He tuan hoan tham khao 2
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This document contains references to numerous figures related to circulatory and cardiovascular systems. It discusses the evolution of circulatory systems from simple diffusion in simple organisms to more complex systems using hearts and blood vessels in vertebrates. Key aspects covered include the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood, and the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport. It also mentions cardiovascular health factors and regulatory mechanisms that help maintain blood pressure and blood volume homeostasis.
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He tuan hoan tham khao 2
- 8. Figure 18.1a
- 9. Figure 18.1b
- 10. Figure 18.3
- 11. Figure 18.4a
- 12. Figure 18.4b
- 13. Figure 18.4c
- 14. Figure 18.5
- 15. Figure 18.6
- 16. Figure 18.7
- 17. Figure 18.3
- 18. Figure 20.1ab
- 19. Figure 20.1c
- 20. Figure 20.2
- 21. Figure 20.3
- 22. Figure 20.3
- 23. Figure 20.4a
- 24. Figure 20.4b
- 25. Figure 20.4c
- 26. Figure 20.7
- 27. Figure 20.9
- 28. Figure 20.12
- 29. Figure 20.17a
- 30. Figure 20.18b
- 36. Evolution of circulatory system fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals A A V V V V V A A A A A V 2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart
- 38. Blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins artery arterioles venules veins
- 39. Major arteries pulmonary artery pulmonary artery = to lungs aorta carotid = to head to brain & left arm to right arm coronary arteries to body
- 40. Coronary artery bypass bypass surgery
- 45. Figure 21.1 A Comparison of a Typical Artery and a Typical Vein Figure 21.1
- 46. Figure 21.4 Capillary Structure Figure 21.4
- 47. Figure 21.5 The Organization of a Capillary Bed Figure 21.5a, b
- 48. Figure 21.6 The Function of Valves in the Venous System Figure 21.6
- 49. Figure 21.7 The Distribution of Blood in the Cardiovascular System Figure 21.7
- 50. Figure 21.8 An Overview of Cardiovascular Physiology Figure 21.8
- 51. Figure 21.10 Pressures within the Cardiovascular System Figure 21.10
- 52. Figure 21.10 Pressures within the Cardiovascular System Figure 21.10
- 53. Figure 21.12 Capillary Filtration Figure 21.12
- 54. Figure 21.12 Capillary Filtration Figure 21.12
- 55. Figure 21.13 Forces Acting across Capillary Walls Figure 21.13
- 56. Figure 21.14 Homeostatic Adjustments that Compensate for a Reduction in Blood Pressure and Blood Flow Figure 21.14
- 57. Figure 21.14 Homeostatic Adjustments that Compensate for a Reduction in Blood Pressure and Blood Flow Figure 21.14
- 58. Figure 21.15 Baroreceptor Reflexes of the Carotid and Aortic Sinuses Figure 21.15
- 59. Figure 21.16 The Chemoreceptor Reflexes Figure 21.16
- 60. Figure 21.17 The Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume Figure 21.17a
- 61. Figure 21.17 The Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume Figure 21.17b
- 62. Figure 21.35 Fetal Circulation Figure 21.35a, b
Editor's Notes
- A powerful four–chambered heart was an essential adaptation in support of the endothermic way of life characteristic of mammals and birds. Endotherms use about ten times as much energy as equal–sized ectotherms; therefore, their circulatory systems need to deliver about ten times as much fuel and O2 to their tissues (and remove ten times as much CO2 and other wastes). This large traffic of substances is made possible by separate and independent systemic and pulmonary circulations and by large, powerful hearts that pump the necessary volume of blood. Mammals and birds descended from different reptilian ancestors, and their four–chambered hearts evolved independently—an example of convergent evolution. Why is it an advantage to get big? Herbivore: can eat more with bigger gut. lowers predation (but will push predators to get bigger as well, although no one east elephant s.)