This paper describe the development of a hot rod method by using water as a coolant medium which
measure the heat loss through the rod for the steady state measurement of thermal conductivity of small
samples. The heat flow through the test sample was essentially one dimensional and heat loss through
engineering material is made to use heated guard to block the flow of heat from the hot rod to the
surroundings. Since large correction factors must be applied to account for guard imperfection and not
maintained ideal condition. So that it may be preferable to simply measure and correct for the heat that flows
from the heater disc to directions other than into the sample. Experimental measurements taken in a prototype
apparatus combined with extensive computational modeling of the heat transfer in the apparatus show that
sufficiently accurate measurements can be obtained to allow determination of thermal conductivity of
engineering material. Suggestions are made for further improvements in the method based on results from
regression analysis of the generated data.
Magnetic field effect on mixed convection flow in a nanofluid under convectiv...IAEME Publication
An analysis is carried out to investigate the influence of the prominent magnetic effect on mixed convection heat and mass transfer in the boundary layer region of a semi-infinite vertical flat plate in a nanofluid under the convective boundary conditions. The transformed boundary layer,ordinary differential equations are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta Fourth order method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Magnetic field effect on mixed convection flow in a nanofluid under convectiv...IAEME Publication
An analysis is carried out to investigate the influence of the prominent magnetic effect on mixed convection heat and mass transfer in the boundary layer region of a semi-infinite vertical flat plate in a nanofluid under the convective boundary conditions. The transformed boundary layer,ordinary differential equations are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta Fourth order method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A compromise between the temperature difference and performance in a standing...محمود الأمير
Thermoacoustic refrigeration is an evolving cooling technology in which the acoustic power is used to pump heat. The operating conditions and geometric parameters are important for the thermoacoustic refrigerator performance, as they affect both its performance and the temperature difference across the stack. This paper investigates the effect of the stack geometric parameters and operating conditions on the performance of a standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator and the temperature difference across the stack. DeltaEC software is used to make the thermoacoustic refrigerator model. From the obtained results,
normalised values for the operating conditions and geometric parameters are collected to compromise both the performance and the temperature difference across the stack.
Differential Thermal Analysis Introduction, Reference and Standard material, Instrumentation in that Furnace, Sample holder, Furnace temperature controller, DC amplifier and Recorder. Principle, Factors Affecting, Working, Physical and chemical reactions (Endotherm and Exotherm), Advantages and Disadvantages, Applications
EXPERIMENTATION ON COPPER TUBE WITH INTERNAL THREADING FOR A HEAT EXCHANGER P...Journal For Research
Experimental model has been carried out to study the effect of heat transfer, thermal enhancement factor and friction factor in a smooth copper tube and different test copper tube having internal threads of pitch ( p=3.5mm), with water as a working fluid media. For such experimentation purpose Reynolds number were varied in the range of 4000 to 8000. The copper tube (OD=38mm, ID=25mm, t=6.5mm) was subjected to constant and uniform heat flux. The experimental data obtained from test tube having different surface geometry i.e. by internal threading of different pitch (p=3.5mm) were compared with smooth circular copper tube. The effect of different surface geometry of inside copper tube i.e. by threading with varying pitch on thermal enhancement factor, heat transfer and friction factor were presented. In that experimental we also calculate Nusselt number, Prandtl number, pitch like heat transfer parameter. The heat transfer rate for copper tubes having internal threads was found to be much higher than smooth circular copper tube for a given value Reynolds number. So simply by changing the internal surface geometry the performance of circular section copper tube is improved.
Optimization of “T”-Shaped Fins Geometry Using Constructal Theory and “FEA” C...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the geometric (constructal) optimization of T-shaped fin assemblies, where the objective is to maximize the global thermal conductance of the assembly, subject to total volume and fin-material constraints. Assemblies of plate fins are considered. It is shown that every geometric feature of the assembly is delivered by the optimization principle and the constraints. These optimal features are reported in dimensionless terms for this entire class of fin assemblies. Based on the constructal theory by Dr. A Bejan, T-shaped fins are developed for better heat conductance as compared to conventional fins. Now the geometry of this T type of fin contains many geometry parameters which affect the overall conductance of the fin. With the same material constraint and volume constraints optimal geometry ratios has been calculated so as to design the fin for its best performance. With focus to the practical situations and heat flow patterns, it is quite complex to calculate the temperatures on a T-shaped fin. It requires the help of FEA concepts and CAE software to optimize the geometry.
Analysis of A Double Spiral Counter Flow Calorimeter in Impinging Flame Jet U...IJERA Editor
Enhancement of heat transfer rates in heat exchanger and calorimeter has been reported by many researchers. However, work regarding heat transfer characteristics analysis of double spiral counter flow calorimeter is not published and this forms the objective of this work. DSCFC is a unique design where it consists of single fluid as working fluid for heat exchange. Here heat transfer takes place between solid and fluid, and hence can be called as conjugate heat transfer problem. Heat transfer characteristics DSCFC is observed at various Reynolds number and base temperature. DSCFC is analyzed considering conjugate heat transfer and temperature dependent properties of heat transport media. Computations are performed using commercially available CFD package ANSYS-CFX. It is observed that with increase in Reynolds number of the fluid, heat transfer reduces whereas increase in base temperature increases heat transfer. The Computational results are compared with the experimental.
HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION IN STEEL QUENCHING BY SPRAY IMPINGEMENT COOLING ME...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The present article discusses the experimental results on heat transfer characteristics of spray impingement cooling of a stationary steel plate. The eexperimental setup consisted of an electrically heated flat stationary steel plate of dimension 120 mm x 120 mm x 4 mm, spray setup, water supply and air supply unit. The effects of various controlling parameters such as air-water pressures, water flow rate, nozzle tip to target distance and impingement density were determined and analysed. The cooling rates were computed from the time dependent temperature history and used to analyse the parametric effects. The results obtained in the study confirmed the higher efficiency of the spray cooling system and the cooling strategy was found advantageous over the conventional cooling methods available in the open literature.
DETERMINATION OF THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALMYRA WOOD (BORASSUS AE...IAEME Publication
Palmyra or Borassus aethiopum Mart is a timber that is used in the traditional construction of housing and semi-modern yet its thermal characteristics are very little known. The aim of this work is to determine experimentally thermo physical characteristics of palmyra wood of Chad. In this contribution, we will determine the moisture content and density of the wood palmyra and we use the method of guarded hot plate to estimate the thermal conductivity in different parts of the specimen namely the Heart, and the sapwood duramen after reaching steady state. Given the results, we note that the thermal conductivity of palmyra wood depends on its anatomical structure and humidity. The lighter parts are more insulating and remain always with high humidity. Note also that the heat spreads more in the direction parallel to the fibers than perpendicular to the fibers.
A compromise between the temperature difference and performance in a standing...محمود الأمير
Thermoacoustic refrigeration is an evolving cooling technology in which the acoustic power is used to pump heat. The operating conditions and geometric parameters are important for the thermoacoustic refrigerator performance, as they affect both its performance and the temperature difference across the stack. This paper investigates the effect of the stack geometric parameters and operating conditions on the performance of a standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator and the temperature difference across the stack. DeltaEC software is used to make the thermoacoustic refrigerator model. From the obtained results,
normalised values for the operating conditions and geometric parameters are collected to compromise both the performance and the temperature difference across the stack.
Differential Thermal Analysis Introduction, Reference and Standard material, Instrumentation in that Furnace, Sample holder, Furnace temperature controller, DC amplifier and Recorder. Principle, Factors Affecting, Working, Physical and chemical reactions (Endotherm and Exotherm), Advantages and Disadvantages, Applications
EXPERIMENTATION ON COPPER TUBE WITH INTERNAL THREADING FOR A HEAT EXCHANGER P...Journal For Research
Experimental model has been carried out to study the effect of heat transfer, thermal enhancement factor and friction factor in a smooth copper tube and different test copper tube having internal threads of pitch ( p=3.5mm), with water as a working fluid media. For such experimentation purpose Reynolds number were varied in the range of 4000 to 8000. The copper tube (OD=38mm, ID=25mm, t=6.5mm) was subjected to constant and uniform heat flux. The experimental data obtained from test tube having different surface geometry i.e. by internal threading of different pitch (p=3.5mm) were compared with smooth circular copper tube. The effect of different surface geometry of inside copper tube i.e. by threading with varying pitch on thermal enhancement factor, heat transfer and friction factor were presented. In that experimental we also calculate Nusselt number, Prandtl number, pitch like heat transfer parameter. The heat transfer rate for copper tubes having internal threads was found to be much higher than smooth circular copper tube for a given value Reynolds number. So simply by changing the internal surface geometry the performance of circular section copper tube is improved.
Optimization of “T”-Shaped Fins Geometry Using Constructal Theory and “FEA” C...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the geometric (constructal) optimization of T-shaped fin assemblies, where the objective is to maximize the global thermal conductance of the assembly, subject to total volume and fin-material constraints. Assemblies of plate fins are considered. It is shown that every geometric feature of the assembly is delivered by the optimization principle and the constraints. These optimal features are reported in dimensionless terms for this entire class of fin assemblies. Based on the constructal theory by Dr. A Bejan, T-shaped fins are developed for better heat conductance as compared to conventional fins. Now the geometry of this T type of fin contains many geometry parameters which affect the overall conductance of the fin. With the same material constraint and volume constraints optimal geometry ratios has been calculated so as to design the fin for its best performance. With focus to the practical situations and heat flow patterns, it is quite complex to calculate the temperatures on a T-shaped fin. It requires the help of FEA concepts and CAE software to optimize the geometry.
Analysis of A Double Spiral Counter Flow Calorimeter in Impinging Flame Jet U...IJERA Editor
Enhancement of heat transfer rates in heat exchanger and calorimeter has been reported by many researchers. However, work regarding heat transfer characteristics analysis of double spiral counter flow calorimeter is not published and this forms the objective of this work. DSCFC is a unique design where it consists of single fluid as working fluid for heat exchange. Here heat transfer takes place between solid and fluid, and hence can be called as conjugate heat transfer problem. Heat transfer characteristics DSCFC is observed at various Reynolds number and base temperature. DSCFC is analyzed considering conjugate heat transfer and temperature dependent properties of heat transport media. Computations are performed using commercially available CFD package ANSYS-CFX. It is observed that with increase in Reynolds number of the fluid, heat transfer reduces whereas increase in base temperature increases heat transfer. The Computational results are compared with the experimental.
HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION IN STEEL QUENCHING BY SPRAY IMPINGEMENT COOLING ME...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The present article discusses the experimental results on heat transfer characteristics of spray impingement cooling of a stationary steel plate. The eexperimental setup consisted of an electrically heated flat stationary steel plate of dimension 120 mm x 120 mm x 4 mm, spray setup, water supply and air supply unit. The effects of various controlling parameters such as air-water pressures, water flow rate, nozzle tip to target distance and impingement density were determined and analysed. The cooling rates were computed from the time dependent temperature history and used to analyse the parametric effects. The results obtained in the study confirmed the higher efficiency of the spray cooling system and the cooling strategy was found advantageous over the conventional cooling methods available in the open literature.
DETERMINATION OF THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALMYRA WOOD (BORASSUS AE...IAEME Publication
Palmyra or Borassus aethiopum Mart is a timber that is used in the traditional construction of housing and semi-modern yet its thermal characteristics are very little known. The aim of this work is to determine experimentally thermo physical characteristics of palmyra wood of Chad. In this contribution, we will determine the moisture content and density of the wood palmyra and we use the method of guarded hot plate to estimate the thermal conductivity in different parts of the specimen namely the Heart, and the sapwood duramen after reaching steady state. Given the results, we note that the thermal conductivity of palmyra wood depends on its anatomical structure and humidity. The lighter parts are more insulating and remain always with high humidity. Note also that the heat spreads more in the direction parallel to the fibers than perpendicular to the fibers.
Dust Interception Capacity And Alteration Of Various Biometric And Biochemica...IOSR Journals
The dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. was evaluated from eight different sites in and around Multan. The impact of dust accumulation was observed via various biometric attributes (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids & ascorbic acid) from leaves of F. carica. The maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing at Road sides while, the minimum dust was found on plants growing at Bahauddin Zakariya University. Dust accumulation has caused a significant effect on almost all foliage and biochemical attributes of F. carica. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and biometric attributes in F. carica. Biochemical responses had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoids decreased and ascorbic acid contents increased with an increase in dust accumulation. A negative correlation was found between dust deposition and chlorophyll contents. Whereas, accumulation of ascorbic acid was associated with a decline in pigment contents
The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-f...IOSR Journals
Spray forming, also called spray casting or spray deposition, is the inert gas atomization of a liquid metal stream into variously sized droplets. These droplets are interrupted by a substrate which collects and solidifies the droplets into coherent, near fully dense perform. The present work concerns with this techniques. This technology was applied to produce Al-6%Si-20%Pb alloys. The spray droplets were deposited over a copper substrate to achieve a disc shape perform. After spray deposition samples were rolled at room temperature on two high rolling mills and total porosity and wear characteristic of spray deposits were studies. The total porosity decreases with the increase in the percentage of reduction in thickness of the samples. Thickness of the samples in both middle and peripheral region. Wear testing of spray formed and rolled Al-Si-Pb alloy were investigated on a pin on disc type wear machine. Wear rate behavior with applied load and increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of samples was observed. Wear rate increased with increasing the load and decreased with increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of the sample.
Cataloging Of Sessions in Genuine Traffic by Packet Size Distribution and Ses...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Cataloging traffic keen on precise network applications is vital for application-aware network
organization and it turn into more taxing because modern applications incomprehensible their network
behaviors. Whereas port number-based classifiers work merely for a little renowned application and signaturebased
classifiers are not significant to encrypted packet payloads, researchers are inclined to classify network
traffic rooted in behaviors scrutinized in network applications. In this document, a session level Flood
Cataloging (SLFC) approach is proposed to organize network Floods as a session, which encompasses of
Floods in the equal discussion. SLFC initially classifies flood into the analogous applications by packet size
distribution (PSD) and subsequently faction Floods as sessions by port locality. With PSD, each Flood is
distorted into a set of points in a two-Dimension space and the remoteness among all Flood and the
representatives of preselected applications are calculated. The Flood is predicted as the application having a
least distance. Meanwhile, port locality is accustomed to cluster Floods as sessions since an application often
uses successive port statistics surrounded by a session. If flood of a session are categorized into diverse
applications, an arbitration algorithm is invoked to make the improvement.
Keywords: Flood Cataloging; session grouping; session Cataloging; packet size distribution
bT-Locally Closed Sets and bT-Locally Continuous Functions In Supra Topologic...IOSR Journals
The aim of this paper is to introduce a decompositions namely supra bT- locally closed sets and define supra bT-locally continuous functions. This paper also discussed some of their properties.
Improving Sales in SME Using Internet MarketingIOSR Journals
Abstract : In Indonesia, SMEs are the backbone of the Indonesian economy. Number of SMEs until 2011 to
reach around 52 million. SMEs in Indonesia is very important for the economy because it accounts for 60% of
GDP and 97% of the workforce holds. But access is limited to financial institutions only 25% or 13 million
SMEs who have access to financial institutions. Indonesian government, SMEs, through the Department of
Cooperatives and SMEs, in each province or regency / city.
Although Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is driving the nation's economy, but in reality many of
the problems SMEs are still entangled. The main thing to note is the ability of SMEs to access a wider market.
Because of the ability to change and adapt to a changing environment will determine the existence of small
businesses in the nation's economy. In the end, the existence of small businesses that have high competitiveness
will strengthen the nation's economy as a whole. Thus, in this study will use an appropriate technology tools
that can provide assistance in introducing products through internet and increase sales in each SME
This study uses a sample of students at the State University of Malang that can make a significant
contribution in the small and medium businesses that are being initiated by students.
Keywords: Small Medium Enterprise, Internet Marketing, Sales Improvement
Low Power FPGA Based Elliptical Curve CryptographyIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cryptography is the study of techniques for ensuring the secrecy and authentication of the information. The development of public-key cryptography is the greatest and perhaps the only true revolution in the entire history of cryptography. Elliptic Curve Cryptography is one of the public-key cryptosystem showing up in standardization efforts, including the IEEE P1363 Standard. The principal attraction of elliptic curve cryptography compared to RSA is that it offers equal security for a smaller key-size, thereby reducing the processing overhead. As a Public-Key Cryptosystem, ECC has many advantages such as fast speed, high security and short key. It is suitable for the hardware of implementation, so ECC has been more and more focused in recent years. The hardware implementation of ECC on FPGA uses the arithmetic unit that has small area, small storage unit and fast speed, and it is an extremely suitable system which has limited computation ability and storage space.[1][2] The modular arithmetic division operations are carried out using conditional successive subtractions, thereby reducing the area. The system is implemented on Vertex-Pro XCV1000 FPGA. Index Terms – VHDL, FSM, FPGA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
Ceiba Petandra is widely used in complementary medicine. Its stem bark extracts obtained via soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, acetone and ethanol gare alkaloids, Steroids, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides, triterpenes and tannins when screened phytochemically. These extracts were further investigated for their anti-bacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus klebsiella, pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa with ampicillina, as standard. Highest anti- bacterial activity with acetone extract at a concentration of 300mg/ml and least activity with ethanol extract at a concentration of 100mg/ml. n- Hexane extract showed no inhibition on the tested micro-organisms.
Sensitivity Analysis of Process Parameters for Polyurethane Based Panel Air F...IOSR Journals
The polyurethane processing for panel air filters (flexible foam)for high yield (free of all defects) is
very critical and sensitive on account of Polyurethane making chemistry, short reaction times, process
conditions, ambient temperature and humidity , equipment dispensing-mixing precision and moulds’ surface
quality, moulds’ temperature and uniformity impacting the defects in filters like pin holes, short filling, over
filling or growth, skin damage, loose skin, voids, hardness variations, shrink marks, knit lines etc. Research is
conducted to study and establish a correlation between various parameters so that process settings can be
altered to ensure minimum variation to output in spite of variation in inputs and noise to the system.
Implications of Organisational Culture on Performance of Business OrganisationsIOSR Journals
This article discusses the implications of organizational culture on the performance of business organizations in Nigeria. The first objective of the paper is to elaborate on organisational culture as a determinant of organisational performance. The second objective is to identify four dimensions of African culture as bases for more effective organization culture in the Nigerian context. Works of well known authors in the fields of Culture and Management were reviewed for perspectives and evidence. It is shown from the reviews that a relationship exists between organisational culture and performance of business organisations. In addition, the review suggests that relationship is mediated by reward perception and role perception. Social support, accommodation at work places, religious referencing, supervisor-subordinate age ratio and ethnic diversification are identified as culture factors likely to have positive impact on the performance of business organisations in Nigeria. It is recommended that business organizations in the country should give adequate attention to the development of corporate cultures that integrate the above factors in order to enhance their performance.
Abstract: The increasing amount of applications using digital multimedia technologies has accentuated the need to provide copyright protection to multimedia data. This paper reviews one of the data hiding techniques - digital image watermarking. Through this paper we will explore some basic concepts of digital image watermarking techniques.Two different methods of digital image watermarking namely spatial domain watermarking and transform domain watermarking are briefly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, two different algorithms for a digital image watermarking have also been discussed. Also the comparision between the different algorithms,tests performed for the robustness and the applications of the digital image watermarking have also been discussed.
The need for a rapid, famous method for hair removal has led to the development of various laser for
hair removal. These include ruby, alexandrite, diode, and Nd:YAG lasers. This research discusses the basic
principles of laser hair removal, examines theoretically the properties of specific laser systems, and focuses on
patient selection and treatment protocols for the various systems designed to ensure safe and effective treatment.
Prime factors of Vendor Selection for Indian Telecom Service Provider for eff...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To have a effective supply chain it is very much essential to have effective and reliable vendor. It is
far more important in case of a service sector. As service is intangible and can only be felt ;hence very much
depends on the quality of delivery and after sales activity. Ineffective and unreliable vendor can have a
cascading effect in all aspect of service chain resulting customer dissatisfaction. The present study tries to find
out the parameter or quality of a vendor that is preferred by telecommunication companies. As
telecommunication is a infrastructure service any weak link in the supply chain will have a catastrophic impact
on the end user. As vendor is one of the prime component of supply chain its careful selection is of immense
importance. There are numerous variables to select a vendor. But to have a quick and effective decisions
making these numerous variables are reduced to few factors. In this study the centroid method of factor analysis
is used to find four important factors. The study was carried out by interacting executives of around 8 telecom
companies amounting to 57 effective data. A broad outline of factors and encompassing variables under each
factor were depicted.
Keywords - Factor analysis, Supply Chain and Vendor selection,
Vibration Analysis of Cracked Rotor Using Numerical ApproachIOSR Journals
In general rotating machines have wide applications in systems, plants, vehicles, and industries. Every rotating machine uses shaft as power transforming unit. It is very dangerous to operate the machine with the presence of crack in the shaft. The growth of the crack is dangerous to operate and may lead to catastrophic failure. It is to be detected at earlier stages. In this paper relation between vibration amplitude and on the crack depth was developed, this helps in determine the depth of the crack by measuring the vibration amplitudes. To develop the relation equation strain energy density function was used. By observing the generated curves amplitude of vibration increases with respect to the depth of the crack due to reduction in stiffness of the shaft.
Transient Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Forced Convection Flow and ...IOSR Journals
A three-dimensional transient numerical study of a constant property Newtonian fluid in curved pipe under laminar flow conditions is presented for a uniform wall temperature boundary condition. Numerical solutions were obtained using the control volume method described by Patankar for the range of. The working fluid was water. The transient flow pattern and the temperature distribution on the tube section were derived for different values of the Reynolds number. Graphical results for velocity and temperature are presented and analyzed. Results have shown that the maximum velocity in center of velocity profile increase with increasing of Reynolds number. In curved pipes, time averaged results exhibited Dean circulation and a strong velocity and temperature stratification in the radial direction. Flow and heat transfer were strongly asymmetric, with higher values near the outer pipe bend.
An Experimental Investigations of Nusselt Number for Low Reynolds Number in a...IJMER
: In this paper, we present results of measured heat transfer coefficients for each sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose concentration at two different lengths of coil L=2.82m, L=2.362m and with
two different heat inputs 1.0kW and 1.5kW . Test solutions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% were used in our experimental runs. A four flat blade
paddle impeller was used to verify the mixed fluid, under steady heating of Newtonian and nonNewtonian
fluids in an flat bottom agitated vessel. A Kanthal Heating Element Equipment have been
design and fabricated to optimize the heating of the fluids in an agitated vessel. The rehogical properties
like flow behavior index, consistency index and viscosity data were carried experimentally using Rotating
Cylinder Method for all the test solutions. A correlations have been presented for Newtonian and non
Newtonian fluids in laminar flow conditions
An experimental and analytical study to show the effect of theOzyegin University
The main purpose of this paper is showing the enhancement of thermal conductivity
of the epoxy with many percentages of carbon fiber into it. In addition to pure epoxy and pure
carbon fiber, three percentages of carbon fiber are used in this study, which are 20, 40, and 60%,
respectively. All of these samples are tested at different values of applied powers (input power)
(10, 25, 40, 55, and 70 W). A comparison between pure epoxy, pure carbon fiber and the
composites that involve all these percentages is done. In addition, the study involves the effect of
these simples on the performances of both Aluminum and cooper heat sinks.
It is shown from the results that increasing in fiber carbon percentage leads to increase in
thermal conductivity of composite, heat sink junction temperature, overall heat sink efficiency,
and density of composite. The increasing in overall heat sink efficiency leads to decrease the
height of heat sink, and consequently decreasing its cost. For instance at 70 W power input,
increasing the fiber carbon percentage(from 0 to 100%) for each material of heat sink, leads to
decrease the average fin length by 48% ,decrease the manufacturing cost by 47%, increase in
junction temperature by 65 %, and increase fin efficiency by 2.5 %.
Study on Thermal and Hydrodynamic Indexes of a Nanofluid Flow in a Micro Heat...A Behzadmehr
The paper numerically presents laminar forced convection of a nanofluid flowing in a duct at microscale.
Results were compared with both analytical and experimental data and observed good concordance with
previous studies available in the literature. Influences of Brinkman and Reynolds number on thermal and
hydrodynamic indexes have been investigated. For a given nanofluid, no change in efficiency (heat dissipation
to pumping power) was observed with an increasing in Reynolds number. It was shown that the pressure was
decrease with an increase in Brinkman number. Dependency of Nu increment changes with substrate material.
Performance Evaluation of Thermoelectric Materials: A Case Study of Orthorhom...inventionjournals
Designers often face the predicament of non-standardized and poor performing materials for thermoelectric module manufacturing. Other than analytical means, the only method to evaluate the performance of thermoelectric materials would be through experimental means. This work studies the experimental approach employed in performance investigation of thermoelectric materials using Orthorhombic SnSe crystals as a case study. The result obtained reveals the high thermoelectric conversion efficiency of orthorhombic crystals, and that they can operate as both low and high temperature thermoelectric material.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative studies on heat transfer and fluid flow in cored brick and pebble...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The article reports on comparison of transient heat transfer and fluid flow in two different sensible heat storage devices using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The candidate heat storage devices considered were cored brick and pebble bed and air was taken to be the working fluid. Same geometrical, material, porosity and boundary conditions, have been used for both the cored brick and pebble bed heaters, to compare the axial temperature history and pressure drop. The heat storage system comprises alumina, either in form of pebbles of diameter 6.5 mm, packed to a length of 0.455m in a 43mm diameter pipe, or cored brick of 43mm diameter and same length with through holes to have the same porosity (0.48) as that of the former. The conditions at inlet, outlet and lateral surface too have been taken to be same for both the systems. The fluid flow was considered to be incompressible with k-epsilon model to predict turbulence, and the thermo-physical properties of fluid and solid were assumed to remain constant. Simulations carried out for an inlet temperature of 465 K for velocities ranging from 2m/s to 5 m/s revealed that pressure drop in pebble bed to be considerably higher than those in cored brick, while the temperature history exhibited mixed trends.
Keywords: Cored Brick, Pebble Bed and Porosity
Cooling Of Power Converters by Natural ConvectionIJERA Editor
This paper discusses the numerical analysis of the effect of a discontinuous heat flux on heat transfer by natural convection along a vertical flat plate or in a rectangular channel. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of a discrete distribution of the heat flux on the cooling of twelve resistors, which represent electronic components, that are mounted on an aluminium vertical plate. The results of the simulations show that the distribution of the heat flux significantly influences the heat transfer.
RESEARCH ON INDUCTION HEATING - A REVIEWEditor IJCATR
This paper presents results of finite element analysis of induction heating problems considering temperature dependence of
material characteristics. In this analysis, we have used the three-dimensional finite element method in order to correctly express
induction heating coil’s shapes and to make clear its effects on temperature distributions. The heat-conducting problem and the eddy
current problem are coupled, and solved by using the step-by-step calculations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
THE INFLUENCE OF SHAPE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF METAL PARTICLES ON THE THE...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effect of shape and spatial distribution of metal particles on the thermal conductivity of nickel-silicone composites is investigated to find out the optimum shape and spatial distribution of metal particles in polymer composites. Various finite element models with different particles shapes and arrangements are constructed to predict composite thermal conductivity.
Similar to Development of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Test Rig for Engineering Material (20)
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Development of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Test Rig for Engineering Material
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 8, Issue 2 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 60-66
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 60 | Page
Development of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Test Rig for
Engineering Material
Dinesh Kumar1
, Prakash Chandra2
1,2
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, India)
Abstract : This paper describe the development of a hot rod method by using water as a coolant medium which
measure the heat loss through the rod for the steady state measurement of thermal conductivity of small
samples. The heat flow through the test sample was essentially one dimensional and heat loss through
engineering material is made to use heated guard to block the flow of heat from the hot rod to the
surroundings. Since large correction factors must be applied to account for guard imperfection and not
maintained ideal condition. So that it may be preferable to simply measure and correct for the heat that flows
from the heater disc to directions other than into the sample. Experimental measurements taken in a prototype
apparatus combined with extensive computational modeling of the heat transfer in the apparatus show that
sufficiently accurate measurements can be obtained to allow determination of thermal conductivity of
engineering material. Suggestions are made for further improvements in the method based on results from
regression analysis of the generated data.
Keywords: Thermal Conductivity, Sensor, Thermal Insulation, Microcontroller, Steady State Technique.
I. Introduction
Thermal conductivity is the physical property of the material denoting the ease with a particular
substance can accomplish the transmission of thermal energy by molecular motion. Thermal conductivity of a
material depends on the chemical composition of the substance or substances of which it is composed, the phase
(i.e. gas, liquid or solid) in which it exists, its crystalline structure of a solid, the temperature and pressure to
which it is subjected. It also depends on whether the material is homogeneous or not. In all solids, energy may
be transferred by means of elastic vibrations of the lattice moving through the crystal in the form of waves. In
some solids, notably metals, free electrons moving through the lattice also carry energy in a manner similar to
thermal conduction by a true gas phase. At ordinary temperature all solids store thermal energy as vibratory
motion of their atoms and potential energy in the bonding between atoms. Therefore the thermal conductivity is
related to the heat capacity.Because the selection of measuring method for thermal conductivity had significant
role in this work, a brief review of thermal conductivity measurement methods was warranted and had to be
included in this thesis. Two general classifications of thermal conductivity measurement methods were reported
in literature: (i) steady-state and (ii) transient state methods. In either case the measurement may be absolute or
comparative. The difference in thermal conductivity values for absolute or comparative cases is because
comparative methods require the property of another material in the calculation of a test sample thermal
conductivity, typically a distinct disadvantage. Jensen et al. included a more complete overview of common
methods.
Jensen et al. [2] worked on validation of a thermal conductivity measurement system for fuel compacts.
A high temperature guarded-comparative-longitudinal heat flow measurement system has been built to measure
the thermal conductivity of a composite nuclear fuel compact. It was a steady-state measurement device
designed to operate over a temperature range of 300 K to 1200 K. No existing apparatus is currently available
for obtaining the thermal conductivity of the composite fuel in a non-destructive manner due to the compact’s
unique geometry and composite nature. The current system design has been adapted from ASTM E 1225. As a
way to simplify the design and operation of the system, it uses a unique radioactive heat sink to conduct heat
away from the sample column. A finite element analysis was performed on the measurement system to analyse
the associated error for various operating conditions. Optimal operational conditions have been discovered
through this analysis and results are presented. Several materials have been measured by the system and results
are presented for stainless steel 304, Inconel 625, and 99.95% pure iron covering a range of thermal
conductivities of 10 𝑊/𝑚𝑘 to 70 𝑊/𝑚𝑘.
Alam et al. [7] worked on thermal property of engineering material and analysis of insulating materials.
In this study [7], thermal conductivity of insulating materials were determined and compared with the values
reported in literature. Lee’s and Charlton’s apparatus was used to measure the property of insulating materials
by steady state technique. This apparatus provide more precise result for insulators and it may be utilized for the
further thermal related analysis. For this work an experimental set up was prepared to determine and analyse the
thermal conductivity of insulating materials. The thermal conductivities obtained by this apparatus for the
2. Development of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Test Rig for Engineering Material
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material borosilicate glass, styrene butadiene rubber, and polyolefin foam faced aluminium foil were 0.797 𝑊/
𝑚𝐾, 0.3023 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 and 0.057 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 respectively. The experimental results were found 9-30 % deviation
from the values reported in literature.
Hooper et al. [10] worked on error in heat flow in axial direction, the ratio of the probe length to
outside diameter, 𝐿/𝑑, was an important value to indicate possible error from axial heat flow within the probe.
The line heat source theory assumes one-dimensional radial heat flow, and small 𝐿/𝑑ratios may indicate more
induced error from axial flow. Anterior researchers noted that investigators have recommended minimum values
for the heater 𝐿/𝑑ratios which range from 31 to 100. Hooper and Lepper [10] also recommend 𝐿/𝑑ratio of at
least 100 to minimize error from axial heat flow.
Presley et al. [11] recommend using a highly conductive sheath to improve gap conductance, such as,
stainless steel or aluminium and its alloys. Good thermal contact between the probe and the sample material
increases accuracy. Poor contact will delay the material response time, and thus, make slope estimates difficult.
To enhance accuracy, thermal grease was recommended by ASTM Standard to minimize uncertainties from
poor sample-to-probe contact.
Wang et al. [12] worked on photoacoustic measurement of thermal conductivity measurement of thin
films and bulks materials. The photoacoustic (PA) technique was one of many techniques for measuring thermal
conductivity of thin films. Compared with other techniques for thermal conductivity measurement, the
photoacoustic method was relatively simple, yet is able to provide accurate thermal conductivity data for many
types of thin films and bulk materials. In this work [12], the PA measurement in a high frequency range was
made possible by a newly developed PA apparatus, which extends the limit of the PA technique. Thermal
conductivities of SiO2 with thicknesses from 0.05 to 0.5 mm on Si wafer, e-beam evaporated thin nickel film on
Si wafer, and thermal barrier coatings were obtained. In addition to the commonly used phase shift fitting,
which was only appropriate for thermally-thin films, an amplitude fitting method is developed and employed for
measuring both thin films and bulk materials with smooth or rough surfaces.
Stojanovic et al. [13] analysed for thin-fin the thermal conductivity measurement using microelectrothermal test
structure. A new method for measuring thermal conductivities of films with Nano scale thickness has been
proposed. The method combines a microelectrothermal test structure with a finite-element based data analysis
procedure. The test device consists of two serpentine nickel structures, which serve as resistive heaters and
resistance temperature detectors, on top of the sample. The sample is supported by a silicon nitride membrane.
Analytical solution of the heat flow is infeasible, making interpretation of the data difficult. To address this, we
use a finite-element model of the test structure, and apply nonlinear least-squares estimation to extract the
desired material parameter values.
Rayeshi et al. [14] presented a paper on analysis of one dimensional hyperbolic heat conduction in a
functionally graded thin plate. In this paper presents the analytical solution of one-dimensional non-Fourier heat
conduction problem for a finite plate made of functionally graded material. To investigate the influence of
material properties variation, exponential space-dependent functions of thermal conductivity and specific heat
capacity are considered. The problem was solved analytically in the Laplace domain, and the final results in the
time domain are obtained using numerical inversion of the Laplace transform (LT). The trial solution method
with collocation optimizing criterion has been applied to solve the hyperbolic heat conduction equation based on
polynomial shape function approximation. Due to the reflection and interaction of the thermal waves, the
temperature peak happens on the insulated wall of the FGM plate, so the major aim of this paper is to find the
amount of temperature peak and the time at which it happens. It has been shown that the dimensionless
temperature peak and its happening time increase along with an increase in the dimensionless relaxation time.
The results are validated by comparison with the results from an exact available solution solved at special case
which shows a close agreement.
Miyazaki et al. [15] presented a paper on, “Heat Conduction of a Porous Material”. In this paper,
numerical and experimental works were presented for the thermal conductivity reduction by using a porous
material. Recently thermal conductivity reduction has been one of the key technologies to enhance the figure of
merit (ZT) of a thermoelectric material. Numerical calculations of heat conduction in porous materials were
carried out, such as phonon Boltzmann transport (BTE) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, in order to
investigate the mechanism of the thermal conductivity reduction of a porous material. In the BTE, the periodic
boundary conditions with constant heat flux have been applied to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of
porous materials. Nano particles were prepared by beads milling method. The thermal conductivity is one-fifth
of that of a bulk material as well as keeping the same Seebeck coefficient as the bulk value.
3. Development of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Test Rig for Engineering Material
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II. Experimental Setup &Procedure
2.1 Experimental Setup
The experimental set up consists of the metal bar, one end of which is heated by an electric heater
while the other end of the bar projects inside the cooling water. The middle portion of the bar is surrounded by
a cylindrical shell filled with the plaster of peris. The temperature of the bar is measured at two different
positions, while the radial temperature distribution is measured by separate thermocouples at two different
sections in the insulating shell. The method of determining thermal conductivity by axial heat flow through a
long cylindrical sample is used. The schematic diagram of the apparatus for measuring thermal conductivity is
shown in Figure1.The material rod consists of concentrically mounted sample, thermal shield, vacuum
container, plaster of peris fill around the cylindrical pipe. The sample rod is clamped to the heat sink at the top;
the sample heater is attached to the bottom of this rod. The temperature distribution along the sample is
measured by means of two thermocouples attached to thermocouple holders positioned along the rod. Heat
losses by gas convection and conduction are made negligible by evacuating the region surrounding the sample.
Losses by radiation and conduction along the lead wires are reduced by enclosing the sample rod
maintained at approximately fixed temperature within a symmetric cylindrical thermal shield. Axial gradient as
the sample, measurements of the temperature, thermal gradient, and power input to the sample, combined with
data on the cross-sectional area permit a calculation of the thermal conductivity of the sample based upon
Fourier's equation for steady state linear heat flow. The heat sink is maintained at a constant lowtemperature by
a refrigerant, usually water. The water tank is surrounded by thermocol which reduces the heat from water to the
surrounding atmosphere.
Figure 1: Schematic Thermal Conductivity Measurement Apparatus
2.2 Working Procedure
The working procedures of the experiment for thermal conductivity measurement of test sample are
summarized as follows.
1. The length of test section and diameter of the sample were measured and the values have been noted down.
2. The main switch of power supply has been put on.
3. Before turning heating or cooling, all the temperature readings (at all points 1-2) has been checked. If the
apparatus is in equilibrium with the room air, all temperature sensors should indicate the same temperature
except for the measurement errors.
4. The heater has been switched on; the power supplied was about 125 W. An optimum heating power should
be found so that the relative lost to the surroundings by radiation and convection and hence some fraction of
the heat supplied would be lost and the error in the calculation occurred.
5. After approximately thirty minutes time, steady state condition has been achieved.
6. The temperature sensor has been connected to any one of the temperature sensors on the hot side (number 1
and 2 on the Figure 1). The system reaches a steady state condition after sometime. Steady state means the
temperature does not change with respect to time. For example, if the temperature does not change by more
than 0.10
C it may be assumed that the steady state is reached.
7. The readings have been recorded for all the two locations (1 on the hot side and 2 on the cold side, see the
Figure 1)
8. The experiments have been repeated for different materials.
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9. After experiment was over, the dimmer has been put to zero position and the main switch made off.
III. Indentations and Equations
Experiments have been carried out with three different materials namely Brass, Aluminium and Steel
for thermal conductivity measurement. Temperatures at inlet and outlet sections have been recorded for three
materials. The bar has been heated at its end by heater. The heat would be conducted through the bar to the other
end. After attaining the steady state temperature, heat would be transferred from the rod section to the water
tank. The enthalpy of water may be calculated by using energy formula i.e.
Enthalpy of water, 𝑄 𝑤 = 𝑀𝑆 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ……………………………..(1)
Where,
𝑀 =Mass of water. (𝐾𝑔)
𝑆 =Specific heat of water. (𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃)
𝑇𝑖 =Initial temperature of water.(℃)
𝑇𝑓 =Final temperature of water.(℃)
Again,
Heat losses through water per second may be calculated by using formula,
𝑄 =
𝑄 𝑤
𝑡
……………………………………..(2)
Where,
𝑡 =Time taken to raise the temperature of water.(𝑠)
𝑄 = Heat gained by water per second. (𝑊)
Thermal conductivity of bar may be calculatedby Fourier’s Laws
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2)/𝐿…………………(3)
The negative sign is introduced because heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature & serves
to make the heat flux in the positive direction.
The measured values of the apparatus are as follows,
Length of test section (𝐿) = 0.05m
Diameter of rod (𝑑) = 0.005m
Mass of water (𝑀) taken = 0.5 kg
So, the surface area of heat flow (𝐴) = 𝜋 × 𝑑2
/4
= 𝜋 × 0.0052
/4
= 1.963× 10-5
m2
3.1 Calculation for Brass Material
Average temperature gradient = (840 + 820 + 820)/3 =826.66 𝐾/𝑚
During steady state condition water gained 0.65℃ in fifteen minute time interval
Heat gained by water per second = (0.5× 4200×0.65)/900
= 1.51 𝑊
By conservation of energy principle
Heat loos by rod per second = heat gained by water per second
−𝑘𝐴 (𝑇1– 𝑇2)/𝐿 =1.51
𝑘 × 1.963× 10-5
× 826.66 = 1.51
𝑘 = 93.05
Thermal conductivity of brass material = 93.05 𝑊/𝑚𝐾
Table 3.1 Temperature at inlet and outlet sections for Brass Material
S. No. Temperature at inlet
section(𝑇1)
Temperature at
outlet Section1(𝑇2)
Change in Temperature
(𝑇1-𝑇2)
Temperature Gradient
(𝑇1-𝑇2) /𝐿
1. 109 67 42 840
2. 110 69 41 820
3. 111 70 41 820
The standard value of thermal conductivity of homogeneous brass material is 121𝑊/𝑚𝐾.
The percentage error for value obtained from experiment with actual value has been calculated.
Percentage error = (121 − 93.05) × 100/121
=23.09
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The percentage error in thermal conductivity measurement of brass material was obtained as 23.09%
that is due to deviation from ideal conditions in the experiments.
3.2 Calculation for Aluminium Material
Average temperature gradient = (520 + 500 + 440)/3 = 486.66 𝐾/𝑚
During steady state condition water gained 0.69℃ in fifteen minute time interval
Heat gained by water per second = (0.5 × 4200 × 0.69)/900
= 1.61 𝑊
By conservation of energy principle
Heat loos by rod per second = heat gained by water
−𝑘𝐴 (𝑇1– 𝑇2)/𝐿 =1.61
𝑘 × 1.963× 10-5
× 486.66 = 1.61
𝑘 = 168.53
Thermal conductivity of aluminium material = 168.53 𝑊/𝑚𝐾
Table 3.2 Temperature at inlet and outlet sections for Aluminium
S. No. Temperature at inlet
section(𝑇1)
Temperature at
outlet Section1(𝑇2)
Change in Temperature
(𝑇1-𝑇2)
Temperature Gradient
(𝑇1-𝑇2) /𝐿
1. 114 88 26 520
2. 115 90 25 500
3. 116 94 22 440
The standard value of thermal conductivity of homogeneous aluminium material is 225 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.
Percentage error = (225 − 168.53) × 100/225
= 25.09
The percentage error in thermal conductivity measurement of aluminium material was obtained as
25.09% that may be accepted due to deviations from ideal conditions in the experiment.
3.3 Calculation for Steel Material
Average temperature gradient =
920+900+860
3
= 893.33 𝐾/𝑚
During steady state condition water gained 0.52℃ in fifteen minute time interval
Heat gained by water per second =
0.5× 4200×0.52
900
= 1.21 𝑊
By conservation of energy principle
Heat loos by rod per second = heat gained by water per second
−𝑘𝐴 (𝑇1– 𝑇2)/𝐿 =1.21
𝑘 × 1.963× 10-5
× 893.33 = 1.21
𝑘 = 69
Thermal conductivity of steel material =69 𝑊/𝑚𝐾
The standard value of thermal conductivity of homogeneous steel material is 45 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.The
percentage error has been calculated.
Table 3.3 Temperature at inlet and outlet sections for Steel
S. No. Temperature at inlet
section(𝑇1)
Temperature at
outlet Section1(𝑇2)
Change in Temperature
(𝑇1-𝑇2)
Temperature Gradient
(𝑇1-𝑇2) /𝐿
1. 96 50 46 920
2. 97 52 45 900
3. 99 56 43 860
Percentage error = (69 − 45) ×
100
45
= 53.33
The percentage error in thermal conductivity measurement of steel material was 53.33 %. The larger value of
error may be due to the unavailability of exact composition of the alloy.
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IV. Figures
Some important figures used in Thermal Conductivity Measurement Apparatus are
4.1 RTD Sensor
An RTD (resistance temperature detector) is a temperature sensor that operates on the measurement
principle that a material’s electrical resistance changes with temperature. The relationship between
an RTD’s resistance and the surrounding temperature is highly predictable, allowing for accurate and consistent
temperature measurement. By supplying an RTD with a constant current and measuring the resulting voltage
drop across the resistor, the RTD’sresistance can be calculated, and the temperature can be determined.
4.2 Water Tank
The purpose of water tank was the measurement of heat loss from the metal rod. The water tank is
surrounded by the thermocol material (TM) which reduces the heat loss from water to the surrounding
atmosphere.
Figure 4.2: Water Tank
4.3: Temperature Display
The temperature display is important part of thermal conductivity measurement apparatus. Its work to
display the temperature of two different sections on display screen. The temperature of first section display first
and temperature of other section display last.
Figure 4.3: Temperature Display
7. Development of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Test Rig for Engineering Material
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4.4: Thermometer
Mercury Laboratory Thermometer was used to measure the temperature of water heated during
experiment until to achieve steady state condition. The mercury Laboratory thermometer had range of -100
C to
1100
C to measure the temperature of water.
Figure 4.4: Thermometer
V. Conclusion
The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of experimental results obtained. An experimental
investigation measuring the thermal conductivity of three different engineering materials like brass, aluminium
and steel with a thermal test rod in the presence of energized heat sources was conducted. The summaries of
results obtained from experiment are following.
I. The thermal conductivity of brass material was obtained 93.05 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 during experiment. But the
standard value thermal conductivity of brass material is 121 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.The percentage error in the value
of thermal conductivity of brass was obtained as 23.09 % during experiment.
II. The thermal conductivity of aluminium material was obtained 168.53 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 during experiment. But
the standard value of thermal conductivity of aluminium material is 225 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.The percentage error
in the value of thermal conductivity for aluminium was obtained as 25.09 % during experiment.
III. The thermal conductivity of steel material was obtained 69 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 during experiment. But the standard
value of thermal conductivity of steel material is 225 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.The percentage error in the value of
thermal conductivity for steel was obtained as 53.33 % during experiment.
References
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