haemorrhoid
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Hemorrhoids: Dilated (enlarged) veins in the walls of the anus and sometimes around the rectum, usually caused by untreated constipation but occasionally associated with chronic diarrhea. Symptoms start with bleeding after defecation. ... Also known as piles.
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hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are enlarged or swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus. They are common in adults, especially between ages 45-65. Hemorrhoids are classified based on their location as internal or external. Symptoms include rectal bleeding, itching, and pain. Treatments range from lifestyle and diet changes to office procedures and surgery. Preventing constipation and straining during bowel movements can help prevent hemorrhoids.
Hemorrhoid
This document discusses hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Hemorrhoids are dilated submucosa vascular structures in the anal canal that can be internal, external, or mixed. Internal hemorrhoids are further classified into four grades based on degree of prolapse.
- Risk factors include advancing age, diarrhea/constipation, pregnancy, prolonged sitting, and straining. Pathogenesis involves weakening of supporting tissues and increased pressure on hemorrhoids during defecation.
- Clinical features depend on whether hemorrhoids are complicated or uncomplicated, and may include bleeding, pain,
Haemorrhoids
Haemorrhoids are vascular cushions in the anal canal that can become swollen and engorged with blood due to increased pressure in the anal veins, common symptoms include bleeding, pain, itching and bulging during bowel movements, and treatment ranges from lifestyle and diet changes to minimally invasive procedures like rubber band ligation or injection sclerotherapy to surgery.
Hemorrhoids-
HEMORRHOIDS IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH COMPLEX MANAGEMENT.THIS POWERPOINT AIMS TO RESOLVE THIS COMPLEXITY IN THE MOST CONVENIENT WAY
Haemorrhoids
This document discusses the various causes of rectal bleeding, focusing on hemorrhoids. It defines internal and external hemorrhoids, explaining their locations and causes. Symptoms of internal hemorrhoids include painless bleeding during defecation and possible prolapse. Complications can include strangulation, thrombosis, and gangrene. Treatment options are discussed, including non-operative approaches like injection sclerotherapy, banding, and infrared coagulation, as well as operative techniques like open or closed hemorrhoidectomy and stapled hemorrhoidopexy. External hemorrhoids and related conditions are also briefly mentioned.
Haemorrhoids
This document discusses haemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, etiology, clinical features, complications, grading, and treatment options. Haemorrhoids are classified as internal or external depending on their location relative to the dentate line. Common causes include straining during bowel movements and sedentary lifestyles. Clinical features may include bleeding, pain, irritation, and prolapse. Treatment ranges from conservative options like lifestyle changes to surgical procedures like rubber band ligation, injection sclerotherapy, and haemorrhoidectomy. Complications of haemorrhoidectomy can include pain, stricture, and incontinence.
Lipoma
Lipoma is the most common soft tissue tumor arising from yellow fat deposits. It presents as a mobile, lobular mass that is non-tender and has a characteristic "slip sign" where the mass can slip between the examiner's fingers. Lipomas most commonly occur as encapsulated soft tissue masses but can also be found in various locations throughout the body. While lipomas are generally benign and can be excised, certain histological subtypes or locations carry a higher risk of malignant transformation.
HAEMORRHOIDS Management.pptx
This document provides information about haemorrhoids (also known as piles), including:
1. Haemorrhoids are varicosities of the veins in the anal canal that are common, affecting around 25% of adults. Risk factors include constipation, pregnancy, liver disease, and heredity.
2. There are four grades of internal haemorrhoids based on the degree of prolapse. Symptoms include rectal bleeding, pain, itching, and swelling. Diagnosis involves examination and sometimes proctoscopy.
3. Treatment options range from conservative measures like diet changes to invasive procedures like rubber band ligation, injection sclerotherapy, and various surgical haemorrhoidectomy
Recommended
hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are enlarged or swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus. They are common in adults, especially between ages 45-65. Hemorrhoids are classified based on their location as internal or external. Symptoms include rectal bleeding, itching, and pain. Treatments range from lifestyle and diet changes to office procedures and surgery. Preventing constipation and straining during bowel movements can help prevent hemorrhoids.
Hemorrhoid
This document discusses hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Hemorrhoids are dilated submucosa vascular structures in the anal canal that can be internal, external, or mixed. Internal hemorrhoids are further classified into four grades based on degree of prolapse.
- Risk factors include advancing age, diarrhea/constipation, pregnancy, prolonged sitting, and straining. Pathogenesis involves weakening of supporting tissues and increased pressure on hemorrhoids during defecation.
- Clinical features depend on whether hemorrhoids are complicated or uncomplicated, and may include bleeding, pain,
Haemorrhoids
Haemorrhoids are vascular cushions in the anal canal that can become swollen and engorged with blood due to increased pressure in the anal veins, common symptoms include bleeding, pain, itching and bulging during bowel movements, and treatment ranges from lifestyle and diet changes to minimally invasive procedures like rubber band ligation or injection sclerotherapy to surgery.
Hemorrhoids-
HEMORRHOIDS IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH COMPLEX MANAGEMENT.THIS POWERPOINT AIMS TO RESOLVE THIS COMPLEXITY IN THE MOST CONVENIENT WAY
Haemorrhoids
This document discusses the various causes of rectal bleeding, focusing on hemorrhoids. It defines internal and external hemorrhoids, explaining their locations and causes. Symptoms of internal hemorrhoids include painless bleeding during defecation and possible prolapse. Complications can include strangulation, thrombosis, and gangrene. Treatment options are discussed, including non-operative approaches like injection sclerotherapy, banding, and infrared coagulation, as well as operative techniques like open or closed hemorrhoidectomy and stapled hemorrhoidopexy. External hemorrhoids and related conditions are also briefly mentioned.
Haemorrhoids
This document discusses haemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, etiology, clinical features, complications, grading, and treatment options. Haemorrhoids are classified as internal or external depending on their location relative to the dentate line. Common causes include straining during bowel movements and sedentary lifestyles. Clinical features may include bleeding, pain, irritation, and prolapse. Treatment ranges from conservative options like lifestyle changes to surgical procedures like rubber band ligation, injection sclerotherapy, and haemorrhoidectomy. Complications of haemorrhoidectomy can include pain, stricture, and incontinence.
Lipoma
Lipoma is the most common soft tissue tumor arising from yellow fat deposits. It presents as a mobile, lobular mass that is non-tender and has a characteristic "slip sign" where the mass can slip between the examiner's fingers. Lipomas most commonly occur as encapsulated soft tissue masses but can also be found in various locations throughout the body. While lipomas are generally benign and can be excised, certain histological subtypes or locations carry a higher risk of malignant transformation.
HAEMORRHOIDS Management.pptx
This document provides information about haemorrhoids (also known as piles), including:
1. Haemorrhoids are varicosities of the veins in the anal canal that are common, affecting around 25% of adults. Risk factors include constipation, pregnancy, liver disease, and heredity.
2. There are four grades of internal haemorrhoids based on the degree of prolapse. Symptoms include rectal bleeding, pain, itching, and swelling. Diagnosis involves examination and sometimes proctoscopy.
3. Treatment options range from conservative measures like diet changes to invasive procedures like rubber band ligation, injection sclerotherapy, and various surgical haemorrhoidectomy
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are enlarged or dilated veins in the lower rectum and anus. They commonly cause symptoms like painless rectal bleeding and protrusion from the anus. Risk factors include chronic straining during bowel movements, prolonged sitting, obesity, and pregnancy. Treatment ranges from lifestyle and dietary modifications to minimally invasive procedures or surgery. Surgical hemorrhoidectomy is reserved for grades III-IV hemorrhoids.
Hemorrhoids
Please find the power point on Hemorrhoids. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references.
Fibroadenoma breast
This study compared outcomes of breast fibroadenoma resection using two different incision types - through an overlying incision (FETOI) or through a periareolar incision (FETPI). 76 patients underwent FETPI and 82 underwent FETOI. FETPI took slightly longer and had slightly more blood loss but differences were clinically insignificant. FETPI provided good cosmetic results if patient selection criteria like tumor size and location were followed. While disrupting fewer milk ducts, FETPI carried a risk of nipple sensation loss depending on incision location. With careful patient selection, FETPI allowed both oncological safety and cosmetic outcomes for breast fibroadenoma resection.
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids definition, etiology,stages,types, causes,clinical feautes,diagnosis,medical management,surgical treatment,prevention.
Haemorrhoid
- Haemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anal canal. Common symptoms include bleeding, pain, itching, and protrusion of tissue from the anus.
- Causes include straining during bowel movements, prolonged sitting, obesity, and pregnancy. Risk increases with age.
- Treatment options range from lifestyle and diet changes to minimally invasive procedures like rubber band ligation, infrared coagulation, and sclerotherapy. More severe cases may require excisional haemorrhoidectomy or stapled haemorrhoidopexy.
Anal Fissure
Fissure in ano is an elongated ulcer in the lower anal canal, most commonly located in the midline posteriorly. It is caused by pressure from hard stool during bowel movements tearing the anal tissues. It can also be caused by inflammation or ischemia. An acute fissure is a deep tear in the anal skin, while a chronic fissure has inflamed, indurated edges and scar tissue at the base. Symptoms include pain with defecation and sometimes bleeding. Treatment aims to relax the internal sphincter and includes topical nitrates, dilatation, and lateral sphincterotomy. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus can be caused by radiation, HPV, or inflammation. It presents
Hydronephrosis 130818162124-phpapp01
Hydronephrosis is the dilatation of the renal pelvis or calyces, which can be associated with obstruction. It has various causes including extramural obstruction from aberrant vessels or tumors, intramural obstruction from congenital issues or tumors, and intraluminal obstruction from stones or papillary necrosis. Bilateral hydronephrosis can result from urethral obstruction or issues affecting both kidneys. Imaging studies are used to diagnose and characterize hydronephrosis. Long term obstruction can lead to thinning of the renal parenchyma and loss of kidney function.
Hemorrhoids ppt
Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus. They commonly occur in adults aged 40-60 years old. Symptoms include painless bleeding during bowel movements, itching or irritation in the anal region, and swelling around the anus. Treatment options include banding, sclerotherapy, laser therapy, creams and suppositories for mild cases. Lifestyle changes such as a high fiber diet, drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and proper hygiene can help prevent hemorrhoids.
Hydrocele
This document discusses hydroceles, which are abnormal collections of serous fluid in the processus vaginalis of the scrotum. There are congenital and acquired types. Congenital hydroceles occur when the processus vaginalis remains patent, while acquired hydroceles develop secondary to conditions like epididymo-orchitis or testicular tumors. Hydroceles are usually painless swellings that surround the testis and epididymis, making them difficult to palpate. Treatment involves surgical excision of the hydrocele sac. Complications can arise if hydroceles are not treated, such as rupture or testicular atrophy.
Small bowel obstruction
Small bowel obstruction can occur due to various intraluminal, extramural, or intramural causes that obstruct the lumen. The clinical manifestations include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension, and constipation. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, abdominal x-rays showing dilated small bowel loops and air-fluid levels. Management depends on the severity and includes supportive care, surgery for complete or strangulated obstructions, or potentially conservative management for some inflammatory causes.
Hydrocele ppt by Dr. Ashok Kumar , LHMC
Hydrocele and other conditions of inguino scrotal area. how to differentiate between common confusing pathologies on basis of clinical examination.
Paraphimosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PARAPHIMOSIS
DEFINITION
Inability to place back (cover) the retracted prepucial skin over the glans is called as paraphimosis.
It causes ring like constriction proximal to the corona and prepuceal skin.
Hydrocele
This document discusses hydroceles, which is an abnormal fluid collection in the scrotum. Hydroceles in infants are usually caused by incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis during development. For older boys and men, hydroceles can be idiopathic or caused by inflammation or injury in the scrotum. The document describes the causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of hydroceles. Treatment typically involves draining the fluid through a minor operation, with complications being rare.
Dermoid cyst
This document discusses dermoid cysts and abscesses. It defines a dermoid cyst as a cavity lined by epithelium that contains desquamated cells, sebum, and hair follicles, often forming along embryonic fusion lines. It describes various types of dermoid cysts including sequestration, tubular, implantation, and teratomatous. It then defines an abscess as a collection of pus and describes the main types as pyogenic, pyemic, metastatic, and cold abscesses. The document outlines pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and management of dermoid cysts and abscesses.
Hydrocele
Hydrocele is a collection of fluid around one or both testicles, causing swelling of the scrotum or groin area. It commonly occurs in men over 40. There are two types of hydrocele: noncommunicating, where the fluid sac closes but the body does not absorb the fluid; and communicating, where the sac surrounding the testicle does not close completely, allowing fluid to flow in and out. Symptoms include swelling of the scrotum, pain, redness, and a feeling of pressure at the base of the penis. Diagnosis involves physical examination, transillumination to identify structures beneath the skin, and ultrasound to check for fluid in the scrotum. Treatment options include surgery, needle aspiration
Hemorrhoid
This document provides information on hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, causes, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Hemorrhoids are abnormal dilations of the hemorrhoidal plexus in the anal canal due to venous stasis.
- Risk factors for developing hemorrhoids include low fiber diet, constipation, obesity, prolonged sitting/standing, pregnancy, and lifting heavy weights.
- Hemorrhoids are classified based on their location as internal or external, and by their severity from first to fourth degree.
- Symptoms include pain, bleeding, discharge, and complications like thrombosis. Diagnosis involves history, exam, and potentially anoscopy.
Hemorrhoidectomy
This document discusses hemorrhoidectomy, which is the surgical excision of hemorrhoids. It defines hemorrhoidectomy and lists its indications. The types of hemorrhoidectomy procedures are open, closed, and stapled. Preoperative preparation includes a high fiber diet, stool softeners, and antibiotics. The procedure involves excising hemorrhoids using spinal or general anesthesia and leaving tissue bridges between excised areas. Post-operative management includes analgesia, laxatives, and sitz baths. Complications can include bleeding, urinary retention, impaction, stenosis, fissures, tags, recurrence, and incontinence.
Fissure and fistula
Here are the key steps in the clinical assessment of a fistula-in-ano:
1. Detailed history regarding present illness, bowel habits, abdominal/pelvic surgeries, trauma.
2. Digital rectal examination to identify internal opening and feel tract.
3. Proctoscopy/sigmoidoscopy to directly visualize internal opening.
4. Imaging like MRI fistulogram to classify fistula and rule out other pelvic pathology.
5. Anorectal manometry and ultrasound to assess sphincter integrity if surgery is planned.
The clinical assessment aims to characterize the fistula anatomy, identify any underlying cause, assess sphincter function, and rule out alternative diagnoses to guide
Ureteral stricture
This document discusses urethral strictures, which are characterized by a narrowing of the urethral lumen causing obstruction. Common causes include ureteropelvic junction obstruction, pelvic radiation therapy, urinary diversion surgery, traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, kidney stones, cancers, and infections. Symptoms include blood in urine or semen, painful urination, and decreased urine flow. Diagnosis involves examinations, urinalysis, imaging tests. Treatment options include balloon dilation, endoureterotomy, ureteral stents, transureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy.
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
haemarroid.docx
Hemorrhoids are normal vascular structures in the anal canal that can become symptomatic due to straining, prolonged sitting, or pregnancy. Common symptoms include painless rectal bleeding, prolapse or bulging of tissue from the anus, itching, and pain from thrombosed external hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are classified based on location above or below the dentate line and degree of prolapse. Diagnosis is made through history of symptoms and physical exam finding hemorrhoidal tissue.
Diseases of the anus in primary care
The document provides an overview of hemorrhoidal disease and its treatment. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the anus, then discusses the causes, symptoms, grading, examination, and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Treatment options include medication, surgical procedures like rubber band ligation, cryosurgery, and Doppler guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation. Prevention focuses on diet, hydration, exercise and reducing straining during bowel movements.
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Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are enlarged or dilated veins in the lower rectum and anus. They commonly cause symptoms like painless rectal bleeding and protrusion from the anus. Risk factors include chronic straining during bowel movements, prolonged sitting, obesity, and pregnancy. Treatment ranges from lifestyle and dietary modifications to minimally invasive procedures or surgery. Surgical hemorrhoidectomy is reserved for grades III-IV hemorrhoids.
Hemorrhoids
Please find the power point on Hemorrhoids. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references.
Fibroadenoma breast
This study compared outcomes of breast fibroadenoma resection using two different incision types - through an overlying incision (FETOI) or through a periareolar incision (FETPI). 76 patients underwent FETPI and 82 underwent FETOI. FETPI took slightly longer and had slightly more blood loss but differences were clinically insignificant. FETPI provided good cosmetic results if patient selection criteria like tumor size and location were followed. While disrupting fewer milk ducts, FETPI carried a risk of nipple sensation loss depending on incision location. With careful patient selection, FETPI allowed both oncological safety and cosmetic outcomes for breast fibroadenoma resection.
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids definition, etiology,stages,types, causes,clinical feautes,diagnosis,medical management,surgical treatment,prevention.
Haemorrhoid
- Haemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anal canal. Common symptoms include bleeding, pain, itching, and protrusion of tissue from the anus.
- Causes include straining during bowel movements, prolonged sitting, obesity, and pregnancy. Risk increases with age.
- Treatment options range from lifestyle and diet changes to minimally invasive procedures like rubber band ligation, infrared coagulation, and sclerotherapy. More severe cases may require excisional haemorrhoidectomy or stapled haemorrhoidopexy.
Anal Fissure
Fissure in ano is an elongated ulcer in the lower anal canal, most commonly located in the midline posteriorly. It is caused by pressure from hard stool during bowel movements tearing the anal tissues. It can also be caused by inflammation or ischemia. An acute fissure is a deep tear in the anal skin, while a chronic fissure has inflamed, indurated edges and scar tissue at the base. Symptoms include pain with defecation and sometimes bleeding. Treatment aims to relax the internal sphincter and includes topical nitrates, dilatation, and lateral sphincterotomy. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus can be caused by radiation, HPV, or inflammation. It presents
Hydronephrosis 130818162124-phpapp01
Hydronephrosis is the dilatation of the renal pelvis or calyces, which can be associated with obstruction. It has various causes including extramural obstruction from aberrant vessels or tumors, intramural obstruction from congenital issues or tumors, and intraluminal obstruction from stones or papillary necrosis. Bilateral hydronephrosis can result from urethral obstruction or issues affecting both kidneys. Imaging studies are used to diagnose and characterize hydronephrosis. Long term obstruction can lead to thinning of the renal parenchyma and loss of kidney function.
Hemorrhoids ppt
Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus. They commonly occur in adults aged 40-60 years old. Symptoms include painless bleeding during bowel movements, itching or irritation in the anal region, and swelling around the anus. Treatment options include banding, sclerotherapy, laser therapy, creams and suppositories for mild cases. Lifestyle changes such as a high fiber diet, drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and proper hygiene can help prevent hemorrhoids.
Hydrocele
This document discusses hydroceles, which are abnormal collections of serous fluid in the processus vaginalis of the scrotum. There are congenital and acquired types. Congenital hydroceles occur when the processus vaginalis remains patent, while acquired hydroceles develop secondary to conditions like epididymo-orchitis or testicular tumors. Hydroceles are usually painless swellings that surround the testis and epididymis, making them difficult to palpate. Treatment involves surgical excision of the hydrocele sac. Complications can arise if hydroceles are not treated, such as rupture or testicular atrophy.
Small bowel obstruction
Small bowel obstruction can occur due to various intraluminal, extramural, or intramural causes that obstruct the lumen. The clinical manifestations include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension, and constipation. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, abdominal x-rays showing dilated small bowel loops and air-fluid levels. Management depends on the severity and includes supportive care, surgery for complete or strangulated obstructions, or potentially conservative management for some inflammatory causes.
Hydrocele ppt by Dr. Ashok Kumar , LHMC
Hydrocele and other conditions of inguino scrotal area. how to differentiate between common confusing pathologies on basis of clinical examination.
Paraphimosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PARAPHIMOSIS
DEFINITION
Inability to place back (cover) the retracted prepucial skin over the glans is called as paraphimosis.
It causes ring like constriction proximal to the corona and prepuceal skin.
Hydrocele
This document discusses hydroceles, which is an abnormal fluid collection in the scrotum. Hydroceles in infants are usually caused by incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis during development. For older boys and men, hydroceles can be idiopathic or caused by inflammation or injury in the scrotum. The document describes the causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of hydroceles. Treatment typically involves draining the fluid through a minor operation, with complications being rare.
Dermoid cyst
This document discusses dermoid cysts and abscesses. It defines a dermoid cyst as a cavity lined by epithelium that contains desquamated cells, sebum, and hair follicles, often forming along embryonic fusion lines. It describes various types of dermoid cysts including sequestration, tubular, implantation, and teratomatous. It then defines an abscess as a collection of pus and describes the main types as pyogenic, pyemic, metastatic, and cold abscesses. The document outlines pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and management of dermoid cysts and abscesses.
Hydrocele
Hydrocele is a collection of fluid around one or both testicles, causing swelling of the scrotum or groin area. It commonly occurs in men over 40. There are two types of hydrocele: noncommunicating, where the fluid sac closes but the body does not absorb the fluid; and communicating, where the sac surrounding the testicle does not close completely, allowing fluid to flow in and out. Symptoms include swelling of the scrotum, pain, redness, and a feeling of pressure at the base of the penis. Diagnosis involves physical examination, transillumination to identify structures beneath the skin, and ultrasound to check for fluid in the scrotum. Treatment options include surgery, needle aspiration
Hemorrhoid
This document provides information on hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, causes, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Hemorrhoids are abnormal dilations of the hemorrhoidal plexus in the anal canal due to venous stasis.
- Risk factors for developing hemorrhoids include low fiber diet, constipation, obesity, prolonged sitting/standing, pregnancy, and lifting heavy weights.
- Hemorrhoids are classified based on their location as internal or external, and by their severity from first to fourth degree.
- Symptoms include pain, bleeding, discharge, and complications like thrombosis. Diagnosis involves history, exam, and potentially anoscopy.
Hemorrhoidectomy
This document discusses hemorrhoidectomy, which is the surgical excision of hemorrhoids. It defines hemorrhoidectomy and lists its indications. The types of hemorrhoidectomy procedures are open, closed, and stapled. Preoperative preparation includes a high fiber diet, stool softeners, and antibiotics. The procedure involves excising hemorrhoids using spinal or general anesthesia and leaving tissue bridges between excised areas. Post-operative management includes analgesia, laxatives, and sitz baths. Complications can include bleeding, urinary retention, impaction, stenosis, fissures, tags, recurrence, and incontinence.
Fissure and fistula
Here are the key steps in the clinical assessment of a fistula-in-ano:
1. Detailed history regarding present illness, bowel habits, abdominal/pelvic surgeries, trauma.
2. Digital rectal examination to identify internal opening and feel tract.
3. Proctoscopy/sigmoidoscopy to directly visualize internal opening.
4. Imaging like MRI fistulogram to classify fistula and rule out other pelvic pathology.
5. Anorectal manometry and ultrasound to assess sphincter integrity if surgery is planned.
The clinical assessment aims to characterize the fistula anatomy, identify any underlying cause, assess sphincter function, and rule out alternative diagnoses to guide
Ureteral stricture
This document discusses urethral strictures, which are characterized by a narrowing of the urethral lumen causing obstruction. Common causes include ureteropelvic junction obstruction, pelvic radiation therapy, urinary diversion surgery, traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, kidney stones, cancers, and infections. Symptoms include blood in urine or semen, painful urination, and decreased urine flow. Diagnosis involves examinations, urinalysis, imaging tests. Treatment options include balloon dilation, endoureterotomy, ureteral stents, transureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy.
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
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Hemorrhoids are normal vascular structures in the anal canal that can become symptomatic due to straining, prolonged sitting, or pregnancy. Common symptoms include painless rectal bleeding, prolapse or bulging of tissue from the anus, itching, and pain from thrombosed external hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are classified based on location above or below the dentate line and degree of prolapse. Diagnosis is made through history of symptoms and physical exam finding hemorrhoidal tissue.
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The document provides an overview of hemorrhoidal disease and its treatment. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the anus, then discusses the causes, symptoms, grading, examination, and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Treatment options include medication, surgical procedures like rubber band ligation, cryosurgery, and Doppler guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation. Prevention focuses on diet, hydration, exercise and reducing straining during bowel movements.
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This document provides information on haemorrhoids (also known as hemorrhoids), including:
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- Epidemiology of symptomatic haemorrhoids, affecting around 4.4% of the global population
- Common causes like straining, pregnancy, obesity, and familial tendency
- Grading of internal haemorrhoids from first to fourth degree based on degree of prolapse
- Treatment options like rubber band ligation, sclerotherapy, excisional or stapled haemorrhoidectomy depending on severity
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2. Inguinal hernias occur when abdominal contents protrude through the inguinal canal. Umbilical hernias involve protrusion through the abdominal wall near the navel and often close on their own.
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This document provides information on endometrial carcinoma and leiomyoma of the uterus. It states that endometrial carcinoma is the most common pelvic malignancy in females in the US and Europe, primarily affecting postmenopausal women. Presenting symptoms include abnormal bleeding. Risk factors include chronic estrogen excess, obesity, and genetics. Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that are very common in the uterus and rarely become malignant. Both can be diagnosed based on histological examination of tissue samples.
ENDOMETRIOSIS
Endometriosis is a common benign gynecological condition defined by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus. It has a prevalence of 8-10% in reproductive aged women. Risk factors include early menarche, heavy periods, delayed childbirth, nulliparity, and family history. The exact cause is unknown but theories include retrograde menstruation implanting cells, coelomic metaplasia, and lymphatic/vascular spread. Common sites of lesions are the ovaries, pouch of Douglas, and uterosacral ligaments. Treatment involves laparoscopy for diagnosis and staging, with medical management using hormonal therapies or surgery for deep infiltrating disease.
Invasive Mole
Invasive mole is a complication of molar pregnancy where abnormal villi grow into the myometrium or blood vessels. It occurs in approximately 15% of complete moles and can metastasize to other organs. Clinical features include persistent hemorrhage and uterine perforation. Microscopically, proliferating trophoblast tissue is seen invading the myometrium. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or combination drug regimens depending on the disease stage. The goals are to normalize hCG levels and administer additional "clean-up" courses of chemotherapy.
Endometrial polyps
Endometrial polyps are benign growths that occur in the endometrium. They are common in women over 40 and can cause abnormal bleeding. On pathology, they appear as irregular glandular growths with thick-walled blood vessels and fibrotic stroma. While most are non-cancerous, polyps are associated with a slightly increased risk of endometrial cancer and need to be evaluated. Treatment involves surgical removal, such as with a hysteroscopic polypectomy.
Vascular anomalies
This document discusses various types of vascular anomalies. It begins by providing historical context for how vascular anomalies were classified. It then summarizes the current biologic classification system introduced in 1982, which distinguishes between vascular tumors and malformations. For vascular tumors, it describes infantile hemangioma and its life cycle phases. It also discusses other types of vascular tumors like congenital hemangiomas and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. For vascular malformations, it lists the main types classified by predominant vessel type. Diagnosis and management approaches are summarized for different vascular anomalies.
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Sleep disorder
Sleep disorders are medical conditions that involve changes in sleep patterns that can cause issues like excessive daytime sleepiness. They are classified according to causes like physical, medical, psychiatric, or environmental factors and are also classified as dyssomnias or parasomnias according to the DSM. Common types include insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep terrors, nightmares, sleepwalking, and restless leg syndrome. Symptoms vary but can include issues with falling or staying asleep, irregular breathing during sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, inability to move upon waking, and abnormal leg movements during sleep.
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Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) occurs in the urinary tract. Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms.
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This document provides information on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It defines GERD as the backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a weak lower esophageal sphincter. Approximately 50% of the population suffers from GERD, which can range from mild intermittent symptoms to more severe manifestations. The document discusses the etiology, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, medical management, and nursing management of GERD.
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This document defines and describes different types of dermatitis, including contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and exfoliative dermatitis. It discusses the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment for each type. The types of dermatitis are inflammatory skin conditions that can be caused by external irritants, genetic predisposition, or unknown factors. Management involves identifying and avoiding allergens, using topical medications and antihistamines, and treating symptoms like itching.
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haemorrhoid
- 1. HEMORRHOID
- 3. CONTENTS INTOODUCTION DEFINITION ETIOLOGY CLASSIFICATION 1 external 2 internal PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL MENIFESTATION MEDICALMANAGEMENT SURGICAL MANAGEMENT NURSINGMANAGEMENT
- 4. INTRODUCTION Haemorrhoid are the dilated portion of the veins in the anal canal .They are common by 50 years of age .about 50% of people have haemorrhoids ,shearing of mucosa during defecation result in the sliding of the structure in the wall of anal canal including haemorrhoid muscular tissue increase pressure in the haemorrhoidal tissue due to pregnancy may initiate haemorrhoids
- 5. DEFINITION Haemorrhoids are the clumps of blood vessels in the rectum . The haemorrhoids vein are located in the lowest area of rectum . Just above the anus sometimes they swell and vein enlarge and their walls become stretched, thin and irrited by passing stool
- 6. TYPES CLASSIFICATION HAEMORRHOID EXTERNAL INTERNAL
- 8. ETIOLOGY --PREGNANCY GENETICS ABSENCE OF VALVES VEINS OBESITY PELVIC FLOOR DYSFUNCTION INTRA ABDOMINAL PRESSURE IRREGULAR BOWEL HABIT--
- 9. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS RECURRENT ANAL ABSCESSES DISCHARGE OF PUS OR BLOOD FEVER ITCHING PAIN AND SWELLING AROUND THE ANUS CONSTIPATION OR PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH BOWEL MOVEMENT
- 10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY INFLAMMATION THROMBOSIS ISCHAEMIC OF AREA NECROSIS SHEARING OF MEMMBRANE, MUCOSA HAEMORRHOID
- 11. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT LORAORAL FLAVINOIDS CALCIUM DOBESILATE TOPICAL TREATMENT INFRARED PHOTO COAGULATION BIPOLAR DIATHERMY LASER THERAPY INJECTION OF SCLEROSING AGENT
- 12. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT RUBBER LIGATION CRYOSURGICAL HAEMORRHOIDECTOMY NDYAG LASER STAPLED HEMORRHOIDOPEXY
- 17. THANKS… SPECIALTHANKs HARIOM SUMAN ALOK SHARMA