Hemorrhoids are dilated veins in the anal canal that affect approximately 50% of people by age 50, often caused by factors like pregnancy, genetics, and obesity. They can manifest through symptoms such as pain, swelling, and discharge, and the treatment options include both medical and surgical management. Various classifications exist, notably internal and external hemorrhoids, each requiring specific intervention strategies.

1. HEMORRHOID

3. CONTENTS
 INTOODUCTION
 DEFINITION
 ETIOLOGY
 CLASSIFICATION
 1 external
 2 internal
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 CLINICAL MENIFESTATION
 MEDICALMANAGEMENT
 SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
 NURSINGMANAGEMENT

4. INTRODUCTION
Haemorrhoid are the dilated portion of the veins in the
anal canal .They are common by 50 years of age .about
50% of people have haemorrhoids ,shearing of mucosa
during defecation result in the sliding of the structure in
the wall of anal canal including haemorrhoid muscular
tissue increase pressure in the haemorrhoidal tissue due
to pregnancy may initiate haemorrhoids

5. DEFINITION
Haemorrhoids are the clumps of blood vessels in the
rectum . The haemorrhoids vein are located in the
lowest area of rectum . Just above the anus sometimes
they swell and vein enlarge and their walls become
stretched, thin and irrited by passing stool

6. TYPES
 CLASSIFICATION
 HAEMORRHOID


 EXTERNAL INTERNAL

8. ETIOLOGY
--PREGNANCY
GENETICS
ABSENCE OF VALVES VEINS
OBESITY
PELVIC FLOOR DYSFUNCTION
INTRA ABDOMINAL PRESSURE
IRREGULAR BOWEL HABIT--

9. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
RECURRENT ANAL ABSCESSES
DISCHARGE OF PUS OR BLOOD
FEVER
ITCHING
PAIN AND SWELLING AROUND THE ANUS
CONSTIPATION OR PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH BOWEL MOVEMENT

10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 INFLAMMATION
THROMBOSIS
ISCHAEMIC OF AREA
NECROSIS
SHEARING OF MEMMBRANE, MUCOSA
HAEMORRHOID

11. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
LORAORAL FLAVINOIDS
 CALCIUM DOBESILATE
TOPICAL TREATMENT
INFRARED PHOTO COAGULATION
BIPOLAR DIATHERMY
LASER THERAPY
INJECTION OF SCLEROSING AGENT

12. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
RUBBER LIGATION
CRYOSURGICAL HAEMORRHOIDECTOMY
NDYAG LASER
STAPLED HEMORRHOIDOPEXY

17.  THANKS…
SPECIALTHANKs
 HARIOM SUMAN
 ALOK SHARMA