SA 202 Week 3 lecture 4 benzodiazepines
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This document discusses benzodiazepines (BZs), their medical uses for treating anxiety and as sleep aids, subjective effects at normal levels including relaxation and reduced anxiety, and potential side effects like sedation. It notes that BZs are involved in 1/3 of prescription drug deaths when combined with other depressants. The document outlines two groups that abuse BZs, describes common sleep aids like Ambien and Lunesta that also carry abuse potential, and discusses diagnostic criteria in the DSM-V for sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorders.
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This document discusses central nervous system (CNS) depressants such as sedatives and hypnotics. It provides background on the history of CNS depressants including early uses of bromides and barbiturates. It describes the effects of CNS depressants such as reducing brain activity and awareness. Common types are discussed including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other depressants. Medical uses include treating anxiety and insomnia. Mechanisms of action involve enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Patterns of abuse and dangers of overdose are also summarized.
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The document discusses central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including their history, effects, types, medical uses, and dangers of abuse. Some key points include: CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates were developed to treat conditions like anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. While usually prescribed medications, they can cause dependence and dangerous interactions if misused or abused. Long-term trends show a decline in barbiturate use due to safety issues, being replaced primarily by benzodiazepines which have a wider therapeutic margin.
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Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are drugs that reduce nervousness, excitability, and irritability without causing sleep. They include sedatives and hypnotics. Sedatives calm the CNS without inducing sleep, while hypnotics calm the CNS enough to cause sleep. Barbiturates were commonly used as sedative-hypnotics but have been replaced by benzodiazepines, which have more favorable side effects and safety profiles. Both can cause drowsiness, respiratory depression, and interactions with other CNS depressants like alcohol. Nurses must monitor patients taking these drugs for therapeutic effects and side effects.
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This document discusses benzodiazepines (BDZs), including their discovery, mechanism of action, effects, and examples like diazepam and midazolam. It notes that BDZs bind to GABA receptors in the brain to have sedative, anxiolytic, hypnotic, amnestic, and anticonvulsant effects. Their onset and duration of action depends on lipid solubility. While generally safe, they can cause respiratory depression, especially in high doses or with pre-existing lung conditions. Their effects are reversed by the antagonist flumazenil. Midazolam is water-soluble and shorter-acting than diazepam. It is metabolized in the liver
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This document outlines the nursing process for sedative-hypnotic therapy. It includes assessing sleep patterns, vital signs, and anxiety levels. Nursing diagnoses could include disturbed sleep pattern, readiness for enhanced sleep, or risk for injury. The planning process involves scheduling assessments, monitoring for side effects, and ensuring a safe environment. Implementation involves giving medications as prescribed and monitoring therapeutic and adverse effects. Patient education focuses on establishing routines, managing nutrition, exercise, stress, and environmental factors to promote healthy sleep. Common sedative-hypnotic medications are listed.
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There is an epademic of cocaine and other drugs use in our schools. This presentation was created to be used at High Schools to explain and illustrate to the students about the bad affects of using drugs.
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Cns depressants
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are drugs that reduce nervousness, excitability, and irritability without causing sleep at low doses, or that cause sleep at high doses. There are two main types: sedatives, which calm the CNS, and hypnotics, which induce sleep. Common sedative-hypnotics are barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Barbiturates have a narrow therapeutic index and can cause respiratory depression in overdose. Benzodiazepines are more commonly prescribed due to their favorable side effects, efficacy, and safety compared to barbiturates. Nursing implications for CNS depressants include monitoring for side effects and ensuring patient safety.
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The document discusses sedative/hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs. It describes their mechanisms of action, which primarily involve enhancing GABAergic transmission in the brain. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates act as agonists at GABA-A receptors. These drugs can relieve anxiety and induce sleep, but have side effects like sedation, respiratory depression, and dependence with long-term use. Newer non-benzodiazepine drugs like zolpidem are also discussed.
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This document discusses anxiolytics and hypnotics such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates. It describes how these drugs work by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABA receptors in the brain, resulting in sedation, anxiety reduction, and sleep induction. Both classes of drugs are controlled substances due to their potential for dependence and withdrawal symptoms. While benzodiazepines are still commonly used, barbiturates have been largely replaced due to greater safety and tolerability of benzodiazepines.
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This document outlines the nursing process for sedative-hypnotic therapy. It includes assessing sleep patterns, vital signs, and anxiety levels. Nursing diagnoses could include disturbed sleep pattern, readiness for enhanced sleep, or risk for injury. The planning process involves scheduling assessments, monitoring for side effects, and ensuring a safe environment. Implementation involves giving medications as prescribed and monitoring therapeutic and adverse effects. Patient education focuses on establishing routines, managing nutrition, exercise, stress, and environmental factors to promote healthy sleep. Common sedative-hypnotic medications are listed.
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1) Antidepressant use has greatly increased over the last 30 years, with antidepressants now being the most commonly prescribed drug in the US. However, some experts argue they are overprescribed for issues that could be addressed through therapy or lifestyle changes.
2) Studies have found antidepressants to be only slightly more effective than placebo pills, but other analyses found flaws in how the original data was interpreted. The effectiveness of antidepressants does not depend on the severity of depression.
3) While antidepressants can help some people, there are concerns about overreliance on quick fix medication solutions rather than addressing underlying issues through therapy or lifestyle changes. Long term use should be reserved for severe cases.
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Mechanism of action, Classification of opioids
Morphine, Tramadol, Heroin, Fentanyl... Actions indications side effects contraindication
Facts about barbiturates
Barbiturates are depressant drugs that can induce sleep and relieve tension. When taken in small doses, they cause decreased responsiveness and loss of muscle coordination. Higher doses between half and one dose will make a person feel sedated or "high", while one dose will make them sleep. Five times the normal dose can cause coma and 10 doses can potentially be lethal. The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 defined drug users as victims and allowed for rehabilitation instead of punishment in an effort to help them live productively without drugs.
Club drugs
Club drugs are a pharmacologically diverse group of psychoactive substances like GHB, Rohypnol, ketamine, and ecstasy that are often abused by teens and young adults at parties and nightclubs. They can cause serious health issues and adverse brain effects, and some can even be life-threatening. Ecstasy is currently the most popular club drug and produces feelings of empathy and closeness but can also cause increased energy, anxiety, and potential overdose issues. GHB is a central nervous system depressant that was approved for treating narcolepsy but any non-medical use is illegal. Ketamine is used as a veterinary anesthetic and produces feelings of detachment from one's surroundings. Treatment options
Anti anxiety drugs
This document summarizes various anti-anxiety drugs including benzodiazepines, 5-HT1A agonists, melatonin receptor agonists, and barbiturates. It describes how these drugs work by potentiating GABA receptors in the brain to produce sedative and anxiolytic effects. Specific drugs mentioned include diazepam, buspirone, remelteon, phenobarbital, and thiopental. The document also discusses the pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects of these different classes of anti-anxiety medications.
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This document discusses various dissociative anesthetics including prescription drugs like ketamine, tiletamine, and amantadine as well as street drugs and over-the-counter drugs that can be abused for their dissociative effects. It provides information on drug names, forms, effects, uses, and risks. The document focuses on dissociative anesthetics that distort perceptions, produce feelings of detachment from self and environment, and alter glutamate distribution in the brain to impact pain, environmental responses, and memory.
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs are substances that alter mood, thought, or behavior. While some psychoactive drugs are used as medications to treat conditions like anxiety, insomnia, and depression, they can also negatively impact health when abused. Psychoactive drugs are divided into categories like anxiolytics, sedatives, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. Both short-term effects like mood swings and anxiety and long-term effects like depression and schizophrenia can result from psychoactive drug abuse. Psychoactive drugs may also contribute to the development of disorders like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder or worsen their symptoms. Fetal exposure to abused psychoactive drugs can cause conditions like fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
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There is an epademic of cocaine and other drugs use in our schools. This presentation was created to be used at High Schools to explain and illustrate to the students about the bad affects of using drugs.
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Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are drugs that reduce nervousness, excitability, and irritability without causing sleep at low doses, or that cause sleep at high doses. There are two main types: sedatives, which calm the CNS, and hypnotics, which induce sleep. Common sedative-hypnotics are barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Barbiturates have a narrow therapeutic index and can cause respiratory depression in overdose. Benzodiazepines are more commonly prescribed due to their favorable side effects, efficacy, and safety compared to barbiturates. Nursing implications for CNS depressants include monitoring for side effects and ensuring patient safety.
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This document discusses sedatives and hypnotics which are drugs that depress the central nervous system. Sedatives are used to treat anxiety while hypnotics cause sleep. Both can lead to tolerance and dependence with long term use. The document categorizes and describes different types of sedatives and hypnotics like barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and other drugs. It provides information on their uses, side effects, and important considerations for administration.
sedatives and hypnotics.pptx
This document discusses various sedative and hypnotic drugs. It describes how sedatives produce calming effects while hypnotics induce sleep. Both can cause CNS depression. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, and uses of benzodiazepines, newer agents like melatonin and ramelteon, 'Z' hypnotics, and barbiturates. It provides details on how each group of drugs works, their advantages over other groups, and important considerations for their use.
Antianxiety agents
The document discusses various types of anxiety disorders and drugs used to treat anxiety. It first defines anxiety and explains that treatment is needed when anxiety is disproportionate or excessive. It then discusses different classes of antianxiety drugs, including benzodiazepines, buspirone, hydroxyzine, and beta blockers. Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used class and work by enhancing GABA transmission, but have risks with long-term use like cognitive impairment and dependence. Buspirone is presented as a non-sedating alternative that works on serotonin receptors. The document recommends treating anxiety with drugs only when excessive and disabling, and that the drug should be withdrawn when no longer needed.
Depressants
This chapter discusses depressants such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. It outlines the history of depressant use from chloral hydrate to modern drugs. Barbiturates were introduced in the early 1900s and became widely abused. Benzodiazepines were introduced in the 1960s and have a larger safety margin than barbiturates. Inhalants like solvents, gases, and nitrites can also cause intoxicating effects similar to depressants when inhaled and have serious health risks. Both depressants and inhalants carry risks of dependence, overdose, and withdrawal symptoms when abused.
Anxiolytic new
This document discusses anxiety disorders, neurotransmitters involved in anxiety and sedation, classes of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs including benzodiazepines and barbiturates. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects of benzodiazepines which act through GABA receptors to produce anxiolysis with less sedation compared to barbiturates which have greater risk of dependence and overdose due to respiratory depression.
Barbiturates
Barbiturates are one of the much oldest classes of sedative-hypnotic agents. They have typically significant depressive cardiovascular and respiratory effects, however, and have been largely replaced in the ICU by the benzodiazepines, propofol, butyrophenones, and other newer agents. Barbiturates are occasionally availed for deep sedation or anesthesia in mechanically ventilated patients with status epilepticus and in patients with quiet elevated intracranial pressure (barbiturate coma). In patients with closed-head injury and aggrandized intracranial pressure refractory to conventional therapies, survival has been improved by adding high-dose barbiturates to conventional therapy Barbiturate, any of a class of organic compounds availed in medicine as sedatives (to produce a calming effect), as hypnotics (to produce sleep), or as an adjunct in anesthesia. Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid (malonyl urea), which is typically formed from malonic acid and urea. Barbital was first synthesized in 1903, and phenobarbital became available in 1912. Barbiturates act by depressing the central nervous system, specifically on certain portions of the brain, though they tend to depress the functioning of all the body’s tissues. Most of them exert a quiet sedative effect in small doses and a hypnotic effect in larger doses [2]. The barbiturates have largely been replaced as sedatives by the benzodiazepines and other minor tranquilizers, which have fewer unfavourable side effects and less abuse potential.
Hypnotics
This document discusses insomnia and treatments for it, focusing on hypnotic medications. It defines insomnia as difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep. Cognitive behavioral therapy and sleep hygiene measures are recommended for long-term insomnia to address anxiety and behaviors that worsen sleep. Hypnotic medications like benzodiazepines are recommended for short-term use by targeting the GABA system to reduce arousal and promote sleep. While effective, benzodiazepines can cause dependence and withdrawal symptoms with long-term use. The document compares properties of different classes of hypnotic medications and their mechanisms of action and metabolism.
Biological therapies barbiturates
The document summarizes information about various sedative-hypnotic drugs including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and other related compounds. It describes their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, precautions, and adverse effects. Specifically, it notes that while barbiturates were widely used in the 20th century, their use has been replaced by benzodiazepines and other drugs due to the barbiturates' high abuse potential and narrow therapeutic window.
Drugs Acting on CNS.ppt
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs including benzodiazepines and barbiturates. It defines sedatives as drugs that calm without inducing sleep, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both are CNS depressants. Sedatives are used to treat anxiety while hypnotics treat sleep disorders. Benzodiazepines are commonly used as both sedatives and hypnotics depending on dose as well as anticonvulsants and for anesthesia. Barbiturates also act as sedatives, hypnotics, and anesthetics but have greater respiratory depression. Both classes work by enhancing GABA activity in the brain. Newer nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics like
Anxiolytics by Mwebaza victor MBchB.pdf
Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. They are used to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures and muscle spasms. Common side effects include drowsiness. Prolonged use can lead to tolerance, physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. Buspirone is an anxiolytic drug used to treat generalized anxiety disorder that acts on serotonin and dopamine receptors without sedative effects. Beta blockers reduce physiological symptoms of anxiety by blocking adrenaline receptors but are not FDA approved for anxiety disorders.
Ga
The document discusses the history and use of general anesthesia and sedation in dentistry. It begins by describing how Dr. William Morton sought to find painless tooth extraction and discovered the use of ether as an anesthetic. It then discusses the use of both local anesthesia and general anesthesia to control pain and anxiety during dental procedures. It provides details on the types of drugs used for intravenous sedation and oral sedation, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids, and propofol. It emphasizes that general anesthesia and sedation are safe when administered properly by trained professionals and lists steps to minimize risks to patients.
Benzodiazepines toxicity
Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed sedative-hypnotic agents that were introduced in 1960. They are used for conditions like anxiety, insomnia, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. While generally safe, benzodiazepines can cause side effects with prolonged use or overdose like dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and respiratory depression. The effects of different benzodiazepines vary based on their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and metabolism, with short-acting agents having faster onsets but shorter durations of action.
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SA 202 Week 3 lecture 4 benzodiazepines
- 1. Abuse and Addiction to Benzodiazepines and Similar Agents Brent Scobie, PhD © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
- 2. Benzodiazepines (BZs) Medical uses: BZs were developed as a safer sedative/hypnotic alternative to barbiturates (1960’s) Relatively large therapeutic windows Also referred to as anxiolytics or sedative-hypnotics Though largely replaced with newer, long-term anxiolytic, still used for short-term acute anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin, valium, Librium, etc. Beware: Marketed sleep aids are often within the benzodiazepine class or similar (Restoril, Ambien, Sonata)
- 3. Subjective effects of BZs at normal levels Users report reduction in anxiety and gentle relaxation Used as an hypnotic, reduces sleep latency and reports or restful sleep BZs are involved in 1/3 of prescription drug deaths When used alone, relativity nontoxic, but when combined with other depressants, the margin of safety is greatly reduced Depressants have a cumulative effect
- 4. Side effects of BZs at normal levels Usually prescribed as anti-anxiety agents. Between 4% and 9% of patients will experience some degree of sedation but reduces with tolerance Cross-tolerance with alcohol Potential for anterograde amnesia “blackouts” There are rare reports of benzodiazepine-induced suicidal thinking in patients who did not demonstrate such thoughts prior to starting these medications
- 5. Neuroadaptation, abuse, and addiction to BZ BZ abusers fall into one of two groups Small group who uses BZ to achieve euphoria Intravenous BZ abusers Polydrug abusers Second more common group abuse BZ by taking more of it or for longer than was prescribed in reaction to development of tolerance
- 6. BZ abuse Use BZsto enhance the effects of the primary drug of choice Control some of the unwanted side effects of the primary drug of abuse (ex. stimulants) Help control the effects of the withdrawal process from their primary drug of abuse (ex. Alcohol) Patients who are recovering from any SUD are “at risk” for a reactivation of their addiction if they should receive a prescription for a BZ
- 7. Common Sleep Aids Zaleplon Name brand Sonata Approved in the US only for hypnotic use Little evidence of a “hangover” effect Various side effects: Tolerance to hypnotic effects develop quickly so only good for short-term Abuse potential is the same for BZs
- 8. Lunesta® and Ambien Not a member of the BZ family but is a hypnotic meant to treat short-term insomnia Does have abuse potential Reported side effects include “hangover” effect, GI upset, cognitive problems Implicated in amnesia with higher doses Synergistic effect with other CNS depressants
- 9. Rohypnol BZ that is not legally sold in the U.S (schedule IV) Used by physicians in other countries as a pre-surgical medication, muscle relaxant, and as a hypnotic Know in US as a “date rape” drug Its pharmacological characteristics, especially when mixed with alcohol, could induce a state of anterograde amnesia that would last for 8-24 hours Estimated to be 10 times as potent as diazepam Hard to detect with standard urine toxicology tests It is a member of the benzodiazepine family of drugs, the effects are similar to those seen with other BZs in use in this country
- 10. Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorders and the DSM-V Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal Other sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic-induced disorders