Hazardous waste includes materials like paints, solvents, pesticides, electronics, batteries, and medical waste that can harm human health or the environment. Common treatment methods include thermal technologies like incineration that use high temperatures to destroy waste, and non-burn technologies like autoclaving and microwaving that use steam or radiation to sterilize waste. Incineration completely breaks down waste but produces emissions, while non-burn methods avoid air pollution but leave some waste residues. The best treatment method depends on the type of hazardous waste and what safety and environmental standards each technology can meet.

1. Hazardous waste treatment technologies
DONE BY
MONISHA
SELVAN

3. What is hazardous waste?
• Hazardous Waste is a “waste" which because
of its quantity, concentration, or physical,
chemical, or infectious characteristics may:
Potential hazard to human health or the
environment when improperly treated, stored or
disposed off, or otherwise mismanaged; or
Cause or contribute to an increase in mortality, or
an increase in irreversible or incapacitating illness.

4. • The following list includes
categories often applied to HW:
• Paints and solvents
• Automotive wastes (used motor
oil, antifreeze, etc.)
• Pesticides
(insecticides, herbicides, fungicide
s, etc.)
• Mercury-containing wastes
(thermometers, switches, fluoresc
ent lighting, etc.)
• Electronics
(computers, televisions, cell
phones)

5. Cont..
• Aerosols / Propane cylinders
• Caustics / Cleaning agents
• Refrigerant-containing appliances
• Some specialty Batteries (e.g. lithium, nickel
cadmium, or button cell batteries)
• Ammunition
• Radioactive waste (some home smoke detectors are
classified as radioactive waste because they contain
very small amounts of a
radioactive isotope of americium - see: Disposing of
Smoke Detectors).

6. • If any part of the resulting wastewater or waste
residual which contains the following metals, then
the waste is a Characteristic Hazardous Waste:
• Arsenic - 5 ppm
• Chromium - 5 ppm
• Mercury - 0.2 ppm
• Barium - 100 ppm
• Cyanides - 250 ppm
• Selenium - 1 ppm
• Cadmium - 1 ppm
• Lead - 5 ppm
• Silver - 5 ppm

7. Practical issues with hazardous
waste management
• Physical characteristics
• Unsorted waste- mixed waste of bio degradable and
non- biodegradable
• Low calorific value
• High moisture content
• Presence of hazardous waste
• Lack of awareness
• Unplanned growth and development of cities
• Land availability

9. Hazardous Waste Generating
Industries & Hazardous
Waste Generation

10. • HW Generating Industries & HW Generation
• – Comparative Figures
S.No. State No. of
Industries as
per HWM
Rules, 1989
Total HW
generation in
TPA
HW generating
Industries (No.s)
as per HWM
Rules, 2000/2003
Total HW
generation
in TPA
1. AP 501 1,11,098 1532 507046
2. Assam 18 1,66,008 23 4,000
3. Bihar 42 26,575 31 Not given
4. Chandigarh 47 305 271 8,425
5. Delhi 403 1,000 1777 17,000
6 Goa 25 6,598 49 Not Provided
7. Gujarat 2984 4,30,030 6052 12, 07,000
8. Haryana 309 31,046 889 14,972
9. Himachal 116 2159 575 Not given
10. Karnataka 454 1,03,243 1589 92,013
11. Kerala 133 1,54,722 423 83,530
12. Maharashtra 3953 20, 07,846 4571 14,07,480
13. MP 183 1,98,669 753 Not given
14. Orissa 163 3,41,144 257 74,918
15. J & K 57 1221 207 Not provided

11. STATE-WISE COMPARATIVE HW GENERATING UNITS AS
PER HWM RULES, 1989 & 2003
309
47
116
133
183 163
57
271
889
575
423
753
257
207
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Chandigarh
Haryana
Himachal
Kerala
MP
Orissa
J&K
STATE
No.ofHWgeneratingUnits
HW generating Units as per HWM RULES, 1989
HW generating Units as per HWM RULES, 2003

12. Treatment technologies

13. THERMAL TREATMENT/COMBUSTION
TECHNOLOGIES:
–Incineration which includes:
• excess air,
• controlled air,
• rotary kiln and
• fluidised bed
–Plasma Arc and
–Pyrolysis

14. • Sterilisation/Disinfection Technologies,
– Steam sterilisation, e.g. Autoclaving
– Chemical sterilisation, e.g. with chlorine
– Gas sterilisation, e.g. with ethylene oxide,
formaldehyde
– Dry heat sterilisation, e.g. oil heated screw feed
technology
– Electro-thermal deactivation (ETD),
– Microwave sterilisation,
– Irradiation sterilisation
• Cobalt-60 gamma rays
• Ultra violet
• Electron beam sterilisation

15. 15
Waste Pathway for Incineration
Infectious waste
& Sharps
Pathological
Waste
Chemical
Waste
Incineration
Ash
Flue gas
cleaning
residues
Landfill
Emissions
to Air
Leachate

16. Waste Pathway for Non-Burn Technologies
Infectious waste
& Sharps
Pathological
Waste
Chemical
Waste
Incineration
Cremation or
Burial
Non-Burn
Treatment
Ash or
Body Parts
Waste
Treatment
Residues to
Landfill
Treatment as
Hazardous
Waste
Non-
infectious
waste
Landfill
Cemetery
Leachate
+ Gas
Emissions

17. Advantages of Incineration
• Safe elimination of all infectious organisms in the
waste at temperatures above ~700oC
• Residues are not recognisable
• Very well proven technology
• No pre-shredding required
• No special requirements for packaging of waste

18. Disadvantages of Incineration
• Normally higher investment costs required for incinerator and
flue gas cleaning compared to non-burn technologies
• High cost of monitoring gas emissions and demonstrating
compliance to emission standards.
• Solid and liquid by-products must be handled as potentially
hazardous waste
• Incineration is perceived negatively by many sections of the
community.
• PVC and heavy metals in the waste provide a significant
pollutant load on the gas cleaning system and for heavy metals
on the quality of bottom ash
• Existing health care risk waste incinerators

19. Non-Burn Technologies
• Autoclaving
 An autoclave is an instrument used to sterilize equipment and
supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at
121 °C for around 15–20 minutes depending on the size of the
load and the contents
 FEATURES:
Significant amounts of volatile organic carbon compounds
produced
Contaminated water must be discharged to sewer
Waste and containers must have good steam permeability,
especially if there is no prior shredding
No waste reduction

20. • Microwaving
– Unsuitable for very high quantities of infected metal (e.g.
needles from inoculation campaigns)
– Low sterilisation temperature increases time required for
treatment.
• Electro-thermal Deactivation
– Relatively high investment and operating costs
– Low sterilisation temperature increases time required for
treatment.

21. FEATURES OF NON-BURN
TECHNOLOGIES
– High sterilisation efficiency under appropriate
conditions
– Low temperature of operation 90oC to 160oC
– Volume reduction depending on type of
shredding/compaction equipment that has been installed
– Low risk of air pollution
– Moderate operation costs
– Easier to locate as generally more acceptable to
communities and neighbours than incineration
– Recovery technologies can be used on sterilised waste

23. DONE BY:
S.R.BABY RHODES,
N. JANANI,
K.KANINITHI,
M.KANMANI,
S. KOWSHIKA,
P.MANIMEGALAI,
K.MEENAA………..