This study examined 692 stool samples from patients at a tertiary care hospital in Uttar Pradesh, India. The samples were tested for intestinal parasites using microscopy. Of the samples, 116 (16.8%) tested positive for parasites. The most common parasite was Entamoeba histolytica at 42.24% of positive samples, followed by Giardia lamblia at 24.13%. Giardia infections were highest in the 21-40 age group. The study found a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections compared to other areas, indicating a need for better diagnostic methods, prevention strategies, and health education on environmental hygiene.
Studies on Seasonal Variations in the Occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium ...iosrjce
Urinary schistosomiasis in most cases is complicated with bacterial infections because the so called
normal flora of the genito- urinary tract has a better chance of entering and invading the underlying internal
tissues as a result of the constant tear and scar of the epithelium by the spiny schistosomal eggs. The study was
carried ou ton seasonal variations in the occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and bacterial urinary
infections among school age children in 8 irrigation rural communities of four Local Government Areas of
Kano State from March 2012 to February 2013, in order to determine the incidence of S. haematobium and its
co-infection with bacterial pathogens among the pupils. Ethical clearance was sought from the State Universal
Basic Education Board (SUBEB). Midstream urine samples were collected in sterile universal containers and
transported to the laboratory in cold box for the laboratory procession. Urine sedimentation was carried out
using centrifugation method, followed by microscopic examination the of S. haematobium. Urinalysis was
carried out on each sample particularly to detect the presence of important makers of urinary schistosomiasis
and urinary tract infections. Sample culture was carried out on Blood Agar and cystein lactose electrolyte
deficiency (CLED) medium; Gram staining and biochemical analyses were carried out for characterization of
the Bacterial pathogens. A total of 960 pupils were examined (480 in each of the dry and rainy seasons
respectively), of which 306 (31.88%) were males and 112 (11.66%) were females; 165 (34.73%) male pupils
and 57 (11.88%) females were found to be infected with S. haematobium during the dry season whereas 141
(14.69%) males and 55 (5.73%) females were found to be infected during the rainy season. The highest
prevalence of 115 (23.96%) was found among the 11-13years age group in dry season while the lowest
prevalence of 12 (2.50%) was found among the 14-16years age group the dry seasons. In rainy season, the 11-
13 years age group had the highest prevalence (107) (22.29%) and 14-16years age group had the lowest
prevalence (17) (3.54%).With regard to urinary tract pathogens, (8) (0.83%) female pupils and 4 (0.42%) male
pupils were found to be infected during dry season while in rainy season, 70 (7.29%) females and 42 (4.38%)
male pupils were infected. Considering co-infection, the rainy season had highest prevalence (4.38%) while dry
season was found to have least prevalence (0.2%); the overall co-occurrence being 8.13%.The study shows no
significant relationship between S. haematobium and urinary tract pathogens and seasonal variation has no
profound effect on the occurrence of S. haematobium but plays an important role in urinary tract infections.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis Among Selected Group of Sudanese Patients by Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Studies on Seasonal Variations in the Occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium ...iosrjce
Urinary schistosomiasis in most cases is complicated with bacterial infections because the so called
normal flora of the genito- urinary tract has a better chance of entering and invading the underlying internal
tissues as a result of the constant tear and scar of the epithelium by the spiny schistosomal eggs. The study was
carried ou ton seasonal variations in the occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and bacterial urinary
infections among school age children in 8 irrigation rural communities of four Local Government Areas of
Kano State from March 2012 to February 2013, in order to determine the incidence of S. haematobium and its
co-infection with bacterial pathogens among the pupils. Ethical clearance was sought from the State Universal
Basic Education Board (SUBEB). Midstream urine samples were collected in sterile universal containers and
transported to the laboratory in cold box for the laboratory procession. Urine sedimentation was carried out
using centrifugation method, followed by microscopic examination the of S. haematobium. Urinalysis was
carried out on each sample particularly to detect the presence of important makers of urinary schistosomiasis
and urinary tract infections. Sample culture was carried out on Blood Agar and cystein lactose electrolyte
deficiency (CLED) medium; Gram staining and biochemical analyses were carried out for characterization of
the Bacterial pathogens. A total of 960 pupils were examined (480 in each of the dry and rainy seasons
respectively), of which 306 (31.88%) were males and 112 (11.66%) were females; 165 (34.73%) male pupils
and 57 (11.88%) females were found to be infected with S. haematobium during the dry season whereas 141
(14.69%) males and 55 (5.73%) females were found to be infected during the rainy season. The highest
prevalence of 115 (23.96%) was found among the 11-13years age group in dry season while the lowest
prevalence of 12 (2.50%) was found among the 14-16years age group the dry seasons. In rainy season, the 11-
13 years age group had the highest prevalence (107) (22.29%) and 14-16years age group had the lowest
prevalence (17) (3.54%).With regard to urinary tract pathogens, (8) (0.83%) female pupils and 4 (0.42%) male
pupils were found to be infected during dry season while in rainy season, 70 (7.29%) females and 42 (4.38%)
male pupils were infected. Considering co-infection, the rainy season had highest prevalence (4.38%) while dry
season was found to have least prevalence (0.2%); the overall co-occurrence being 8.13%.The study shows no
significant relationship between S. haematobium and urinary tract pathogens and seasonal variation has no
profound effect on the occurrence of S. haematobium but plays an important role in urinary tract infections.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis Among Selected Group of Sudanese Patients by Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Bacteriology of otitis media among patients attending generaltheijes
Otitis media is the inflammation of the middle ear and has a worldwide distribution, particularly among children. A total of 68 patients between the ages 0-42 years who presented with sign and symptoms of otitis media at Bichi general hospital were enrolled for this study. Middle ear discharge were collected, processed and bacterial isolates identified using standard microbiological techniques. Disc susceptibility tests were performed on bacterial isolates. Results indicated that there was a high frequency of occurrence of bacteria incriminated in otitis media in the 0-5 and 6-11 year age groups in the two sexes. Male patients in the two age groups were more infected than the female counterparts. The sensitivity pattern obtained in this study show a progressive increase in the emergence of strains that are resistant to many chemotherapeutic agents. Drug resistance among bacterial isolates is a common phenomenon placing challenge to both medical practitioners and genetic scientists. A routine check on sensitivity patterns among these pathogens is vital so as to regulate the prescription measure to be employed.
Indicator role and monitoring of microorganisms in life [autosaved]Maryam Idris
an overview of the role of microbes in determining the health and safety of life support systems including the crew members, rapid diagnostic methods and real time monitoring of enclosed ecosystems using microbes as indicators of the health statues of such systems
Isolation and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistivity Pattern of Faecal Coliforms Bacteria Isolated From River Wudil Kano, Nigeria by Ali M in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Water borne diseases has been a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antibiotic resistivity pattern of faecal coliforms bacteria isolated from River Wudil in Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) water samples from different part of the river were collected for the study. The bacteriological and physicochemical analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of the river are within the WHO and NIS standard.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000509.php
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated f...ijtsrd
The increasing incidence of Candidiasis affecting the genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and twenty one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and 179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were identified to species level using Chromogenic agar and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using commercially prepared single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common species isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%), C. tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae 3 (5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis 2 (3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii 1 (1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that 81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and 52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1% resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and 62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were used. Taura, D. W. | Yakubu, G. | Panda, T. W. | Dagona, A.G."Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2395.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/2395/evaluation-of-antifungal-susceptibility-profile-of-candida-species-isolated-from-female-patients-attending-aminu-kano--teaching-hospital-akth/taura-d-w
PREVALENCE AND DEGREE OF INFECTION OF TOXOCARIASIS IN DAIRY CALVES (HOLSTEIN ...IAEME Publication
Background: Worm infection is one of the most common diseases affecting
livestock, one of those diseases is Toxocara vitulorum. Infection can cause diarrhea,
reduced productivity, intestinal and bile obstruction, to death in livestock. However,
this disease is often ignored by farmers. Observing from an economic perspective, this
disease results in very high losses for farmers.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of dairy calves age on the
prevalence of toxocariasis and determine the effect of different degrees of toxocariasis
infection on dairy calves (Holstein Friesian).
Methods: This study used a descriptive laboratory method. The samples studied
were 120 stool or feces samples of calves aged 0-6 months. The number of samples in
each age group of 0-2 months, 2-4 months and 4-6 months were 40 samples. The
independent variable of this study was the age of dairy calves. The dependent variables
were the prevalence and degree of toxocariasis infection. Whereas, the control
variables were feed and cattle nation.
Results: From 120 samples studied, 5 feces samples were positively infected with
T. vitulorum. From 5 samples that were positively infected, 4 of them came from the
age group of 0-2 months and the other 1 from the age group of 2-4 months. Whereas,
in the 4-6 month age group all negative samples were from T. vitulorum infection. The
mean value of infection rates in the 0-2 month age group was 4.219, in the 2-4 month
age group was 1.066 and in the 4-6 month age group was 0.707.
Conclusion: The prevalence of toxocariasis and the degree of toxocariasis infection
based on the most influential age differences were at the age of 0-2 months.
Bacteriology of otitis media among patients attending generaltheijes
Otitis media is the inflammation of the middle ear and has a worldwide distribution, particularly among children. A total of 68 patients between the ages 0-42 years who presented with sign and symptoms of otitis media at Bichi general hospital were enrolled for this study. Middle ear discharge were collected, processed and bacterial isolates identified using standard microbiological techniques. Disc susceptibility tests were performed on bacterial isolates. Results indicated that there was a high frequency of occurrence of bacteria incriminated in otitis media in the 0-5 and 6-11 year age groups in the two sexes. Male patients in the two age groups were more infected than the female counterparts. The sensitivity pattern obtained in this study show a progressive increase in the emergence of strains that are resistant to many chemotherapeutic agents. Drug resistance among bacterial isolates is a common phenomenon placing challenge to both medical practitioners and genetic scientists. A routine check on sensitivity patterns among these pathogens is vital so as to regulate the prescription measure to be employed.
Indicator role and monitoring of microorganisms in life [autosaved]Maryam Idris
an overview of the role of microbes in determining the health and safety of life support systems including the crew members, rapid diagnostic methods and real time monitoring of enclosed ecosystems using microbes as indicators of the health statues of such systems
Isolation and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistivity Pattern of Faecal Coliforms Bacteria Isolated From River Wudil Kano, Nigeria by Ali M in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Water borne diseases has been a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antibiotic resistivity pattern of faecal coliforms bacteria isolated from River Wudil in Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) water samples from different part of the river were collected for the study. The bacteriological and physicochemical analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of the river are within the WHO and NIS standard.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000509.php
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated f...ijtsrd
The increasing incidence of Candidiasis affecting the genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and twenty one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and 179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were identified to species level using Chromogenic agar and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using commercially prepared single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common species isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%), C. tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae 3 (5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis 2 (3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii 1 (1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that 81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and 52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1% resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and 62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were used. Taura, D. W. | Yakubu, G. | Panda, T. W. | Dagona, A.G."Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2395.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/2395/evaluation-of-antifungal-susceptibility-profile-of-candida-species-isolated-from-female-patients-attending-aminu-kano--teaching-hospital-akth/taura-d-w
PREVALENCE AND DEGREE OF INFECTION OF TOXOCARIASIS IN DAIRY CALVES (HOLSTEIN ...IAEME Publication
Background: Worm infection is one of the most common diseases affecting
livestock, one of those diseases is Toxocara vitulorum. Infection can cause diarrhea,
reduced productivity, intestinal and bile obstruction, to death in livestock. However,
this disease is often ignored by farmers. Observing from an economic perspective, this
disease results in very high losses for farmers.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of dairy calves age on the
prevalence of toxocariasis and determine the effect of different degrees of toxocariasis
infection on dairy calves (Holstein Friesian).
Methods: This study used a descriptive laboratory method. The samples studied
were 120 stool or feces samples of calves aged 0-6 months. The number of samples in
each age group of 0-2 months, 2-4 months and 4-6 months were 40 samples. The
independent variable of this study was the age of dairy calves. The dependent variables
were the prevalence and degree of toxocariasis infection. Whereas, the control
variables were feed and cattle nation.
Results: From 120 samples studied, 5 feces samples were positively infected with
T. vitulorum. From 5 samples that were positively infected, 4 of them came from the
age group of 0-2 months and the other 1 from the age group of 2-4 months. Whereas,
in the 4-6 month age group all negative samples were from T. vitulorum infection. The
mean value of infection rates in the 0-2 month age group was 4.219, in the 2-4 month
age group was 1.066 and in the 4-6 month age group was 0.707.
Conclusion: The prevalence of toxocariasis and the degree of toxocariasis infection
based on the most influential age differences were at the age of 0-2 months.
Gave a talk at StartCon about the future of Growth. I touch on viral marketing / referral marketing, fake news and social media, and marketplaces. Finally, the slides go through future technology platforms and how things might evolve there.
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
Each technological age has been marked by a shift in how the industrial platform enables companies to rethink their business processes and create wealth. In the talk I argue that we are limiting our view of what this next industrial/digital age can offer because of how we read, measure and through that perceive the world (how we cherry pick data). Companies are locked in metrics and quantitative measures, data that can fit into a spreadsheet. And by that they see the digital transformation merely as an efficiency tool to the fossil fuel age. But we need to stretch further…
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
Etiology and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Profile of the Microorganism Associate...inventionjournals
This study proposes to meet the most common aetiologic agents in urinary tract infection and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. We analyzed all bacteriological examinations of urine recorded in Central Laboratory do Piauí-LACEN situated in the municipality of Teresina-PI of patients seen in December 2013 period through April 2014. It was observed that were filed during the designated period urine, 1647. Of these, 109 were positive cultural examination. Escherichia coli was the most isolated microorganism (71.6%), followed by the genus Klebsiella (14.7%), by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.8) and Proteus mirabilis (1.8%). In relation to antimicrobial susceptibility, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp feature high resistance to antimicrobials Amoxicillin, Piperacilina, Cephalotin, Ceftazidime and Quinolones. To the Enterobacteria in study, Imipeneme, Netilmicin and Amikacin were the antimicrobials with higher degree of susceptibility. In respect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, antimicrobials were more effective, the Imipeneme and Amikacin. In this way, the need to periodically reviews the ITU for being a promising environment for bacterial infection and to understand the evolution of antimicrobial susceptibilities, for part of the main etiological agents, over time.
Shigellosis and Socio-Demography of hospitalized Patients in Kano, North-West...inventionjournals
Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalent of Shigellosis in relation to socio-demographic characteristics of hospitalized patients in Kano metropolis. Study design: The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: One milliliter of venous blood was collected from each patient with some or all clinical features of Shigellosis that sign a consent form and transfer into EDTA bottles. If daily is unavoidable blood samples were stored at 4 0C. Samples were analyzed at the both laboratories of the authors. This work was carried out between May, 2012 and March, 2014. Methodology: The blood specimens were cultured in thioglycollate broth and sub-cultured onto deoxycholate citrate agar (DCA), Salmonella-Shigella agar (SSA) and brilliant Green agar (BGA) followed by confirmation of presumptive colonies using different biochemical tests and analytical profile index 20E. Serologic identification of Shigella was performed by slide agglutination test using polyvalent O and H Shigella antisera. Results: Although, the relationship between different age groups was not significantly associated (P < 0.05), patients under age bracket of 21-30 years were found to be more susceptible to Shigella infections with 13 representing 2.6% followed in that order by 11-20 years (6), , ≤10 -years (4) 31-40 years (3) and >40 years (2) age groups, representing 1.2%, 0.8%, 0.6% and 0.4% respectively. The frequency of shigellosis was highest in other patients (without occupation), patients with informal level of education, using tap water as sources of drinking water, with more than one of all clinical manifestations of Salmonella infections and patients on treatment. However, there was a significant difference between the rate of Salmonella infections and sociodemographic characteristics of patients studied (p<0.05).> 0.05) in males than the females’ patients. However, Shigella flexneri was the most common among patients followed by Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei in decreasing order. The frequency of shigellosis was highest in other patients (without occupation), patients with informal level of education, using tap water as sources of drinking water, with more than one of all clinical manifestations of Salmonella infections and patients on treatment.
Abstract—The aim of the study was to observe the prevalence of various microorganisms from throat swab specimens in patients attending a tertiary care hospital at Chinakakani, Guntur. Throat swab specimens were collected aseptically from 100 patients and cultured on appropriate bacteriological media. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests & antimicrobial susceptibility performed by standard methods. Out of 100 Samples, culture was positive in 25 samples. So Bacterial infection was found in 25% of Pharyngitis. Streptococcus pyogenes was the commonest isolate, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Majority of bacteria were Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. In 60% it was mixed infection. The susceptibility patterns varied depending on the drugs, but most of the organisms were susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin and vancomycin. Improved personal hygiene and health education of the masses on how to care for ear, nose and throat will greatly reduce these microbial infections. This study will be useful for control strategies and for predicting pathogen prevalence in throat swabs.
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic ManagementIOSRJPBS
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic Management, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. Background: To study the clinical presentation of amoebic dysentery and to study the results of Homeopathic management and treatment of amoebic dysentery. To assess the influence of miasm in the case of Amoebic Dysentery. Methodology: Thirty out-patients with clinically confirmed symptomatic cases of amoebic dysentery were entered trial and treated with Homoeopathic remedies on the basis of Homoeopathic principles with fixed criteria to know the results of treatment as recovered, improved or not improved. For the present study he patients who visited on Sriganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, Rajsthan, India and peripheral Out Patient Department were selected on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Totally 30 patients were selected for this study. At the end of the study it was observed that, out of 30 patients, 24 patients recovered (80%), 5 case improved (16.66%) and1case is not improved (3.3%). with the help ofsuitable homoeopathic medicines. Conclusion: There were no side effects during the treatment and it can be concluded that Homoeopathic Medicines can be help the patient to take a new lease on life
Current Understanding of the Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of H. pyl...AI Publications
H. pylori infection is a prevalent bacterial infection that affects the gastric mucosa of humans, with a prevalence ranging from 30% to 90%, depending on the region. The infection is a significant cause of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current understanding of the transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of H. pylori infection. We describe the risk factors and epidemiology of the infection, along with its pathogenesis, which involves multiple virulence factors that contribute to the colonization and survival of the bacteria in the acidic stomach environment. Diagnostic tests for H. pylori infection include invasive and non-invasive methods, with the choice of test depending on several factors. Treatment of H. pylori infection is aimed at eradicating the bacteria and preventing complications. Antibiotic-based triple or quadruple therapy, in combination with acid-suppressing agents, is the standard treatment, but antibiotic resistance is an emerging problem that needs to be addressed. This comprehensive review provides a useful resource for clinicians, researchers, and public health officials involved in managing H. pylori infection and its associated complications.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alri...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alribat University hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan, 2017 by Mohammed HMN in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Presented by Kristina Roesel and Delia Grace at “Microsporidia in the Animal to Human Food Chain: An International Symposium to Address Chronic Epizootic Disease”, Vancouver, Canada, 9-13 August 2015.
A cross sectional study on Bacteriological profile and antibiogram of cholecy...Innspub Net
Cholecystitis is the most common disease of gastro intestinal tract contributing for 10% disease burden. Most of the time it is infective in origin. In view of the emerging multi drug resistance organisms, there is a need for guidance in empirical antimicrobial therapy in every clinical setting. To study the bacteriological profile and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in cholecystitis and cholelithiasis patients. A cross sectional study was conducted at Mamatha General Hospital, Kammam over a period of 2 years from September 2010 to September 2012. A total number of 62 clinically diagnosed cases of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis subjected to elective cholecystectomy were included in the study. Bile and gall stone samples were collected and processed aerobically, anaerobically according to standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all isolates by Kirby-bauer disc diffusion method and susceptibility pattern were recorded. A total number of 62 cases of cholecystitis were included in the study shows female preponderance of disease. Maximum number of cases belongs to 41 to 50 years age group. Out of 62 patients 62 bile samples and 58 gall stones specimen were collected and analyzed. Bile culture was positive in 24 cholelithiasis cases (41.37%), Gallstone culture was positive in 9 cases (15.51%). The two bile samples yielded anaerobic growth. Escherichia coli was the predominant organism in both samples. Bacterial isolates showing maximum susceptibility to ampicillin-sulbactum (100%), amikacin (80%). To optimized empirical antimicrobial therapy in cholecystitis and cholelithiasis patients prior knowledge of the prevalence of various bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in is required.
Similar to International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) (20)
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 2 Issue 8‖ August2013 ‖ PP.34-39
www.ijpsi.org 34 | P a g e
Giardiasis: A Preliminary Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital of
Uttar Pradesh
Deepesh Kumar*
, Shivendra Mohan , Shrutikirti, Sana Nudrat
Deptt. of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College, MEERUT-250004, U.P
ABSTRACT: Background:Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the major health problems in several
developing countries, including India. The world health organization(WHO) estimates that there are 800-1000
million cases of ascariasis,700-900 million hookworm infection,500 million trichuris,200 million giardiasis, and
500 million amoebasis. Aims: The aim of this study ware to determine the prevalence of Giardia sp. infections
among the patients. Material and Methods:A total of 692 stool samples were examined for Protozoa and
Helminths infection by routine microscopy. Results: There are eight different type of parasite detected. Out of
which Giardia lamblia 28(24.13%) were seen.Conclusion: It is need to develop effective diagnostic, prevention
and control strategies including health education and environmental hygiene.
KEYWORDS: Preliminary, Intestinal parasitic infection, a retrospective study.
I. INTRODUCTION
Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the major health problems in several developing countries,
including India. The world health organization(WHO) estimates that there are 800-1000 million cases of
ascariasis,700-900 million hookworm infection,500 million trichuris,200 million giardiasis, and 500 million
amoebasis[1].Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. lamblia, G. intestinalis) is a single cell parasite, inhabiting the small
intestine. Like Plasmodium species causing malaria by infecting red blood cells, the genus Giardia belongs to
the family protozoans [2]. The name lamblia has its origin from VilemLambl who described the trophozoite in
humans in 1859, and the cyst form was discovered by Grassi twenty years later; however, Antony van
Leeuwenhoek described the parasite in his own stool as early as in the 17th century [1-2].Giardia has three
morphologic forms; cysts, excyzoites and trophozoites [3]. Cysts are responsible for faecal-oral transmission,
and are able to survive for a long period in the environment, especially in cold water in which experimental
studies have shown survival for up to two months [4]. In the upper part of the small intestine, they release
excyzoites containing four nuclei, which attach to the intestinal wall and rapidly divide into four trophozoites [3-
4]. Trophozoites cause disease in the small intestine where they multiply by simple binary fission, though there
is some evidence also of sexual reproduction [5]. The trophozoites have a characteristic duplication of
organelles; four pairs of flagella enabling them to move, two identical nuclei, two median bodies and a ventral
sucking disc which enables it to attach to the intestinal surface [2]. Trophozoites may be found in fresh faeces,
but usually encyst, triggered by bile salts [6] or cholesterol depletion and micelle destruction [7], before being
excreted in the stool. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Giardia infections among
the patients who attended a tertiary care hospital at our area.
II. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Diarrhoea is probably the most common infectious disease worldwide, and following lower respiratory
infections the second leading cause of death due to infections; in 2004 WHO reported an incidence of 4.6 billion
episodes and 2.2 Million deaths due to diarrhoea per year, of these 1.8 million deaths in developing countries
[8]. The most common etiologic agents are species among the viruses rotavirus, calicivirus, astrovirus and
enteric adenovirus; the bacteria E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Vibrio cholera, and the
parasites Giardia, Entamoebahistolytica, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora and Isospora [9]. Infections transmitted
faecal-orally are more easily spread under conditions associated with poverty; such as decreased access to clean
water, inappropriate sewage disposal, poor hygiene, crowding, close contact to farm animals and low
educational levelA prevalence of 200 million cases of giardiasis in tropical countries has been estimated by
WHO [10]. However, decreased access to reliable diagnostic tools in socioeconomic underdeveloped areas
makes it difficult to assess the etiology of diarrhoea in clinical practice, and reporting systems are insufficient.
Such estimates are also limited by the fact that few case-control studies have been performed in developing
countries, and the clinical studies that are available show that prevalence varies greatly between and within
countries.
2. Deepesh k et al. Giardiasis: A Preliminary Study In A Tertiary…
www.ijpsi.org 35 | P a g e
III. PATHOGENESIS
Both parasite and host factors seem to be involved in the pathophysiological processes causing
diarrhoea, maldigestion and malabsorption in giardiasis, although incompletely understood. In vitro studies on
human samples have shown that Giardia attach by its adhesive ventral disc to the microvillus brush border of
the intestinal epithelium, and cause barrier dysfunction by disrupting tight junctions and inducing epithelial
apoptosis [11-13]. Further have experimental studies shown that activated CD8 T lymphocytes produce
cytokines responsible for shortening of epithelial microvilli, which lead to malabsorption of electrolytes,
nutrients and water as well as inhibition of the digestive enzymes lipase, protease and disaccharidase[14].
Disaccharidase insufficiency, and consequently failure in splitting and absorbing milk lactose, causes osmotic
diarrhoea characteristic for temporary lactose intolerance commonly seen in giardiasis. Bacterial overgrowth in
the small intestine may also play a part in the pathogenesis of the disease [15]. In clinical studies, inflammation
and villous shortening in duodenal biopsies varies from 4% to 87% [16-17], and why there is such a high
variability in mucosal reactions, as well as in clinical manifestations, is not known.
Genotypes and mixed infections have been proposed to be responsible for disease variability [18], but
results from studies of the association between genotypes and severity of disease are not conclusive. An
experimental study by Nash et al showed an association between strain variation and infectivity [19], and it
seems that infection with a genotype less prevalent in a community induce more severe symptoms, however,
both assemblage A and B have been associated with different symptom patterns in studies from different
populations [20-30].HIV infection does not seem to be associated with more severe disease [31,32].
Interestingly HIV infection stimulates the production of CD8 T-lymphocytes in the gut [33], and these
lymphocytes are probably essential in the immune reaction against the Giardia parasite, as described above.
IV. MATERIAL AND METHODS
4.1 Methodology
A retrospective study was carried out in the Parasitological section of the Department of Microbiology,
Subharti Medical College & Hospital U.P, India, for a period of one year (January 2012 to December 2012).
4.2 Sample size
A total of 692 stool samples examined by routine microscopy.
4.3 Sample collection
The patients were provided wide mouthed clean, dry, properly labeled plastic container for collection
of samples and recommend 5grams of solid or 10ml of liquid stool. The stool samples were examined within 1-2
hours of collection.
4.4 Microbiological examination
Each stool specimen was examined by the following techniques.
1. Macroscopic examination: The colour, consistency and the nature of the faeces were noted. The stool
specimens were examined for the presence of worms like Ascaris, Enterobius,proglottids of Taenia, adult
Hookworm and Trichuris, either with the naked eye.
2. Direct microscopic examination by using saline and iodine preparations: On a 1mm thick microscopic
slide, a small amount of stool sample was emulsified in 1-2 drops of Normal saline(Himedia Pvt. Ltd
Mumbai) and Lugal iodine (Himedia Pvt. Ltd Mumbai) solution. A cover slip was placed on it by taking
care that the preparation was free of air bubbles and macroscopic debris. Unstained saline wet mount
preparation was done to detect Protozoaltropozoites and Helminths eggs or larvae.iodine wet mount was
done to detect cysts [34].
3. The microscopic examination after the concentrationtechnique:
Formol-ether concentration method[35]: The Formol-ether concentration technique was performed for
those cases which were negative by saline preparation method but had strong clinical suspicion of intestinal
parasitism.
3. Deepesh k et al. Giardiasis: A Preliminary Study In A Tertiary…
www.ijpsi.org 36 | P a g e
Microscopic finding (figure)
Cyst of Giardia Trophozoite of Giardia
V. RESULTS
1. A total of 692 samples were examined, out of which 116(16.8%) samples was positive for parasitic
infection.
2. Children (21.55%) were less infectedthan adults (78.44%) and the infection rate is similar in female ≤ 15
year (15.68%) and ≥ 15 year (15.84%) (Table 1).
3. The infection was higher in age groups between 16yr-50yr (65.52%) (Table.2).
4. The high number of giardia infection seen between 21- 40yrage group.
Table 1: Age and gender wise distribution of positive samples (n= 116).
Category Total
tested
Positive Percentage
(%)
Age < 15
years
183 25 13.67
Male 132 17 12.87
Female 51 08 15.68
Age > 15
years
509 91 17.88
Male 244 49 20.09
Female 265 42 15.85
Table 2: Age wise distribution pattern of Protozoa and helmintsinfection in children and adults.
Age of
patient
Name of Parasites
E.H/
E.D
G
.l
E.c
oli
H.
w
B.
h
I.be
lli
S.
s
H.na
na
0−5 8 3 1 - 1 1 - 1
6−10 - 4 - - - - - -
11−15 2 - 3 1 1 - - -
16−20 6 2 4 3 - - 2 -
21−30 16 6 4 2 - - - -
31−40 5 8 - 8 - - - -
41−50 7 2 - 1 - - - -
51−60 3 2 - 4 - - - -
≥60 2 1 - 2 - - - -
E.H/E.D-Entamoebahitolytica/Entaboebadispar,G.lGiardialambliaa,E.coli-Entamoebacoli,H.W-Hookworm,B.h-
Blastocystishominis, I.belli-isosporabelli,S.s-Strongyloidesstercorali , H.nana-Hymenolepis nana. Among eight
deferent type of parasites detected, the most common parasite identified were Entamoebahistolytica 49(42.24%),
4. Deepesh k et al. Giardiasis: A Preliminary Study In A Tertiary…
www.ijpsi.org 37 | P a g e
followed by Giardia lamblia 28(24.13%), Ancylostomaduodenale 21(18.10%) and Entamoeba coli
12(10.34%) also seen. The other parasite present as Strongyloidesstercoralis 2(1.73%),Blastocystishominis
2(1.73%), Isospora belli 1(0.86%) and Hymenolepis nana1(0.86%) (Table 3).
Table 3: Distribution pattern of different intestinal parasite (n=116).
Name of parasite No. of
positive
Percentage
(%)
Entamoebahistolytica 49 42.24
Giardia lamblia 28 24.13
Isospora belli 1 0.86
Blastocystishominis 2 1.73
Entamobea coli 12 10.34
Ancylostomaduodenale 21 18.10
Strongyloidesstercoralis 2 1.73
Hymenolepis nana 1 0.86
VI. DISCUSSION
Parasitic infestations are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like India.
The data on their prevalence and the sensitivity of various diagnostic methods help the clinicians and the
microbiologists in the diagnosis and the management of the patients.The prevalence of Giardia sp. infection
found in our study is (24.13%). it seems alarmingly high in comparison to international scenario[36-42].
Various studies have shown different prevalence rates of the parastitic infestations in different parts of India.
But most of the studies had less sample sizes. The isolation of Protozoal cysts was higher than that of the
Helminths ova. Our study showed that the most common intestinal parasite observed was E.
histolytica (42.24%). Prakash, Tandon, and Shrivastava have also reported 35.6% and 18.4% positivity for
the same[43-44].
The prevalence of E. histolytica has been observed as a common finding in tropical and
subtropical countries and is responsible for diarrhoea and amoebic liver abscess in several studies[45].
These
intestinal parasite are commonly transmitted by infected drinking water and food. In India, the water supply
poses a big problem due to faecal contamination of the same. The most common Helminths infection in our
study was A.lumbricoides (18.10%) which was similar to studies by Shrivastava where 22.2% of stool
samples demonstrated A. lumbricoides[44].
However, in their study, the prevalence of E. histolytica was
highest (42.24%)followedby G.lamblia (24.13%),A.lumbricoides (18.10%).The presence of oocysts
of Isospora belli 1(0.86%) was an unusual finding in our study, as it is usually associated with AIDS patients
and is responsible for chronic diarrhoea. Dalvi et al, have reported I. belli as the most common pathogen
among HIV associated diarrhoea[46].
The prevalence of parasitic infections was more common in males
(20.1%) as compared to that in females (15.8%), in age >15 year (Table-1). Marothi Y et al.,[47].Showed
that the infections had a female preponderance. Various studies have shown the varying sex prevalence of
the parasitic infections. However, the sex predominance for the parasite infections has still not been
confirmed. The reason for the male preponderance in our study may relate to the daily activity rather than
the sex predominance. Kang G et al.,[48], The maximum number of parasites which was shown in a single
sample was 3 (Entamoebahistolytica cysts, Isospora belli oocysts and Giardia lamblia). The diagnosis of
parasitic infections in humans is challenging and it requires skills to identify and to differentiate them from
one another. The routine diagnostic procedures lack sensitivity. The concentration methods should be
performed routinely for the examination of parasites. Concentration permits the detection of the organisms
which are present in small numbers: these may be missed by using direct wet mounts. The organisms that
can generally be identified by using concentration procedures include: Helminths eggs and larvae; cysts of
Giardia lamblia, Entamoebahistolytica / Entamoebadispar, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana,
Blastocystishominis and Iodamoebabutschii; and the oocysts of Isospora belli.
VII. CONCLUSION
[1] The prevalence of Giardia Sp. Infections is (24.13%).
[2] The infection of Entamoeba coli 12(10.34%,a commensal parasite is indicative of the populations
precarious sanitary conditions and of elevated environmental contamination high listing the need for
education, focused on hygiene measures.
[3] Protozoal infection is more common than Helminths infection.
[4] The Formol-ether technique to increase the diagnostic sensitivity.
5. Deepesh k et al. Giardiasis: A Preliminary Study In A Tertiary…
www.ijpsi.org 38 | P a g e
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[1] UNICEF,ThePrescriber,May1993;1-8
[2] Monis PT, Caccio SM, Thompson RC: Variation in Giardia: towards a taxonomic revision of the genus. Trends Parasitol 2009,
25(2):93-100. 2. Hill DR NT: Intestinal Flagellate and Ciliate Infections, vol. 2, Second edn: Elsevier 2006.
[3] Bernander R, Palm JE, Svard SG: Genome ploidy in different stages of the Giardia lamblia life cycle. Cell Microbiol 2001,
3(1):55-62.
[4] Bingham AK, Jarroll EL, Jr., Meyer EA, Radulescu S: Giardia sp.: physical factors of excystation in vitro, and excystationvs
eosin exclusion as determinants of viability. ExpParasitol 1979, 47(2):284-291.
[5] Morrison HG, McArthur AG, Gillin FD, Aley SB, Adam RD, Olsen GJ, Best AA, Cande WZ, Chen F, Cipriano MJ et al:
Genomic minimalism in the early diverging intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. Science 2007, 317(5846):1921-1926.
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