Studies on Seasonal Variations in the Occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and Bacterial Urinary Infections among School Age Children in Kano, Nigeria
Urinary schistosomiasis in most cases is complicated with bacterial infections because the so called
normal flora of the genito- urinary tract has a better chance of entering and invading the underlying internal
tissues as a result of the constant tear and scar of the epithelium by the spiny schistosomal eggs. The study was
carried ou ton seasonal variations in the occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and bacterial urinary
infections among school age children in 8 irrigation rural communities of four Local Government Areas of
Kano State from March 2012 to February 2013, in order to determine the incidence of S. haematobium and its
co-infection with bacterial pathogens among the pupils. Ethical clearance was sought from the State Universal
Basic Education Board (SUBEB). Midstream urine samples were collected in sterile universal containers and
transported to the laboratory in cold box for the laboratory procession. Urine sedimentation was carried out
using centrifugation method, followed by microscopic examination the of S. haematobium. Urinalysis was
carried out on each sample particularly to detect the presence of important makers of urinary schistosomiasis
and urinary tract infections. Sample culture was carried out on Blood Agar and cystein lactose electrolyte
deficiency (CLED) medium; Gram staining and biochemical analyses were carried out for characterization of
the Bacterial pathogens. A total of 960 pupils were examined (480 in each of the dry and rainy seasons
respectively), of which 306 (31.88%) were males and 112 (11.66%) were females; 165 (34.73%) male pupils
and 57 (11.88%) females were found to be infected with S. haematobium during the dry season whereas 141
(14.69%) males and 55 (5.73%) females were found to be infected during the rainy season. The highest
prevalence of 115 (23.96%) was found among the 11-13years age group in dry season while the lowest
prevalence of 12 (2.50%) was found among the 14-16years age group the dry seasons. In rainy season, the 11-
13 years age group had the highest prevalence (107) (22.29%) and 14-16years age group had the lowest
prevalence (17) (3.54%).With regard to urinary tract pathogens, (8) (0.83%) female pupils and 4 (0.42%) male
pupils were found to be infected during dry season while in rainy season, 70 (7.29%) females and 42 (4.38%)
male pupils were infected. Considering co-infection, the rainy season had highest prevalence (4.38%) while dry
season was found to have least prevalence (0.2%); the overall co-occurrence being 8.13%.The study shows no
significant relationship between S. haematobium and urinary tract pathogens and seasonal variation has no
profound effect on the occurrence of S. haematobium but plays an important role in urinary tract infections.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Etiology and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Profile of the Microorganism Associate...inventionjournals
This study proposes to meet the most common aetiologic agents in urinary tract infection and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. We analyzed all bacteriological examinations of urine recorded in Central Laboratory do Piauí-LACEN situated in the municipality of Teresina-PI of patients seen in December 2013 period through April 2014. It was observed that were filed during the designated period urine, 1647. Of these, 109 were positive cultural examination. Escherichia coli was the most isolated microorganism (71.6%), followed by the genus Klebsiella (14.7%), by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.8) and Proteus mirabilis (1.8%). In relation to antimicrobial susceptibility, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp feature high resistance to antimicrobials Amoxicillin, Piperacilina, Cephalotin, Ceftazidime and Quinolones. To the Enterobacteria in study, Imipeneme, Netilmicin and Amikacin were the antimicrobials with higher degree of susceptibility. In respect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, antimicrobials were more effective, the Imipeneme and Amikacin. In this way, the need to periodically reviews the ITU for being a promising environment for bacterial infection and to understand the evolution of antimicrobial susceptibilities, for part of the main etiological agents, over time.
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis Among Selected Group of Sudanese Patients by Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Etiology and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Profile of the Microorganism Associate...inventionjournals
This study proposes to meet the most common aetiologic agents in urinary tract infection and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. We analyzed all bacteriological examinations of urine recorded in Central Laboratory do Piauí-LACEN situated in the municipality of Teresina-PI of patients seen in December 2013 period through April 2014. It was observed that were filed during the designated period urine, 1647. Of these, 109 were positive cultural examination. Escherichia coli was the most isolated microorganism (71.6%), followed by the genus Klebsiella (14.7%), by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.8) and Proteus mirabilis (1.8%). In relation to antimicrobial susceptibility, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp feature high resistance to antimicrobials Amoxicillin, Piperacilina, Cephalotin, Ceftazidime and Quinolones. To the Enterobacteria in study, Imipeneme, Netilmicin and Amikacin were the antimicrobials with higher degree of susceptibility. In respect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, antimicrobials were more effective, the Imipeneme and Amikacin. In this way, the need to periodically reviews the ITU for being a promising environment for bacterial infection and to understand the evolution of antimicrobial susceptibilities, for part of the main etiological agents, over time.
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis Among Selected Group of Sudanese Patients by Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Prevalence Of Urinary Schistosomiasis Among Pupils Attending Primary Schools ...IJRES Journal
The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among pupils attending two different primary schools in Bomo village, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria was investigated. A total of two hundred urine samples were collected and analysed for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium using centrifugation technique. The schools were located close to a lake where the pupils often swim among other recreational activities. A prevalence of 19.5% was obtained at the end of the study. The infection was higher among the male pupils (17.5%) than the female pupils (2.0%). There was higher infection in age group 11-15 years (13%), while pupils in age group 5-10 years had lower infection (6%). Structured questionnaires were used in collecting relevant data on risk factors and symptoms of urinary schistosomiasis from the pupils. There is need for eradication of the intermediate host (Bulinus spp.) of schistosomes from lakes as well as a concerted effort in educating the pupils on the dangers of exposing themselves to unprotected water bodies.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Soil-transmitted helminth infections (STH) and schistosomiasis constitute major public health challenges among school‐age children in sub-Saharan Africa. Chemotherapy with the Benzimidazole chemical family is one of the most effective strategies to lower the rates of morbidity and mortality. But now a day anthelmintic resistance in the treatment and control of human helminthes has been reported in different areas in Ethiopia. The objective of this study, therefore, is to assess the efficacy of albendazole (400 mg, manufactured by Khandeiwal Laboratories Pvt. Ltd) currently in use against soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in many areas of Ethiopia. A total of 180 elementary school children were chosen using random sampling technique. Each student was instructed to submit fresh stool specimen. Formal ether concentration technique and Kato-Katz method were done at the study sites and Aksum University, laboratory of Department of Biology and Biotechnology. Among the total study children, 170 submitted fresh stool samples giving a response rate of 96.77%. The overall prevalence of helminth infection was 66.7 % (Adiet), 67.9% (Adwa) and 51.7% (Aksum). In all the study sites albendazole was effective against most soil-transmitted helminthes, with cure rate > 85%, and egg reduction rate >90%. However, it was less effective against Trichuris trichiura with cure rate 58.5% and 57.9% at Adiet and Adwa, respectively. Therefore, due attention should be given with regard to treating helminth positive individuals together with intense environmental sanitation to curb the burden of helminth infection and alternative chemotherapy against Trichuris trichiura should be supplied to the study areas.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis among Students ...Premier Publishers
Despite efforts and interventions to control Soil-transmitted Helminths infections, World Health Organization estimated 70.0% school aged children worldwide at risk of infection with at least one Soil-transmitted Helminths species, with 22% occurring in Africa; Soil-transmitted Helminths infections therefore still remain prevalent especially in developing countries. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among Students of Government Day Secondary School Gidan Igwe Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. A total of 90 faecal samples were collected and analyzed using wet preparation method to detect the ova of soil-transmitted helminths. Information on risk factors of STHs was obtained from the students through a structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression was used to determine the risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the study area. Out of the 90 faecal samples examined, 54(60.0%) were found to be infected with at least one species of STHs or the other. Species of STHs encountered during the study in order of occurrence were; Ascaris lumbricoides (35.56%), Trichuris trichiura (16.67%), and Hookworm (7.77%). Results of Binary Logistic Regression indicated being 11-16 years old, farming activity, using well as a source of drinking water, walking barefooted, and not washing hands before and after meals as the major risk factors for the spread of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the students. Therefore, public health attention is highly needed to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the study subjects in the area.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The prevalence of Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Aminu ...Premier Publishers
Urinary Tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common causes of hospital visit worldwide. The study intends to find the prevalence of Escherichia coli in Urinary tract infection cases in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. A comprehensive study was conducted on E coli for its prevalence in urine samples, of queried cases of urinary tract infection in patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. Two hundred and fourteen urine specimens comprising of 123(57.5%) females and 91(42.5%) males of all age group were screened for bacteria. Of the 214 samples, 68 representing (31.80%) were culture positive with E. coli having 32(47.06%), Klebsiella spp 18(26.47%), Staphylococcus spp 10(14.70%), Proteus spp 6(8.82%) and Pseudomonas spp 2(2.94%). Out of the 32(47.6%) of E. coli isolated, 22 were from female and 10 were from males, the highest prevalence occurred within the age range of 21-30 with females taking the lead. Antibiogram of the isolated E. coli showed a markedly good sensitivity of ofloxacin (96.87%), nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid (93.70%), colistin phosphate (90.62%) and gentamicin (68.75%). E. coli showed the least sensitivity to ampicillin (18.75%). The frequency of E. coli obtained suggests its high prevalence. And this can be reduced using Flouroquinolones as exhibited by the susceptibility profile in this study.
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Prevalence Of Urinary Schistosomiasis Among Pupils Attending Primary Schools ...IJRES Journal
The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among pupils attending two different primary schools in Bomo village, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria was investigated. A total of two hundred urine samples were collected and analysed for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium using centrifugation technique. The schools were located close to a lake where the pupils often swim among other recreational activities. A prevalence of 19.5% was obtained at the end of the study. The infection was higher among the male pupils (17.5%) than the female pupils (2.0%). There was higher infection in age group 11-15 years (13%), while pupils in age group 5-10 years had lower infection (6%). Structured questionnaires were used in collecting relevant data on risk factors and symptoms of urinary schistosomiasis from the pupils. There is need for eradication of the intermediate host (Bulinus spp.) of schistosomes from lakes as well as a concerted effort in educating the pupils on the dangers of exposing themselves to unprotected water bodies.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Soil-transmitted helminth infections (STH) and schistosomiasis constitute major public health challenges among school‐age children in sub-Saharan Africa. Chemotherapy with the Benzimidazole chemical family is one of the most effective strategies to lower the rates of morbidity and mortality. But now a day anthelmintic resistance in the treatment and control of human helminthes has been reported in different areas in Ethiopia. The objective of this study, therefore, is to assess the efficacy of albendazole (400 mg, manufactured by Khandeiwal Laboratories Pvt. Ltd) currently in use against soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in many areas of Ethiopia. A total of 180 elementary school children were chosen using random sampling technique. Each student was instructed to submit fresh stool specimen. Formal ether concentration technique and Kato-Katz method were done at the study sites and Aksum University, laboratory of Department of Biology and Biotechnology. Among the total study children, 170 submitted fresh stool samples giving a response rate of 96.77%. The overall prevalence of helminth infection was 66.7 % (Adiet), 67.9% (Adwa) and 51.7% (Aksum). In all the study sites albendazole was effective against most soil-transmitted helminthes, with cure rate > 85%, and egg reduction rate >90%. However, it was less effective against Trichuris trichiura with cure rate 58.5% and 57.9% at Adiet and Adwa, respectively. Therefore, due attention should be given with regard to treating helminth positive individuals together with intense environmental sanitation to curb the burden of helminth infection and alternative chemotherapy against Trichuris trichiura should be supplied to the study areas.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis among Students ...Premier Publishers
Despite efforts and interventions to control Soil-transmitted Helminths infections, World Health Organization estimated 70.0% school aged children worldwide at risk of infection with at least one Soil-transmitted Helminths species, with 22% occurring in Africa; Soil-transmitted Helminths infections therefore still remain prevalent especially in developing countries. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among Students of Government Day Secondary School Gidan Igwe Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. A total of 90 faecal samples were collected and analyzed using wet preparation method to detect the ova of soil-transmitted helminths. Information on risk factors of STHs was obtained from the students through a structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression was used to determine the risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the study area. Out of the 90 faecal samples examined, 54(60.0%) were found to be infected with at least one species of STHs or the other. Species of STHs encountered during the study in order of occurrence were; Ascaris lumbricoides (35.56%), Trichuris trichiura (16.67%), and Hookworm (7.77%). Results of Binary Logistic Regression indicated being 11-16 years old, farming activity, using well as a source of drinking water, walking barefooted, and not washing hands before and after meals as the major risk factors for the spread of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the students. Therefore, public health attention is highly needed to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the study subjects in the area.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The prevalence of Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Aminu ...Premier Publishers
Urinary Tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common causes of hospital visit worldwide. The study intends to find the prevalence of Escherichia coli in Urinary tract infection cases in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. A comprehensive study was conducted on E coli for its prevalence in urine samples, of queried cases of urinary tract infection in patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. Two hundred and fourteen urine specimens comprising of 123(57.5%) females and 91(42.5%) males of all age group were screened for bacteria. Of the 214 samples, 68 representing (31.80%) were culture positive with E. coli having 32(47.06%), Klebsiella spp 18(26.47%), Staphylococcus spp 10(14.70%), Proteus spp 6(8.82%) and Pseudomonas spp 2(2.94%). Out of the 32(47.6%) of E. coli isolated, 22 were from female and 10 were from males, the highest prevalence occurred within the age range of 21-30 with females taking the lead. Antibiogram of the isolated E. coli showed a markedly good sensitivity of ofloxacin (96.87%), nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid (93.70%), colistin phosphate (90.62%) and gentamicin (68.75%). E. coli showed the least sensitivity to ampicillin (18.75%). The frequency of E. coli obtained suggests its high prevalence. And this can be reduced using Flouroquinolones as exhibited by the susceptibility profile in this study.
Similar to Studies on Seasonal Variations in the Occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and Bacterial Urinary Infections among School Age Children in Kano, Nigeria
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alri...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alribat University hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan, 2017 by Mohammed HMN in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
البحث المنشور - البلهارسيا - اليمن د. جواد الوبر .pdfDr. Gawad Alwabr
PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOLCHILDREN IN AL–MAHWEET GOVERNORATE, YEMEN
DOI: 10.7904/2068–4738–VII(13)–24
Gawad M. A. ALWABR
To Assess the Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Rega...ijtsrd
A Pre experimental study one group pre test and post test design was selected for the study, which was conducted on 60 GNM first year nursing students of Integral Institute Of Nursing Sciences and Research, Lucknow U.P. through Random sampling technique. Data was collected through using a self structured knowledge questionnaire. Researcher introduced her and explained the purpose of study to the sample. Written informed Consent was taken from each sample. Pretest was administered to the group followed by structured teaching programme which took about 45 minutes. Post test was taken after one week of administration of structured teaching programme. Mr. Aarif Mohammad | Mr. Sabeehuddin "To Assess the Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection Among the G.N.M. 1st Year Student in Integral Institute of Nursing Sciences & Research, Lucknow U.P." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63501.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/63501/to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structure-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-of-urinary-tract-infection-among-the-gnm-1st-year-student-in-integral-institute-of-nursing-sciences-and-research-lucknow-up/mr-aarif-mohammad
Evaluation of Helminth Infection among Infants in Umunakanu Ama Autonomous Co...Premier Publishers
The prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in Umunakanu Ama autonomous community in Imo State was assayed by macroscopic examination followed by microscopic examination of the stool sample using both direct smear method and saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Out of 30 samples collected and examined, 20 were positive for intestinal helminth infections. The results showed that the parasitic infestation rates were 76.67%, and the helminthes observed include Enterobius vermicularis (6.67%), Schistosoma interclatum (13.33%), Trichuris trichuria (10.00%), Strongyloides stercoralis (6.67%), Ascaris lumbricoides (16.67%) and Ancylostoma duodenale (23.33%). The 7 – 12-months age group has the highest prevalence rate which increases as the infant grow. The females had the highest prevalence rate (75%) in terms of gender evaluation, infants whose parents/guardian are farmers held the highest prevalence rate (90%). This was a result of constant exposure to soil and close contact to animals like goats, sheep, etc.
: Parasitic water pollution in the Nile River (Schistosoma & Giardia lamblia)MenrvaSorial
Causative organism.
Geographical distribution.
Epidemiology & Risk factors.
Mode of Transmission.
Vector (if available).
Habitat.
Life cycle (including infective stage, Diagnostic stage, Final host, Intermediate host and Reservoir).
-According to your lab group assignment topic, you must mention at least two examples (Causative organisms) for the required type of parasitic infection and their prevalence in Egypt. -Then discuss briefly the mentioned examples covering all the following points:
As a pharmacist, how could you identify and confirm a patient with such disease?
(NB: Identification and confirmation include the signs and symptoms and the diagnostic tests in details)
What are the therapeutic options available (suggest a line of treatment).
How can we prevent & control such disease?
The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children below 12 years presenting...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
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Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalent of Shigellosis in relation to socio-demographic characteristics of hospitalized patients in Kano metropolis. Study design: The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: One milliliter of venous blood was collected from each patient with some or all clinical features of Shigellosis that sign a consent form and transfer into EDTA bottles. If daily is unavoidable blood samples were stored at 4 0C. Samples were analyzed at the both laboratories of the authors. This work was carried out between May, 2012 and March, 2014. Methodology: The blood specimens were cultured in thioglycollate broth and sub-cultured onto deoxycholate citrate agar (DCA), Salmonella-Shigella agar (SSA) and brilliant Green agar (BGA) followed by confirmation of presumptive colonies using different biochemical tests and analytical profile index 20E. Serologic identification of Shigella was performed by slide agglutination test using polyvalent O and H Shigella antisera. Results: Although, the relationship between different age groups was not significantly associated (P < 0.05), patients under age bracket of 21-30 years were found to be more susceptible to Shigella infections with 13 representing 2.6% followed in that order by 11-20 years (6), , ≤10 -years (4) 31-40 years (3) and >40 years (2) age groups, representing 1.2%, 0.8%, 0.6% and 0.4% respectively. The frequency of shigellosis was highest in other patients (without occupation), patients with informal level of education, using tap water as sources of drinking water, with more than one of all clinical manifestations of Salmonella infections and patients on treatment. However, there was a significant difference between the rate of Salmonella infections and sociodemographic characteristics of patients studied (p<0.05).> 0.05) in males than the females’ patients. However, Shigella flexneri was the most common among patients followed by Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei in decreasing order. The frequency of shigellosis was highest in other patients (without occupation), patients with informal level of education, using tap water as sources of drinking water, with more than one of all clinical manifestations of Salmonella infections and patients on treatment.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Semen of Male Patients with Infertility Attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria by Muhammad Ali in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000519.php
Evaluation of factors that influence Reoccurrence of Cholera epidemics in Bwe...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Cholera is an acute enteric infection characterised by sudden onset of profuse, painless watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Transmission of the disease is by faecal-oral route and from man to man via faecal contaminated water, ingestion of contaminated foods and drinks, and bottle feeding in infants. Globally, an estimated 1.4 to 4.3 million cholera cases and 28,000 to 142,000 cholera related deaths occur every year and the highest deaths rates occur in developing countries. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing reoccurrence of cholera outbreaks in Bwera hospital-Kasese district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional where quantitative strategy was applied on health workers and households within Bwera hospital. The study targeted 73 respondents; random sampling procedure was used. Three broad themes were based on to obtain results namely; sources of water for home use, environmental sanitation and the role of climate change. It emerged that water was mainly collected from unprotected sources using rudimentary methods and it was made safe by boiling. Hand washing was seen as a common practice done though occasionally. Generally solid wastes were poorly managed including human waste and reinforcing reforestation was seen as a remedy to avert effects of climate change. The commonest source of water for home consumption was from open water surfaces mainly rivers/streams. Boiling was seen as one of the commonest methods of making water safe for home consumption but the numbers of house hold that boils water are very few thereby making them prone to infection. Washing hands was the commonest practice especially before eating but still some children do ignore washing of their hands before eating if their caretakers are not around them; however, it was not consistently after visiting latrine. Poor waste disposal was seen present in the communities whereby bushes and river banks were seen as places where human waste is deposited.
Keywords: Cholera, Deaths, Households, Bwera hospital, contaminated Water.
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Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
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Studies on Seasonal Variations in the Occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and Bacterial Urinary Infections among School Age Children in Kano, Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan -Feb. 2015), PP 27-33
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10132733 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
Studies on Seasonal Variations in the Occurrences of Schistosoma
haematobium and Bacterial Urinary Infections among School Age
Children in Kano, Nigeria
Usaini Br1
, Taura Dw2
, Mukhtar Md,3
Koki Ya4
, Adamu S5
, Musa Am6
,
Adamu Sm7
, Halliru Ha8
, Hassan Ky9
, Ismail Ta10
*1
Department of Microbiology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano
2, 3
Department of Microbiology, Bayero University, Kano
4, 6,10
Pathology Department, Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano
5
Department of Pharmacy, Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano
7
Department of pathology, National Orthopedic Hospital, Kano
8
Medical and Allied Sciences Department, Bayero University, Kano
9
Department of Biology, SaadatuRimi Collage of Education, Kano
Abstract: Urinary schistosomiasis in most cases is complicated with bacterial infections because the so called
normal flora of the genito- urinary tract has a better chance of entering and invading the underlying internal
tissues as a result of the constant tear and scar of the epithelium by the spiny schistosomal eggs. The study was
carried ou ton seasonal variations in the occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and bacterial urinary
infections among school age children in 8 irrigation rural communities of four Local Government Areas of
Kano State from March 2012 to February 2013, in order to determine the incidence of S. haematobium and its
co-infection with bacterial pathogens among the pupils. Ethical clearance was sought from the State Universal
Basic Education Board (SUBEB). Midstream urine samples were collected in sterile universal containers and
transported to the laboratory in cold box for the laboratory procession. Urine sedimentation was carried out
using centrifugation method, followed by microscopic examination the of S. haematobium. Urinalysis was
carried out on each sample particularly to detect the presence of important makers of urinary schistosomiasis
and urinary tract infections. Sample culture was carried out on Blood Agar and cystein lactose electrolyte
deficiency (CLED) medium; Gram staining and biochemical analyses were carried out for characterization of
the Bacterial pathogens. A total of 960 pupils were examined (480 in each of the dry and rainy seasons
respectively), of which 306 (31.88%) were males and 112 (11.66%) were females; 165 (34.73%) male pupils
and 57 (11.88%) females were found to be infected with S. haematobium during the dry season whereas 141
(14.69%) males and 55 (5.73%) females were found to be infected during the rainy season. The highest
prevalence of 115 (23.96%) was found among the 11-13years age group in dry season while the lowest
prevalence of 12 (2.50%) was found among the 14-16years age group the dry seasons. In rainy season, the 11-
13 years age group had the highest prevalence (107) (22.29%) and 14-16years age group had the lowest
prevalence (17) (3.54%).With regard to urinary tract pathogens, (8) (0.83%) female pupils and 4 (0.42%) male
pupils were found to be infected during dry season while in rainy season, 70 (7.29%) females and 42 (4.38%)
male pupils were infected. Considering co-infection, the rainy season had highest prevalence (4.38%) while dry
season was found to have least prevalence (0.2%); the overall co-occurrence being 8.13%.The study shows no
significant relationship between S. haematobium and urinary tract pathogens and seasonal variation has no
profound effect on the occurrence of S. haematobium but plays an important role in urinary tract infections.
Keywords: Co-infection, Bacterial Pathogens, Schistosomiasis, Seasonal variation, Urinalysis.
I. Introduction
Schistosomiasis is a chronic debilitating trematode (fluke) infection which reduces productivity and
affects the development especially among children. Due to its insidious nature, it becomes apparently difficult to
determine morbidity and mortality. Human infection is brought about by bathing or wading in infected water
[1]. The disease is characterized with haematuria in 50% of cases, inflammation of the bladder, increased
frequency of passing urine (micturation), reduce bladder capacity and complications of the lungs sometimes
leading to death [2].The urethral lumen becomes greatly closed, penis or scrotum may develop obstruction and
fistulas may tear through the skin [2].
Schistosoma haematobium is a parasite that pairs in the blood vessels of the liver before migrating to
the veins surrounding the bladder (vesical plexus) [3]. It is the causative agent of urinary schistosomiasis (also
known as bilharzia, bilharziasis or snail fever). The disease constitutes a major public health problem in the
African continent [5] and in some tropical and sub – tropical regions of the world [6]. Although infection with
2. Studies On Seasonal Variations In The Occurrences Of Schistosoma haematobium…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10132733 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
schistosomes does not always results in clinical disease and many infections are asymptomatic, S. haematobium
however could cause dysuria, nutritional deficiencies, lesion of the bladder, kidney failure and elevated risk of
bladder cancer and growth retardation in children [7].
Schistosomiasis is one of the most important diseases and is evident in about 75 tropical developing
countries [8], schools and residents in rural and irrigated agricultural areas are estimated to be infected, while
between 500-600 million people are at risk [9]. It affects 66 Million children throughout 76 countries and in
some African villages over 90% of the children is infected by the disease [10].
Urinary tract infection (UTI) defines a condition in which the urinary tract is invaded by harmful
pathogens, causing inflammation [11].Though the etiologic agents are similar in industrialized and developing
countries, it is evident that a person with infection in resource constrained areas of the world including most
African countries, often present for care with more severe illness and often only after complications have
developed [12]
UTI is one of the most common entities encountered and accounts for approximately 25 – 30% of
otherwise healthy women between 20 – 40 years of age at some point during their life time [13]. It is the second
commonest site after the respiratory tract for bacterial infection, consequently urethritis, cystitis and
phylonephritis are the infections of the urethral tract which can be caused by bacterial species such as
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, Entercoccusspp, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp
and so on[4].
The disease is pandemic and is responsible for muchillnesses and constitutes significantly to the cost of
providing health globally, leading to a number of deaths either from acute infection or from chronic renal failure
[14].
Bacterial infections in most cases complicate the course of patients with urinary schistosomiasis
because the otherwise so called normal flora of the genito- urinary tract have a better chance of entering and
invading the underlying internal tissues as a result of the constant tear and scar of the epithelium by the spiny
Schistosomal eggs.
Although, urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in Nigeria, it is usually a neglected common parasitic
disease of childhood [15], [16]. Also only few attempts were made in the recent past to report the secondary
urinary tract pathogen that could be associated with the disease among school age children in the country and no
notable attempt particularly in the northern part of Nigeria. Studies on the relationship between S. haematobium
and urinary tract pathogens from different regions are conflicting; hence there is a need to determine the
situation in some endemic areas.
II. Materials And Methods
2.0.1 Study Area
This study was carried out in selected primary schools in eight different irrigation rural communities
from four local government areas of Kano State viz; Kura, GarunMalam, Dambatta and Makoda.
2.0.2 Study Design
An experimental cross sectional survey was carried out among primary school children to determine
and compare the prevalence rates of S. haematobium and urinary tract pathogens throughout the year. Biodata of
the subjects were collected.
2.0.3 Study Population
The study was carried out among 960 pupils; 480 each for both dry and rainy seasons within the age
range of 5 – 16 years irrespective of gender.
2.0.4 Ethical Consideration
Ethical clearance was sought from the State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB) Headquarters
of each Local Government Area.
2.0.5 Samples Collection
About 20ml of clean catch, midstream urine samples were collected by subjects themselves in sterile
universal containers. Samples were then immediately transported to the laboratory in a cold box for the
laboratory investigations. They were then processed within 3 hours of collection as demonstrated by [17], [3].
About 10ml of each sample was used for parasitological and 10ml for bacteriological examination.
2.1 Parasitological Analyses
Urine sedimentation was carried out through centrifugation as described by [3] to detect the presence of
S. haematobium in urine sample fraction and to determine the intensity of infection in each case. Intensity was
3. Studies On Seasonal Variations In The Occurrences Of Schistosoma haematobium…
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reported as the number of ova/10ml of urine and was categorized as light (<50 ova/10ml of urine), medium (50
ova/10ml of urine) and heavy (>50 ova/10ml of urine).
A few drops of saponin solution were added to each 10ml urine sample contained in a centrifuge tube to lyse the
red blood cells and enhance clarity in microcopy as described by [3]. It was then centrifuged at 3000rpm for
5mins in order to sediment eggs of the schistosomes. The supernatant was discarded and all the sediment
transferred onto a slide and covered with a cover glass and examined microscopically using the X10 objective.
The number of eggs in each preparation was counted and reported as the number/10ml of urine.
2.2 Bacteriological Analysis
2.2.1 Urine Culture
Using a sterilized were loop each sample was inoculated on to the surfaces of blood agar (BA) medium
and cystein lactose electrolyte deficiency (CLED) medium as was done by [4]. The pairs of cultured plates were
then incubated aerobically at 370
C for 24hours.Colonial characteristics including colony size, shape, haemolysis
on BA medium, pigments production on CLED were noted.
2.2.2 Gram Staining
A smear of each bacterial isolate was made on a clean glass slide air dried and fixed by passing through
flame. The slide was then placed on a staining rack, flooded with the crystal violet and allowed for 1 minute.
The excess stain was then poured off and washed briefly with tap water. The smear was covered with lugols
iodine for 1 minute and washed off with clean water. With the slide titled, 70% alcohol solution was dropped
wisely until no visible colour comes off the slide. It was then flooded with safranin solution and allowed for 20
seconds and then washed immediately with clean water. The back of the slide was wiped off with cotton wool
to remove any stain. The smear was then dried in a draining rack and the slide examined microscopically under
oil immersion (X100) objectives [4].
2.3 Biochemical Reactions
2.3.1 Catalase Test
This was carried out as described by [4]. About 2mls of hydrogen peroxide solution was poured in a
test tube. Some colonies of test organisms were immersed using a glass rod into the solution which was then
examined immediately for building reaction [4].
2.3.2 Coagulase Test
A drop of distilled water or normal saline was placed on each end of a slide. The test organism was
emulsified and mixed gently to make a thick suspension. This was followed by the addition of a loopful of
plasma to one of the suspensions. After mixing it was observed for clumping while the other preparation served
as a control. Clumping within 10 seconds indicate the presence of coagulase positive organisms [4].
2.3.3 Indole Test
This was also carried out according to [4].The test organisms was inoculated into bijou bottle
containing 3ml of sterile peptone water and incubated at 35 – 370
C for up to 48 hours. This was then followed
by the addition of 0.5ml Kovac’s reagent where pinkish colour on the surface layer indicated positive test for
indole.
2.3.4 Citrate Test
This was done by inoculating the organisms into Simon’s citrate agar slopes using of sterile straight
wire. The slope was then streaked with a saline suspension of the test organism and the butt was stabbed and
incubated overnight at 370
C. A bright blue colour indicated positive results [4].
2.3.5 Urease Test
The test organisms was inoculated heavily into a bijou bottle containing 3ml of sterile Christensen’s
modified urea broth it was then incubated at 370
C for 12hrs where the appearance of a pink colour indicates a
positive test [4].
III. Results
From the total of 960 subjects examined, 306 (31.88%) were males while 112 (11.66%) were females.
One hundred and sixty five (165) (34.73%) male pupils and 57 (11.88%) females were found to be infected with
S. haematobium during the dry season (Table 3.1) whereas 141 (14.69%) males and 55 (5.73%) females were
found to be infected during the rainy season.
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Table 3.1: Gender related percentage prevalence of S. haematobium among schools children during dry
and rainy seasons (n=960).
Gender Dry season (%) Rainy season (%) Grand Total (%)
Male 165 (34.37) 141 (14.69) 306 (31.88)
Female 57 (11.88) 55 (5.73) 112 (11.66)
Total 222 (46.25) 196 (20.42) 418 (43.54)
Table 3.2 demonstrates age related percent prevalence of S. haematobium among school children during dry and
rainy seasons. The highest prevalence of 115 (23.96%) was found among the 11-13yrs age group in dry season
while the lowest prevalence of 12 (2.50%) was found among the 14-16 years age group the dry seasons. Also
during the rainy season, the 11-13 years age group has the highest prevalence (107) (22.29%) and 14-16 years
age group has the lowest prevalence (17) (3.54%).
Table 3.2: Age related percentage prevalence of S. haematobium among school children during dry and
rainy seasons.
Age Group Number Examined (%) Dry season (%) Rainy season (%)
5-7 197 (20.52) 31 (6.46) 23 (4.79)
8-10 328 (34.17) 64 (13.33) 49 (10.21)
11-13 385 (40.1) 115 (23.96) 107 (22.29)
14-16 50 (5.20) 12 (2.50) 17 (3.54)
Total 960 (100.00) 222 (46.25) 196 (40.83)
The distribution of urinary tract pathogens among school children by gender during dry and rainy
seasons is shown in table 3.3. Eight (8) (0.83%) female pupils and 4 (0.42%) male pupils were found to be
infected with Urinary Tract pathogens during dry season and as much as 70 (7.29%) females and 42 (4.38%)
male pupils were infected with Urinary Tract pathogens during the rainy season.
Table3. 3: Distribution of Urinary Tract Pathogens among School Children by Gender during Dry and
Rainy Seasons.
Gender No. Examined (%) Dry season (%) Rainy season (%)
Males 550 (57.29) 4 (0.42) 42 (4.38)
Females 410 (42.71) 8 (0.83) 70 (7.29)
Total 960 (100) 12 (1.25) 112 (11.67)
Table 3.4 shows age related distribution of urinary tract pathogens among school children in relation to
seasonal variation. Age group 8-10 years were found to have the highest prevalence 6 (0.63%) and the lowest
being 14-16 years (1) (0.42%) in dry season respectively. In the case of rainy season, 11-13 years age group had
the highest prevalence 41(4.27) compared to 14-16 age group with 6 (0.63) being the lowest.
Table 3.4: Age Distribution of Urinary Tract Pathogens among School Children in Relation to Seasonal
Variation.
Age Group Number Examined (%) Dry season (%) Rainy season (%)
5-7 84 (8.75) 2 (0.21) 32 (3.33)
8-10 199 (20.73) 6 (0.63) 35 (3.65)
11-13 177 (18.44) 3 (0.31) 41 (4.27)
14-16 20 (2.08) 1 (0.42) 6 (0.63)
Total 960 (100) 12 (1.25) 114 (11.88)
Table 3.5 indicates the prevalence of S. haematobium coinfected with Urinary Tract pathogens in
relation to seasonal variation. The dry season was found to have least prevalence (0.2%) of coinfection with
Urinary Tract pathogens each in Kadawa Chiki and Kadawa Yantomo Primary Schools. while the highest
prevalence (4.38%) was found at Kosawa Bigau with no occurrence at Shidar primary school during the rainy
season.
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Table 3.5: Occurrence of S. haematobium Coinfected with Urinary Tract Pathogens among School
Children in Relation to Seasonal Variation.
Primary Schools Dray season Rainy season
S. haematobium UTI Coinfection S. haematibium UTI (%) Coinfection
Batta 6(1.25) 0(0.0) 0(0.00) 8(1.67) 9(1.88) 2(0.42)
Shidar 1(0.21) 4(0.83) 0(0.00) 0(0.00) 23(4.80) 0(0.00)
Kadawa Ciki 44(9.17) 1(0.21) 1(0.21) 42(8.87) 5(1.04) 4(0.84)
KadawaYantomo 37(7.71) 1(0.21) 1(0.21) 27(5.63) 6(1.25) 3(0.63)
Kura Special 36(7.50) 0(0.00) 0(0.00) 39(8.13) 4(0.8) 1(0.21)
KosawaBigau 53(11.04) 1(0.21) 0(0.0) 46(9.58) 26(5.42) 21(4.38)
Kantudu 32(6.67) 1(0.21) 0(0.00) 25(5.2) 20(4.20) 5(1.04)
Danmarke II 13(2.71) 4(0.83) 0(0.00) 11(2.30) 21(4.38) 1(0.21)
Total 222(46.25) 12(2.50) 2(0.42) 198(41.25) 114 (23.75) 37(7.71)
Key: Numbers in parentheses indicate percentages
IV. Discussions
Schistosomiasis is a chronic insidious and debilitating trematode infection which reduces productivity
and affects the development of the young. Urinary tract infection defines a condition in which the urinary tract is
invaded by pathogens, causing inflammation [11]; however, several studies have implicated bacteriuria co-
infection with urinary schistosomiasis [19].
The overall finding of this study shows that more males (306) (31.88%) were infected with S.
haematobium than female pupils (112) (11.66%). This may be due to the fact that although girls are also
involved in the agricultural activities, boys were more involved in agricultural activities. Also boys usually
engage themselves in fishing and swimming activities and are thus more exposed to the hazards than females.
This result quite contradicted that obtained by[19] who recorded no significant difference by sex, but agrees
with that of [20] (P<0.05). The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was found to be 43.54%, which is higher
than the finding of [21] (35.50%). It is also higher than the result obtained by [22] (10.70%). This may be due to
higher agricultural activities of the study area compared to other areas where previous studies were carried out.
It may also be due to differences in geographical location and socioeconomic status of the study population.
With regards to age distribution and seasonal variation, pupils of age groups 11-13 years were found to
be more infected during both dry and rainy season with S. haematobium than those of 14-16years (P<0.05),
which agrees with that of [21] who recorded no linear relationship between age progression and infection rate
and even reported pupils 16 years and above to have the least infection rate and 10-12 years age bracket, the
highest rate of infection, however, no significant difference was recorded between dry ( 46.00%) and rainy
(41.00%) seasons. Statistical analysis by chi-squared test revealed that there is no significant difference between
the seasons, (P>0.05), thus any perceived differences is due to mere chance. Also, no significant difference was
observed in the rate of intensity of schistosomiasis with season (P>0.05). This may be attributed to the snail
vector availability all the year round due to intense irrigational activities.
With respect to urinary tract infections, the overall prevalence was found to be 11.67% which is higher
than the finding of [23] (7.00%) and lower than the results of [24] (60.00%) and also lower than that of [25]
(48.00%). However, more females were found to be infected (0.83% and 7.29%) than the males (0.42% and
4.38%) during both dry and rainy seasons respectively. Significant relationship was found between males and
females; this contradicted the finding of [20] that there is no significant difference between sexes but agrees
with the general knowledge that females are more likely to acquire UTI than males because they are more
exposed to the risk factors. It also agrees with the result of [26] who recorded more UTI in females than in
males. Age wise, linear relationship between age progression was observed during the rainy season but not
during the dry, however there is no significant differences between age groups, (P>0.05). This result
contradicted that of [26] who recorded more UTI in younger children and attributed their susceptibility to their
toilet accessibility and orientation problems. More urinary tract pathogens were isolated during the rainy season
than dry season which may be attributed to the fact that the rainy season in this part of the country is
accompanied with hot and humid weather conditions which favours bacterial growth and proliferation [27].
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Also concomitant occurrences between urinary tract pathogens and schstosomiasis was found to be
higher during the rainy season 37(7.712%) than dry season 2(0.42%) which can be compared with the result of
[28] who recorded a higher prevalence of UTI (98.3%) in locality were S. haematobium infection was also
considerably higher (79.4%). Furthermore, S. haematobium was found to beco-infected with urinary tract
pathogens in relation to seasonal variation. The overall prevalence with regard to co-occurrence in this study
was 8.13% which is lower than the findings of [20] (8.20%) and that of [29] (53.70%). Moreover, several
studies have implicated bacteriurial co-infection with urinary schistosomiasis as affirmed by [18], however the
study shows no significant relationship between S. haematobium and urinary tract pathogens occurrence
(P>0.05).
V. Conclusion
The findings of this study revealed that the study area was endemic with respect to schistosomiasis.
Moreover, the study shows no significant relationship between S. haematobium and urinary tract pathogens
occurrence. Hence, seasonal variation has no profound effect on the occurrence of S. haematobium but plays an
important role in urinary tract infections.
Acknowledgement
My profound gratitude goes to my supervisors Dr. D.W. Taura and Prof. M.D Mukhtar who despite
their exceedingly tight schedules and commitments have accepted my proposal and served as supervisors in this
research work. I am quite appreciative of their formality, intellectual integrity and always ready to help attitude.
Regards and appreciation to the management of Bayero University, Kano which provide me with
necessary supportfor the programme, also, I wish to express my gratitude to the Head of the Department of
Medical Microbiology and Parasitology B.U.K Dr. Azeez A Kande, the Chief Medical Laboratory Scientist
Microbiology Department Malam Nasir, M. Sadiq and my immediate boss, Mr Gabriel I.U of the same
Department for helping me throughout this work. I will also not forget the helping hands of my colleagues Mal.
Tukur Panda, Mal. Rufai Lawan and Malam Usman Hamza, from the same Department who also helped with
some technical advices.
Finally, I wish to thank the Head of Department, all the lecturers and supporting staff of the
Microbiology Department B.U.K, my colleagues, friends, relatives and all those who contributed in one way or
the other to the success of this work. I remain grateful to all.
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