzodiazepines are
highly effective in treating anxiety and insomnia due to the sleep-inducing, sedative,
and muscle-relaxing properties. While considered safe for short-term treatment, long-
term or illicit use can lead to the development of a tolerance, addiction, and withdrawal
symptoms upon cessation or rapid reduction in use.
Sleeping Pills
This category of CNS depressants includes non-benzodiazepine sleep aids, or “z-drugs,” such
as Ambien, Sonata, and Lunesta. These drugs are designed to specifically treat insomnia and
other sleep disorders. These sleeping pills are chemically different from other central nervous
system depressants, and they work by stimulating the GABA neurotransmitter in a different
way. Unlike benzodiazepines, Z-drugs do not reduce anxiety. The drugs are thought to have
fewer side effects and risk of addiction compared to benzodiazepines; however, long-term use
can still result in dependence and addiction.
Opioids
Opioids are the most commonly prescribed pain medications in the United States and in much
of the world. Some opioids, such as methadone, are also used for other purposes such as
opioid addiction treatment. There are a number of different opioids, including legal
prescription medications such as codeine and hydrocodone, and illegal street drugs, such as
heroin.
While opioids vary tremendously in strength, addictive potential, and other aspects, they tend
to be very chemically similar and typically have similar effects. While opioids are considered
extremely effective for treating pain, they are also some of the most addictive and dangerous
drugs in the world. Every year, opioid overdose takes the lives of tens of thousands of
Americans.
7.
8. MECHANISIM OF ACTION
Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid
(GABA) at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing),
anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. effects are
thought to result from a facilitation of the action of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA),
an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Mode of action: GABAA receptor
Use: Anxiety, seizures, muscle spasms
9.
10. MECHANISIM OF ACTION
Barbiturates act as positive allosteric modulators and, at higher doses, as agonists of
GABAA receptors.[18] GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Barbiturates bind to the GABAA receptor at
multiple homologous transmembrane pockets located at subunit interfaces,[19] which
are binding sites distinct from GABA itself and also distinct from the benzodiazepine
binding site. Like benzodiazepines, barbiturates potentiate the effect of GABA at this
receptor. In addition to this GABAergic effect, barbiturates also block AMPA and kainate
receptors, subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Glutamate is the principal
excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS.