After completed the drilling, set the tubing and completed the well successfully, Petroleum engineers realize that the hydrocarbon fluid won't lift up from bottom hole to the surface by its reservoir drives which are mainly gas cap or water drive. Simply the gas lift technique is to reduce the density of hydrocarbon fluid inside the well to lift it to the surface by injecting compressed gas.
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
This is an academic lecture for Diploma in Engineering 7th Semester Mining and Mine Survey Technology. The Course related to this presentation is Well completion and testing
The slide-pack covers a large variety of artificial lift methods. Explanations are supported by breakdown of pros and cons, calculations and questions. Questions will shed light of roughly how to decide which method(s) to use in a specific case.
Presentation defines well completion as a sub-discipline of drilling operations. It introduces the various components of the well completion process. It then describes and explains basic areas of the completion process including the bottom-hole completion process, the perforation process, the upper completion with packers, tubing component equipment and devices, tubing configurations, the horizontal completions and the Christmas tree(production head)
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
Intelligent well completion is emerging technology in E&P sector. It helps to reduce well interventions thus to save project cost. This technology has shown enormous potential in subsea development and marginal field developments.
This presentation tackles one of the problem in oil industry, which is sand that is produced in the oil wells. Brief description about the problem, its causes, effects and solutions are proposed.
Gas Lift Design: Comparative Study of Continuous and Intermittent Gas Lift (C...Nicodeme Feuwo
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
This is an academic lecture for Diploma in Engineering 7th Semester Mining and Mine Survey Technology. The Course related to this presentation is Well completion and testing
The slide-pack covers a large variety of artificial lift methods. Explanations are supported by breakdown of pros and cons, calculations and questions. Questions will shed light of roughly how to decide which method(s) to use in a specific case.
Presentation defines well completion as a sub-discipline of drilling operations. It introduces the various components of the well completion process. It then describes and explains basic areas of the completion process including the bottom-hole completion process, the perforation process, the upper completion with packers, tubing component equipment and devices, tubing configurations, the horizontal completions and the Christmas tree(production head)
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
Intelligent well completion is emerging technology in E&P sector. It helps to reduce well interventions thus to save project cost. This technology has shown enormous potential in subsea development and marginal field developments.
This presentation tackles one of the problem in oil industry, which is sand that is produced in the oil wells. Brief description about the problem, its causes, effects and solutions are proposed.
Gas Lift Design: Comparative Study of Continuous and Intermittent Gas Lift (C...Nicodeme Feuwo
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
Production Optimization using nodal analysis. The nodal systems analysis approach is a very flexible method
that can be used to improve the performance of many well
systems. The nodal systems analysis approach may be used to analyze
many producing oil and gas well problems. The procedure can
be applied to both flowing and artificial
Analyzing Multi-zone completion using multilayer by IPR (PROSPER) Arez Luqman
The primary objective of any well drilled and completed is to produce Hydrocarbons; by loading the Hydrocarbon (i.e. Oil and Gas) contained within the well through a conduit of the well and start separating it with surface facilities depending on type and composition of the Hydrocarbon.
Producing oil is simultaneously contained with problems depending on the type and properties of the reservoir.
Furthermore, what makes the problems much more; is when oil and/or gas is produced from multi-zones at the same time, when accumulated problems from all the producer zones occurring at the same time.
To help analyze this problems we are going to use PROSPER software package IPR multilayer, in which helps in identifying the relationship between Flow rate and Reservoir pressure.
Controlling Post-Completion Flow in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage WellsBaker Hughes
Shaelyn Gordon, Adriana Hightower, SPE
Nadine Macklin, Baker Hughes
Copyright 2014, Society of Petroleum Engineers. Reprinted from the Journal of Petroleum Technology with permission.
Increased Pulverizer Performance with Loesche’s High Efficiency Dynamic Class...LOESCHE
Loesche Energy Systems Ltd was contracted by an American Utility to supply a new dynamic classifier as a retrofit for the existing static classifier on a pulverizer of a Plant. This Plant is a coal-fired power station owned and operated by an American Utility in Kentucky. The Unit generates 800MWe net and was constructed in 1969.
First Published on www.greenbankenergy.com
Steady state flow permability exp. by jarjis
Experiment Number 5: Steady state flow permability exp. by jarjis.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Reservoir Lab
Supervised By Barham Sabir
=============
This a report about Steady state flow permability exp. by jarjis. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Viscosity and yield point exp. by jarjis
Experiment Number 5: Yield Point.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
Determine Plastic Viscosity, Apparent Viscosity, And Yield point of a drilling fluid (mud) by using Fann VG viscometer.
=============
This a report about Filtration. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Gel Strength Exp. Drilling Engineering, Mud Lab, Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Gel Strength by jarjis
Experiment Number 6: Gel Strength.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Gel Strength. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Rheology model 900 viscometer Mud Engineering Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Rheology model 900 viscometer by jarjis
Experiment Number 7: Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
This a report about Marsh Funnel. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
3. Introduction
After completed the drilling, set the tubing and completed the
well successfully, Petroleum engineers realize that the
hydrocarbon fluid won't lift up from bottom hole to the
surface by its reservoir drives which are mainly gas cap or
water drive. Simply the gas lift technique is to reduce the
density of hydrocarbon fluid inside the well to lift it to the
surface by injecting compressed gas.
3
4. Introduction Cont.
The gas lift technique is one of the methods of artificial lift that
use for the same reason. Each of the methods has their advantages
and disadvantages, some of them are suitable for the shallow
depth, in contrast, some of them are suitable for the deep wells.
The selecting process of the artificial lift methods is based on
some criteria that we have covered in our project.
4
5. Introduction Cont.
Figure (1): Simple gas lift operation (Croft Production Systems, 2015)
This figure shows the simple gas
lift technique by injecting gas in
the annuals pathway to the tubing
through a special gas lift valve
called (Mandrel valve).
5
6. The Project Objective
The main objective of this project is to find out the parameters
that select the design of the gas lift system, such as determine the
optimum depth to injection and the optimum injection rate.
By using PROSPER software program, we model the data and
find out the best design of gas lift that is suitable for the available
data.
6
7. Advantages of Gas lift
Handle abrasive fluid and sand.
Compatible with wells producing with high GOR.
Minimal surface wellhead requirements.
Less maintenance required compared with other artificial methods.
Surface control of production rate.
Gas lift is flexible. A wide vary of volumes and lift depths are often
achieved with primarily a similar well equipment 7
8. Limitations of gas lift
Gas availability
Gas freezing and hydrate problems.
Casing must withstand lift pressure.
Safety problem with high pressure gas.
8
9. Types of Gas Lift
In gas lift technique, there are two types which are:
Continuous Gas Lift: A continuous gas lift operation is a steady-state
flow of the aerated fluid from the bottom of the well to the surface.
Intermittent Gas Lift: Intermittent gas lift operation is characterized
by a start-and-stop flow from the bottom (or near the bottom) of the
well to the surface. This is unsteady state flow.
9
10. Types of Gas Lift Cont.
Figure (2): Types of gas lift (Hernandez 2016) 10
11. The Gas lift System
The basic gas lift system includes:
Gas storages
Gas compressors
Injection gas lines
Injection gas manifold
Gas lift special tubing equipment (Mandrels)
Gas-liquid separator
11
12. The Gas lift System…
Figure (3): Gas lift system (Schlumberger, 1999)
12
13. Gas lift installation
The first step of implementing any gas lift system is a carefully
engineered design using specific well data and equipment
specifications.
After the design is completed, the valves are then set to prescribed
design pressure settings, which determine the pressures that the valves
will open and close at.
The valves are then placed in the gas lift mandrels and are ready to be
installed in the production string at the well location.
13
14. Gas lift installation cont..
Tubing flow installation: Lift gas is injected through the
annulus and the well is produced from the tubing.
Casing flow installation: Lift gas is injected through the
tubing string and the well is produced from the tubing-casing
annulus.
Figure (4): installation Types (Schlumberger, 1999)
14
15. Methodology
Literature Review: reviewing some important references about
Gas Lift Optimization to get more details and information about
the project.
Data Collection: try to get actual data from fields performing
artificial lifting process, If not we will model our project using
imaginary data.
Modelling: To model our project we will use PROSPER Program
to analyse the data.
15
16. Modelling and Simulation
PROSPER is a software package used in the oil industry for
production and well performance analysis purposes by the
petroleum production engineers. This software provides a good
prediction on the production aspects of a specific well after being
utilized to enhance its production.
16
17. Gas Lift Sensitives
the following parameters determine the outflow of any reservoir.
For example, in the gas lift application; where the node is
indicated at the bottom of the well, any changes or modifications
in the below parameters can be considered while carrying out
sensitivities.
Gas injection rate sensitivity
Injection depth Sensitivity
Gas lift Gas Injection GLR Sensitivity
17
18. Gas Lift Sensitives Contd.
Gas injection rate sensitivity
Through using PROSPER simulator different injection rate of the
lifting gas can be analysed. For example, on well Koya 1 different
injection rates are tried from 0 to 2.25 MMscf/day, consequently, the
below graph is plotted.
18
20. Gas Lift Sensitives Contd.
Injection depth Sensitivity
The deeper injection of Gas lift gas rate leads to an increase in the
oil rate/or liquid rate. This happens because, when gas injected at a
deeper point, this will result in a further reduction in oil column
density inside the vertical tubing.
20
22. Gas Lift Sensitives Contd.
22
Gas lift Gas Injection GLR Sensitivities
In PROSPER simulator different injected GLR can be analysed. For
example, on well Koya-1 different GORs are tried from 237
SCF/STB to 1200 SCF/STB, consequently, the below graph appears.
24. Recommendation
24
For proper selection, installation, and operations of gas lift
system, the operator must know the equipment and the
fundamental of gas lift technology.
Inject optimum amount of gas to getting maximum oil
production. But economically, less amount of gas could inject
for get oil production less than a maximum oil production
with a little decreased.
25. Conclusion
There are two types of gas lift.
1- Intermittent 2- Continuous
Most important variables of design:
1- Casing pressure (Operating pressure)
2- Setting depth for each mandrel
3- Gas Injection rate
There are two types of installation.
1- Tubing flow installation
2- Casing Flow Installation
25
26. References
Brown, K. (1973). Gas lift theory and practice, including a review
of petroleum engineering fundamentals. Tulsa, Okla.: Petroleum
Pub. Co.
Hernandez, A. (2016). Fundamentals of gas lift engineering.
Cambridge, MA: Gulf Professional Publishing.
Pittman, R. (1982). Gas Lift Design and Performance.
International Petroleum Exhibition and Technical Symposium.
26
