This document provides an overview of conventional wireline logging and formation evaluation. It begins with an introduction to well logging, formation evaluation, and petrophysics. It then outlines an agenda covering various logging tools including temperature, caliper, self-potential, resistivity, gamma ray, sonic, density, and neutron logs. For each tool, it provides details on the measurement principle, log presentation, and applications for formation analysis. The overall document serves as an introduction for understanding well logging methods and their use in characterizing subsurface formations.
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
Well logs can be states as “a recording against depth of any of the characteristics of the rock formations traversed by a measuring apparatus in the well-bore.”
A small presentation about wireline logs, showing their function or the technology that they use.
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Petroleum Geology II, Winter Semester 2013/2014.
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
Well logs can be states as “a recording against depth of any of the characteristics of the rock formations traversed by a measuring apparatus in the well-bore.”
A small presentation about wireline logs, showing their function or the technology that they use.
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Petroleum Geology II, Winter Semester 2013/2014.
PENNGLEN FIELD Development Plan (GULF of MEXICO)PaulOkafor6
A FDP designed with the goal to define the development scheme that allows the optimization of the hydrocarbon recovery at a minimal cost for project sanction
This was designed by MSc Students from the Institute of Petroleum Studies, UNIPORT/ IFP School, France
Plasticization rates can be greatly increased with the use of grooved feed extrusion. Grooved feed extruders can be used in a wide range of extrusion processes for higher output rates. This technology has doubled plasticization rates for some resins and processes as compared to smooth bore extruders.
This paper will compare the performance of three different screw geometries while processing fractional melt HDPE. One of the main methods of evaluation will be the comparison of internal pressure profiles over the entire length of the screw at eleven different locations down the length of the barrel at two L/D apart.
slope stability and seepage by slide software (Teton dam)AbdullahKhan798
Teton dam is being modeled by slide software and other improved models are shown. It is tried to get the correct data for teton dam there may be some errors
Industry studies show that mature fields currently account for over 70% of the world’s oil and gas production. Increasing production rates and ultimate recovery in these fields in order to maintain profitable operations, without increasing costs, is a common challenge.
This lecture addresses techniques to extract maximum value from historical production data using quick workflows based on common sense. Extensive in-depth reservoir studies are obviously very valuable, but not all situations require these, particularly in the case of brown fields where the cost of the study may outweigh the benefits of the resulting recommendations.
This lecture presents workflows based on Continuous Improvement/LEAN methodology which are flexible enough to apply to any mature asset for short and long term planning. A well published, low permeability brown oil field was selected to retroactively demonstrate the workflows, as it had an evident workover campaign in late 2010 with subsequent production increase. Using data as of mid-2010, approximately 40 wells were identified as under-performing due to formation damage or water production problems, based on three days of analyses. The actual performance of the field three years later was then revealed along with the actual interventions performed. The selection of wells is compared to the selection suggested by the workflow, and the results of the interventions are shown. The field's projected recovery factor was increased by 5%, representing a gain of 1.4 million barrels of oil.
All petroleum companies aims to reach maximum production naturally by saving the pay zone characteristics to avoid using different enhanced oil recovery techniques.
Now it is possible by Special Core analysis techniques. Simple analysis on the surface; great time saving while drilling the subsurface.
Trying in this presentation to explain the main topics of (FDT).
For any further information, please contact me on : abdalrahmanibrahim209@gamil.com
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Conventional wireline Logging and Formation Evaluation
By
Abd Al Rahman Ibrahim Soliman,
BSc of Geoscience,
Faculty of science, Alexandria University.
abdalrahmanibrahim209@gmail.com
3. 3
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10. Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
4. 4
What We Need for a Success
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
A Rube Goldberg View
of a Hydrocarbon System
A “Kitchen”
Where Organic
Material Is
Cooked
A “Container”
From Which
Oil & Gas
Can Be
Produced
“Plumbing” To Connect
the Container to the Kitchen
Correctly
Placed
Wells
5. 5
Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
0
2
4
6
8
Oil & Gas
Generation
Window
Gas
Generation
Window
Depth(km)
Source
Reservoir
Trap & Seal
Migration
Gas & Oil
No More
HC Generation
79. 79
Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Wireline Logging…Continuous recording of geophysical parameters along a borehole (With depth), to produce
geophysical well log.
Petrophysics…Is the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids(oil, gas, and water). Study occur
on Core samples.
Formation Evaluation…is the process of using borehole measurements to evaluate the characteristics of
subsurface formation.
85. 85
Solving The Jigsaw
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
85
PETROPHYSICS
GEOLOGY
DRILLING RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
GEOPHYSICS
- Facies characterization
- Structural
- Sand bodies distribution
- Seismic facies
- Rock Physics
- Synthetic seismic/Tie-in
- Fluids /contatcs
- Pressure/Compartments
- Relative permeability
- Rock mechanics
- Data Acquisition
- Real time drilling optimization
Where
what to
drill
Targetting
hydrocarbons
, P&T
compartm
ents
Model
update
(4D)
Model
Maps
Volumes
98. 98
Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
These measurements are necessary because
• geological sampling during drilling (cutting sampling) leaves a
very imprecise record of the formations encountered.
• Entire formation samples can be brought to the surface by
mechanical coring, but this is both slow and expensive.
• The results of coring, of course, are unequivocal. Logging is
precise, but equivocal, in that it needs interpretation to bring a
log to the level of geological or petrophysical experience.
• However, logs fill the gap between ‘cuttings’ and cores, with
experience, calibration and computers, they can almost replace
cores, as they certainly contain enough information.
99. 99
Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Well A Well DWell CWell B
Coastal Plain Sandstones and Mudstones
Shallow Marine Sandstones
Shelf Mudstones
100. 100
Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Here the correlation is based on common
lithologic units
Well A Well DWell CWell B
Datum
Coastal Plain
Nearshore Sands
Shelf Mudstones
101. 101
Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Here the correlation is based on an
interpretation of time-equivalent stratal
packages – i.e., parasequences
Well A Well DWell CWell B
Coastal Plain
Shelf Mudstones
Index
Fossil
104. 105
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10. Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
105. 106
Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
• The Temperature Log is a tool for measuring the borehole
temperature.
• Temperature sensors are attached to every tool
combination that is run in a well for the measurement of
the maximum temperature (assumed to be at the bottom
of the well),
• and a few modern tools exist that can continuously
measure temperature as the tool travels down the well.
106. 107
Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
• Readings from a number of the maximum thermometers
attached to different tool combinations and run at
different times are analyzed to give the corrected
temperature at the bottom of the borehole (bottom hole
temperature, BHT).
108. 109
Geothermal gradient Vs Thermal conductivity
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Geothermal Gradient…Rate of increasing temperature
and pressure with depth.
Thermal Conductivity…The efficiency of the formation to
transmits heat.
𝑮 =
𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒔
𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
Where G….Geothermal Gradient, Tf…Formation
Temperature, Ts…Average surface temperature.
119. Break out
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
result of inter action of stresses induced by drilling and
the existing stress regime of the country rock.
120. Uses of the Caliper Log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Indicator of:
1. good permeability and
porosity zones.
2. mud cake thickness.
3. borehole volume.
4. cement volume.
5. hole quality .
121. 122
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10.Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
130. 131
Static SP and shale base line .
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
131. 132
SP anomalies
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
• saw toothed profile .
1. related to invasion condition .
2. Related to Noise .
132. 133
Factors affecting SP .
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1-Oil-base muds.
2-Hydrocarbon saturation suppresses SP
deflections.
3- Unbalanced mud columns.
4- Bed thickness .
5- Resistivities.
133. 134
Application of SP log.
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1-Detection of permeable
beds.
2- Location of bed
boundaries.
3- Delineation of shale
beds.
134. 135
Application of SP log .
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
4- Determination of Rw (formation water resistivity).
5- Determination of shale
volumes .
135. 136
Application of SP log .
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
6- Indications on the environment of deposition.
136. 137
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10.Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
137. Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Resistance… is the obstruction offered to the flow of current by a
conductor.
Resistivity… is the obstruction offered to the flow of current by
UNIT AREA OF the conductor.
Conductivity…is the ability of current to flow through material
So basically, resistance is the property of the object (say a copper
wire), whereas resistivity is the property of the substance
(copper).
And so resistance depends upon the properties of the object.
Whereas resistivity depends upon the properties of the metal.
140. Introduction
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Most rock materials are essentially insulators while their encl
osed fluids are conductors.
Hydrocarbons are the exception to fluid conductivity and on
the contrary they are infinitely resistive.
143. Golden Rule
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Most rock materials are essentially insulators. While
their enclosed fluids are conductors. Hydrocarbons are
the exception to fluid conductivity, and on the contrary ,
they are infinitely resistive. When a formation is porous
and contains salty water the overall resistivity will be
low .When this same formation contains hydrocarbons,
its resistivity will be very high.
145. Formation Resistivity factor
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
The conductivity of the rock in general should be that of
the solution it contains. But it is not. Although the rock
plays no active part. It plays an important passive one
.This passive role is basically dependent on rock
texture or more specifically on the geometry of the
pores and pore connections
148. -Factors affecting measurement
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Hole diameter d
2.Mud resistivity Rm
3.Bed thickness
4.Resistivity of surrounding bed Rs
5.Resistivity of invaded zone Ri
6.True resistivity of zone Rt
7.Diameter of invaded zone di
152. Induction log Vs conventional resistivity log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
153. Log presentation
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
R (Resistivity)= 1000/C (Conductivity)
curve is printed on the far right hand scale, track 4. The
conductivity measurements are automatically reciprocated
and a plot of the processed equivalent resistivity is found on
track 3
154. Uses of Resistivity log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
The Archie Equation and Water saturation calculation
𝑆𝑤 =
𝑛 𝑅𝑜
𝑅𝑡
or 𝑆𝑤 =
𝑛 𝐹×𝑅𝑤
𝑅𝑡
𝑭 =
𝑅𝑜
𝑅𝑤
.......... 𝐹 =
𝑎
∅ 𝑚 …………………..𝐼 =
𝑅𝑡
𝑅𝑜
155. Uses of Resistivity log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Symbol Illustration
F Formation resistivity factor
Ro the resistivity of a rock with I 00% water
Rw Formation water resistivity
Rt True resistivity
Rxo Resistivity of flushed zone
Rmf Resistivity of mud filtrate
Sw Water saturation
Sxo flushed zone water saturation = 1.0 – RHS (residual hydrocarbon saturation)
a Tortuosity factor
m Cementation factor
n Saturation component usually 2
I The resistivity index
∅ Porosity
156. 157
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10.Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
166. 167
Uses……..Shale volume
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
𝑰𝑮𝑹 =
𝑮𝑹 𝐥𝐨𝐠 − 𝑮𝑹 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑮𝑹 𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝑮𝑹 𝒎𝒊𝒏
Gas bearing zone
Oil bearing zone
Water bearing zone
167. 168
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10.Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
168. 169
sonic logs
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
• The first arrival or compressional wave .
o The shear wave .
o The mud wave .
o The Stoneley wave .
169. Principle of measurment
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
• log that measures interval transit time (Δt) of a
compressional sound wave travelling through the
formation along the axis of the borehole
∆𝑡 =
106
𝑣
the BHC: borehole compensated sonic tool
the LSS: long-spaced sonic tool
173. 17
4
Uses of the Sonic Log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Porosity Determination
a. The Wyllie Time Average Equation
The velocity of elastic waves through a given lithology
is a function of porosity. Wyllie proposed a simple
mixing equation to describe this behavior and called it
the time average equation.
174. 17
5
Uses of the Sonic Log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Porosity Determination
b. Secondary and Fracture Porosity
The sonic log is sensitive only to the primary
intergranular porosity. By contrast, the density and
neutron logs record the total porosity. The difference
between the two measurements, therefore, can be
used to calculate a value for the secondary porosity
(SPI or ϕ2)
175. 17
6
Uses of the Sonic Log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Porosity Determination
c. The Raymer-Hunt Equation
176. 17
7
Uses of the Sonic Log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
177. 178
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10.Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
178. 17
9
DENSITY LOG
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Density log measures the bulk density of the formation.
Its main use is to derive a value for the total porosity of
the formation. It's also useful in the detection of gas-
bearing formations.
179. 18
0
Theory
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
• Dense formations absorb many gamma rays, while low-
density formations absorb fewer. Thus, high-count rates
at the detectors indicate low-density formations,
whereas low count rates at the detectors indicate high-
density formations.
• For example, in a thick anhydrite bed the detector count
rates are very low, while in a highly washed-out zone of
the hole, simulating an extremely low-density formation,
the count rate at the detectors is extremely high.
183. 18
4
Uses of the Formation Density Log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1. The main use of the formation density log is to determine
quantitatively porosity.
2. the recognition of gas-bearing zones, and the
identification of minerals (particularly evaporites).
3. The combination of formation density log data with
neutron log data gives one of the best ways of identifying
lithologies in a borehole.
184. 18
5
Uses of the Formation Density Log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Porosity calculation:
Grain (matrix) densities of some common rock
forming minerals.
185. 186
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10.Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
186. 18
7
Neutron log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
In clean reservoirs containing little or no shale, the neutron
log response will provide a good measure of formation
porosity if liquid-filled pore spaces contain hydrogen, as is
the case when pores are filled with oil or water (hydrogen
index =1).
The neutron log is sensitive mainly to the amount of
hydrogen atoms in a formation. Its main use is in the
determination of the porosity of a formation.
189. 19
0
Uses of the Neutron Log
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Gas Effect
190. 19
1
Porosity Logs
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
2. Determination of Lithology using the Neutron-Density Combination
give a direct measurement of TOTAL porosity.
Clean Formations
• There is no separation for pure limestones, and the
porosity value that the log gives is accurate.
• There is a small negative separation for clean sandstones.
• There is a moderate positive separation for pure
dolomites.
192. 193
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10.Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
193. 19
4
THE LITHO-DENSITY LOG
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
The litho-density log is a new form of the formation density
log with added features. It is typified by Schlumberger’s
Litho-Density Tool (LDT). These tools have a caesium-137
source emitting gamma rays at 0.662 MeV, a short-spaced
and a long-spaced detector in the same way as the basic
formation density tool. However, the detectors are more
efficient, and have the ability to recognize and to count
separately gamma rays which have high energies (hard
gamma rays: 0.25 to 0.662 MeV) and gamma rays which
have low energies (soft gamma rays: 0.04 to 0.0 MeV).
196. 19
7
Log Presentation
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
photo-electric factor log
(PEF). It is shown in tracks
3 together with the
formation density and
neutron curves. Scales
running from 0 to 10 or 0
to 15 or 0 to 20
barns/electron
198. 199
Agenda
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
1.Introduction
2.Temperature log
3.Caliper log
4.Self potential Log, and Induction Log
5.Resistivity Log
6.Gamma Ray log
7.Sonic (Acoustic) Log
8.Density Log
9.Neutron Log
10.Photoelectric Factor (PEF)
199. 200
References
Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Formation Evaluation and Petrophysics [Mr D. G. Bowen].
Basic Well Log Interpretation 2012. SHAHNAWAZ MUSTAFA.
Basic Well Log Analysis (2nd ed.) [G. Asquith, D. Krygowski, 2004].
The geological interpretation of well logs / Malcolm Rider. - 2nd ed.
Principles of Mathematical Petrophysics [Edward D. Holstein, Larry W. Lake, 2014].
Well_Logging_in_Nontechnical_Language__2nd_ed.Johnson Pile, 2006.
Schlumberger Log Interpretation Principles-Applications (1989).
Practical Petrophysics [M. Kennedy, 2015].
Well Logging for Earth Scientists By Darwin & Julian
Principles of Mathematical Petrophysics [Edward D. Holstein, Larry W. Lake, 2014]
Schlumberger, Log Interpretation Charts, Houston, TX (1995)
Western Atlas, Log Interpretation Charts, Houston, TX (1992)
Western Atlas, Introduction to Wireline Log Analysis, Houston, TX (1995)
Halliburton, Openhole Log Analysis and Formation Evaluation, Houston, TX (1991)
Halliburton, Log Interpretation Charts, Houston, TX (1991)
Petrophysics MSc Course Notes, paul Clover
Crain's Petrophysical Handbook, 2014
Glossary of Exon Mobil