Hargobind Khorana is the professor emeritus at MIT.He was born in India and migrated to US where he carried out research. For his pioneering research he won Nobel prize in physiology and medicine.

1. Indian born Nobel Laureate

2. Hargobind Khorana(Prof. Emeritus) (MIT)
Born: January 9, 1922 (1922-01-09) (age 87)
Raipur, Multan, Punjab, British India
Residence :U.S.
Nationality: U.S.
Fields: Molecular Biology
Institutions :MIT(1970 - )
University of Wisconsin, Madison(1960-70)
University of British Columbia(1952-60)
Cambridge University(1950-52)
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
(1948-49)
Alma mater: University of Liverpool(Ph.D.)
University of the Punjab(B.S.)(M.S.)
Known for :First to demonstrate the role of
Nucleotides in protein synthesis
Notable awards: Nobel Prize in Medicine
(1968)

3. Multan-the town where Khorana studied
Hargobind
Khorana did his
schooling in
DAV(Dayanand
Anglo-vedic
school) located
in Multan (now
in Pakistan)

4. University of Punjab
He Obtained his post
graduate degree from
University of Punjab
in Lahore. While he
was doing his M.Sc
he was greatly
influence by a teacher
by name Mahan
Singh.

5. University of Liverpool
A Government of India
fellowship enabled
Khorana to go to England,
where he joined
University of Liverpool
and pursued his P.hD. His
thesis guide Roger J.S
Beer treated him very
affectionately and under
his guidance he
successfully completed
his P.hD.

6. Vladimir Prelog
Vladimir Prelog (July 23, 1906 –
January 7,1998) was a renowned
Swiss-Croatian chemist and Nobel
Prize winner in chemistry. Prelog
lived and worked
in Prague, Zagreb and Zürich
during his lifetime. After finishing
his Ph.D Khorana spent a year with
Professor Vladimir Prelog for doing
post doctoral work. This association
with Professor Prelog further
moulded profoundly his thought
and philosophy towards science,
work and effort.

7. Khorana’s research
Professor Har Gobind
Khorana was one of
three scientists
awarded the Nobel
Prize in
Physiology/Medicine in
1968 - for their
interpretation of the
genetic code and its
function in protein
synthesis.

8. Khorana’s research at Cambridge
University
Khorana carried out
his research at
Cambridge University
between 1950 and
1952. He worked
under Sir Alexander
Todd. His interest in
both proteins and
nucleic acids got
strengthened at that
time.

9. The Genetic Code
Khorana’s role in genome
research was to design the
methods that led to the synthesis
of well-defined nucleic acids,
ultimately leading to the solution
of the genetic code. Dr. Khorana
and his team had established
that the mother of all codes, the
biological language common to
all living organisms, is spelled
out in three-letter words.

10. Amino Acid (Structure)
Amino acids are the
building blocks of
Proteins. Khorana
supplemented details
about which serial
combinations of
nucleotides form
specific amino acids.

11. The Structure of
DNA
One of the most important
components of Khorana’s
research is DNA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
is a nucleic acid that contains
the genetic instructions used
in the development and
functioning of all known
living organisms and
some viruses. The main role of
DNA molecules is the long-
term storage of information.

12. General chemical structure of an
organophosphate
An organophosphate (someti
mes abbreviated OP) is the
general name
for esters of phosphoric acid.
Phosphates are probably the
most
pervasive organophosphorus
compounds. Many of the most
important biochemicals are
organophosphates,
including DNA and RNA as well
as many cofactors that are
essential for life.

13. DNA Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is the
process in which
cells build proteins. The
term is sometimes used to
refer only to protein
translation but more often it
refers to a multi-step
process, beginning
with amino acid
synthesis and transcription
of nuclearDNA into messen
ger RNA which is then used
as input to translation.

14. The role of Codons
Khorana found that the
nucleotide code is always
transmitted to the cell in
groups of three, called
codons. Khorana also
showed that some of the
codons prompt the cell to
start or stop the
manufacture of proteins.

15. Chemical Composition of a cell
In 1960 s Khorana
corroborated Nirenberg’s
findings that the way the
four different types of
nucleotides are arranged
on the spiral “staircase” of
the DNA molecule
determines the chemical
composition and function
of a new cell.

16. Marshall Warren Nirenberg-Profile
Marshall Warren
Nirenberg
Born: April 10, 1927
(age 81)
Nationality: U.S.
Alma mater: University of
Michigan
Known for: genetic code
Notable awards: Nobel
Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1968

17. Differentiation between two
biochemicals(DNA and RNA)
Nucleobases (or nucleotide
bases) are the parts
of DNA and RNA that may be
involved in pairing. The main
ones
are cytosine, guanine, adenine
(DNAand RNA), thymine
(DNA) and uracil (RNA),
abbreviated as C, G, A, T, and
U, respectively. They are usually
simply called bases in genetics.
Because A, G, C, and T appear
in the DNA, these molecules
are called DNA-bases; A, G, C,
and U are called RNA-bases.

18. Robert W. Holley
Robert William
Holley (January 28, 1922 –
February 11,1993) was an
American biochemist, he was
awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in
1968 for describing the
structure of alanine transfer
RNA,
linking DNA and protein
synthesis. He shared the prize
with Hargobind Khorana and
Marshall Nirenberg.

19. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Hargobind Khorana
currently lives in
Cambridge,
Massachusetts, United
States serving as MIT’s
Alfred P. Sloan
Professor of Biology
and Chemistry,
Emeritus. MIT is
considered to be one of
the greatest Technical
educational
institutions in the
world.

20. Acknowledgement:
The sources that were explored in the preparation
of this PP Presentation are:
www.wikipedia.org
This PP Presentation made by
V.Ramachandra ReddyM.A., M.Phil., (Ph.D)
Lecturer in English