The Summit supercomputer, operational from 2018 to 2020, was the fastest computer globally, achieving a peak performance of 148.6 petaflops and power efficiency of 14.719 gflops/watt. It features 2,414,592 cores powered by IBM POWER9 processors and 27,648 NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPUs, with a total of over 250 petabytes of storage. Notably, Summit was utilized in drug compound research against the coronavirus, screening 8,000 datasets in just two days.

1. SUMMIT
SUPERCOMPUTER
Supervisor: Dr. R. Venkatesan
Presentation by: Vigneshwar Ramaswamy
Masc. in Computer Engineering
MUN ID: 201990029
Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 1

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Summit Overview
• Specification of Summit
• IBM Power9 Architecture
• NVIDIA Tesla V100 Architecture
• Interconnect
• Application
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 2

3. Introduction
• Summit was the fastest computer in the world from November 2018 to June 2020.
• 2nd Rank on TOP500 peak speed 148.6 pflops ( High Performance Linpack benchmark).
• 8th Rank on Green500 with power efficiency of 14.719 Gflops/watt.
• As of June 2018 – 2020, the summit topped HPCG benchmark used by 5 out of 6
Gordon Bell Finalist teams.
• Summit has Achieved to reach exa operations per second (exaop), achieving 1.88
exaops during a Genmoic Analysis and expected to reach 3.3 exaops using mixed
precision calculations.
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 3

4. Summit Overview and Specifications
• Processor: IBM POWER9™ (2/node)
• GPUs: 27,648 NVIDIA Volta V100s (6/node)
• Theoretical Peak (Rpeak) performance :200 Pflops
• Linpack performance :-148.6 PFlops.
• It has 2,414,592 cores
• 250petabytes storage capacity
• Nodes: 4,608
• Memory/ each node: 512GB DDR4 + 96GB HBM2 (1/2TF,CPU-GPU accessing)
• NV Memory/node: 1600GB
• Total System Memory: >10PB DDR4 + HBM + Non-volatile
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 4

5. Summit Overview and Specifications
• Interconnect Topology: Mellanox EDR 100G InfiniBand,Non-blocking Fat Tree
• 25gigabytes per second between nodes
• In-Network Computing acceleration for communications frameworks such as
MPI(Message Passing Interface).
• Peak Power Consumption: 13MW
• Operating system :Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) version 7.4.
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 5

6. Summit Nodes
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 6
FIGURE 1: SUMMIT NODE BLOCK DIAGRAM
SOURCE: Summit, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (official web page), https://www.olcf.ornl.gov/summit/

7. IBM POWER9 Processor
• Summit’s POWER9 processor contain 24 active
cores (4 hardware threads/core).
• Peripheral component interconnect express
(PCI – Express) Gen4.
• NVLink 2.0
• 14nm finFET Semiconductor Process with 8.0
billion transistors
• High Bandwidth Signaling Technology
• 16Gb/s interface – Local SMP
• 25 Gb/s interface – 25G Link – Accelerator,
remote SMP
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 7
FIGURE 2: POWER9 ARCHITECTURE
SOURCE: S. K. Sadasivam, B. W. Thompto, R. Kalla and W. J. Starke, "IBM Power9
Processor Architecture," in IEEE Micro, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 40-51, Mar.-Apr.
2017.doi: 10.1109/MM.2017.40

8. Core pipeline
• Microarchitecture has Reduced pipeline
length.
• Removes the instruction grouping
technique .
• Introduces new features to proactively
avoid hazards in the load store unit (LSU)
and improve the LSU’s execution efficiency.
• Complete up to 128 instruction per
cycle.(SMT 4)
• New lock management control improves
the performance
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 8
FIGURE 3: POWER9 VS POWER8 PIPELINE STAGES
SOURCE: S. K. Sadasivam, B. W. Thompto, R. Kalla and W. J. Starke, "IBM Power9
Processor Architecture," in IEEE Micro, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 40-51, Mar.-Apr.
2017.doi: 10.1109/MM.2017.40

9. Key components of Power9 core
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 9
Figure 4: SMT4 Core Figure 5: SMT8 Core
Figure 6: Power9 SMT4 core. The detailed core block diagram
shows all the key components of the Power9 core.

10. Cache Capacity of
POWER9 Processor
• L1I: 32 KiB (per core, 8-way set associative)
• L1D: 32 KiB (per core, 8-way)
• L2: 512 KiB (per pair of cores)
• L3: 120 MiB eDRAM, 20-way
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 10
FIGURE 7: SMT8 Cache
SOURCE: S. K. Sadasivam, B. W. Thompto, R. Kalla and W. J. Starke, "IBM Power9 Processor Architecture," in IEEE
Micro, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 40-51, Mar.-Apr. 2017.doi: 10.1109/MM.2017.40

11. NVDIA Tesla V100
GPU Architecture
• This GPU is built with 21 billion transistors
• It has peak performance of 7.8 TFLOP/s of
double precision floating point performance
(FP64)
• It has 15.7 TFLOP/s of single precision
performance(FP32).
• It has 5376 FP32 cores, 5376 INT32 cores,
2688 FP64 cores, 672 Tensor cores, 366
Texture units.
• (8) 512-bit memory controllers control
access to the 16 GB of HBM2 memory.
• 6 MB L2 cache that is available to the SMs
• NVIDIA’s NVLink interconnect to pass data
between GPUs as well as from CPU-to-GPU
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 11
FIGURE 8: NVIDIA TESLA V100 GPU ARCHITECTURE
SOURCE: NVIDIA TESLA V100 GPU Architecture, White paper,
https://images.nvidia.com/content/volta-architecture/pdf/volta-architecture-
whitepaper.pdf

12. Volta Streaming Multiprocessor
• This new Streaming Multiprocessor architecture delivers major improvements in
performance and energy efficiency.
• New mixed precision tensor Cores.
• 50% higher efficiency on general computation workloads.
• High performance L1 data cache.
• V100 SM has 64 FP32 cores and 32 FP64 cores per SM.
• Supports more threads, warps, and thread blocks when compared to prior GPU
generations
• A 128-KB combined memory block for shared memory and L1 cache can be
configured to allow up to 96 KB of shared memory.
• Each SM has four texture units which use to set the size of the L1 cache.
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 12
FIGURE 9: VOLTA GV100 Streaming
Multiprocessor (SM)
SOURCE: NVIDIA TESLA V100 GPU Architecture,
White paper, https://images.nvidia.com/content/volta-
architecture/pdf/volta-architecture-whitepaper.pdf

13. Tensor Cores
• V100 GPU contains 640 Tensor Cores: eight
(8) per SM and two (2) per each processing
block (partition) within an SM.
• Each Tensor Cores performs 64 FP
FMA(fused multiplication and addition)
operations per clock.
• For deep learning training ,Tensor Cores
provide up to 12x higher peak TFLOPS on
Tesla V100 compared to pascal.
• For deep learning inference, Tensor Cores
provide up to 6x higher peak TFLOPS on
Tesla V100 when ompared to pascal.
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 13
FIGURE 10: Pascal and Volta 4 x 4 matrix multiplication
SOURCE: NVIDIA TESLA V100 GPU Architecture, White paper,
https://images.nvidia.com/content/volta-architecture/pdf/volta-architecture-
whitepaper.pdf

14. Tensor cores
• Each Tensor Core operates on a 4x4 matrix and performs
the following operation:
• D = A×B + C, where A, B, C, and D are 4x4 matrices.
• Each FP16 multiply gives a full-precision product which is
accumulated in a FP32 addition to provide the result.
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 14
FIGURE 11: Tensor Core 4 x 4 Matrix Multiply and
accumulate
FIGURE 12: Mixed Precision Multiply and Accumulate in
Tensor core

15. Performance of Tensor Cores on Matrix
Multiplications
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 15
FIGURE 13: Single precision (FP32) FIGURE 14: Mixed precision

16. NVIDIA NVLink
• In Summit Supercomputer, the
Tesla V100 accelerators and
Power9 CPUs are connected with
NVLink.
• More performance when
compared to PCLe interconnects.
• Each link provides 25
Gigabytes/second in each
direction.
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 16
FIGURE 15: NVDIA NVLink

17. Interconnect
• Nodes are connected with Mellanox dual rail EDR InfiniBand network.
• Each node it gives 25 GB/s Bandwidth .
• Using dual-rail Mellanox EDR(Enhanced Data Rate) 100Gb/s InfiniBand interconnect for both
storage and inter-process communications traffic
• All nodes are interconnected with Non-Blocking Fat Tree topology.
• Implemented by three level tree.
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 17
FIGURE 16: ConnectX-5adapterandinterface
withPOWER9 chips
FIGURE 17: Fat Tree Topology

18. Application- Finding the Drug Compounds to fight against the
corona virus
• Summit was used to screen through a library of 8000 datasets of known FDA approved drug compounds to
fight against the corona virus.
• Narrowed down the dataset to 77 in just 2 days.
• Summit uses Virus genome to search for a very specific type of drug compounds.
• On comparing with the world’s fastest computer Fugaku, which was used to conduct molecule level
simulations.
• narrowed from 2128 existing drugs and picked 12 drugs that bond easily to the proteins in 10 days.
• Fugaku can perform more than 415 quadrillion computations a second which is 2.8 times faster than summit.
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 18

19. Comparison with other Supercomputers
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 19
Rank Rmax Name Model Processor Cores Interconnect Memory Manufact
urer
Operating
system
Rpeak
(PFLOPS)
1 415.530 FUGAKU SUPERCOMPUTER
FUGAKU
A64FX 48C 2.2GHz 7,299,072
Tofu interconnect D
4,866,048 GB Fujitsu Red Hat Enterprise
Linux
513.855
2 148.6 SUMMIT IBM POWER
SYSTEM AC922
IBM POWER9 22C
3.07GHz
2,414,592 Dual-rail Mellanox EDR
Infiniband
2,801,664 GB IBM RHEL 7.4
200.795
3 94.640 SIERRA IBM POWER
SYSTEM AC922
IBM POWER9 22C
3.07GHz
1,572,480 Dual-rail Mellanox EDR
Infiniband
1,382,400 GB IBM RHEL 7.4
125.712
4 93.014 SUNWAY
TAIHULIGHT
SUNWAY MPP SUNWAY
SW26010 260C
1.45 GHZ
10,649,600 Sunway 1,310,720 GB NRCPC Sunway RaiseOS
2.0.5
125.436

20. Supercomputers
development
over the past 27
years
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 20
CM-5 Supercomputer
Fugaku Supercomputer Sunway Taihu Light
Summit Supercomputer

21. •Thank you
Summit Supercomputer Architecture 21