This document summarizes a study examining the prevalence of acute gastroenteritis agents in 216 children under 5 years old in Turkey over one year. Rotaviruses were the most common pathogen identified (40.74% of cases), followed by bacteria (24.98%) and parasites (20.82%). Some agents like rotavirus and salmonella peaked in winter and summer respectively. The highest proportion of dual infections was found in February, March and April. The study aims to identify the most common causes of pediatric diarrhea by season to help guide treatment and prevention efforts.
Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious DiseasesFarooq Khan
Overview of literature around the following emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases relevant to Canadian Emergency Physicians in terms of their epidemiology, recognition, and treatment:
- Community-acquired MRSA
- Non-vaccine serotype Pneumococcus
- Fusobacterium Necrophorum
This document summarizes information about emerging foodborne pathogens and the complex modern food system. It discusses factors that allow microbes to adapt and become emerging pathogens, such as genetic mutations, stress responses, and antibiotic resistance. Specific emerging pathogens that pose food safety risks are described in detail, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio species, Clostridium difficile, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella species, and Enterobacter sakazakii. The document contrasts the modern global and industrialized food system with past local systems and reviews foodborne disease surveillance data.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: T...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: The Public Health Concerns - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging infections as diseases that are newly appearing or increasing after past existence. Key factors driving emergence include globalization, antibiotic resistance, and environmental changes. The document lists diseases emerging in Malaysia, including avian influenza, dengue, and drug-resistant pathogens. It emphasizes the importance of accurate laboratory diagnosis and strengthened public health measures and surveillance in addressing emerging threats.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection spread through contact with infected animal urine that can cause fever, headache, jaundice and other symptoms. It is more common in warm climates and transmitted through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes. Antibiotics are used to treat it, with more severe cases requiring hospitalization.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral pneumonia caused by a coronavirus. It is spread through droplets from coughs or sneezes of infected individuals or surfaces they touch. Prevention methods include handwashing, wearing masks around infected people, and disinfecting surfaces.
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by
The document discusses the biggest threats to global health security, including climate change, noncommunicable diseases, antimicrobial resistance, emerging infectious diseases, bioterrorism, and dual use research. It notes that the world population is now 7 billion compared to 1.5 billion 100 years ago, with more people living in cities and traveling frequently between populations. Emerging diseases often originate from animal sources and are becoming more common due to changes in climate, ecology and human behavior. The growth of antimicrobial resistance could result in millions of deaths annually by 2050 if not addressed. New technologies like genome editing and synthetic biology hold benefits but also risks if misused.
Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious DiseasesFarooq Khan
Overview of literature around the following emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases relevant to Canadian Emergency Physicians in terms of their epidemiology, recognition, and treatment:
- Community-acquired MRSA
- Non-vaccine serotype Pneumococcus
- Fusobacterium Necrophorum
This document summarizes information about emerging foodborne pathogens and the complex modern food system. It discusses factors that allow microbes to adapt and become emerging pathogens, such as genetic mutations, stress responses, and antibiotic resistance. Specific emerging pathogens that pose food safety risks are described in detail, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio species, Clostridium difficile, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella species, and Enterobacter sakazakii. The document contrasts the modern global and industrialized food system with past local systems and reviews foodborne disease surveillance data.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: T...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: The Public Health Concerns - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging infections as diseases that are newly appearing or increasing after past existence. Key factors driving emergence include globalization, antibiotic resistance, and environmental changes. The document lists diseases emerging in Malaysia, including avian influenza, dengue, and drug-resistant pathogens. It emphasizes the importance of accurate laboratory diagnosis and strengthened public health measures and surveillance in addressing emerging threats.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection spread through contact with infected animal urine that can cause fever, headache, jaundice and other symptoms. It is more common in warm climates and transmitted through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes. Antibiotics are used to treat it, with more severe cases requiring hospitalization.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral pneumonia caused by a coronavirus. It is spread through droplets from coughs or sneezes of infected individuals or surfaces they touch. Prevention methods include handwashing, wearing masks around infected people, and disinfecting surfaces.
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by
The document discusses the biggest threats to global health security, including climate change, noncommunicable diseases, antimicrobial resistance, emerging infectious diseases, bioterrorism, and dual use research. It notes that the world population is now 7 billion compared to 1.5 billion 100 years ago, with more people living in cities and traveling frequently between populations. Emerging diseases often originate from animal sources and are becoming more common due to changes in climate, ecology and human behavior. The growth of antimicrobial resistance could result in millions of deaths annually by 2050 if not addressed. New technologies like genome editing and synthetic biology hold benefits but also risks if misused.
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
Emerging pathogens are infectious diseases whose incidence is increasing or threatening to increase. They include diseases that have developed antibiotic resistance or spread to new areas. Major emerging pathogens since the 1970s include HIV, Ebola, SARS, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria like MRSA. Factors driving emergence include increased travel and trade, antibiotic overuse, environmental changes, and evolving pathogens. Controlling emerging diseases requires early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and preventing transmission through vectors and contaminated food/water.
Emerging & re emerging infectious diseasesmebinninan
This document discusses trends in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It notes that while diseases were suppressed in the 20th century by sanitation and medical advances, many new and resurgent diseases have emerged since the late 20th century. It identifies factors that contribute to disease emergence, such as animal to human transmission, environmental and climate changes, human behavior, poverty, and antimicrobial resistance. Examples of emerging diseases discussed include hepatitis C, avian influenza, and swine flu, while re-emerging diseases include diphtheria, cholera, plague, and dengue fever. It emphasizes the need for improved global surveillance and response networks to address the ongoing threat of infectious diseases.
Topic presentation on emerging communicable diseasesvishnu vm
This document provides an overview of 10 emerging communicable diseases according to the WHO blueprint. It summarizes each disease's causative agent, mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies. The diseases discussed include Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, MERS, SARS, Nipah virus, Rift Valley fever, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Zika virus, and chikungunya. The document aims to educate about these emerging infectious threats and strategies to address them.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by quoting Girolamo Frascatoro who spoke about syphilis in the 15th century, noting diseases will reoccur. Microbes evolve faster than humans. Infectious diseases have significantly impacted history, like the Black Plague. Emerging diseases are new, while re-emerging were previously controlled but increasing. Factors contributing to emergence include microbial adaptation, human behavior, and environmental changes. Examples discussed are MERS, Ebola, SARS, avian influenza, Zika virus, and potential bioterrorism agents. Preventing emergence requires surveillance, research, infrastructure, training, and prevention/control strategies.
The document outlines India's long term and mid term plans for the prevention and control of dengue. The long term plan from 2007-2010 focused on early case reporting and management, integrated vector management, and supporting interventions like capacity building and behavior change communication. The mid term plan from 2011-2013 revisited these strategies and emphasized disease and vector surveillance, case management, laboratory diagnosis, and vector control. It also discussed dengue vaccination research and challenges, and reasons for the reemergence of dengue like urbanization, inadequate environmental management, and climate change.
Threat of dengue in Europe and strategic measures to control its spreadbonniefernley
This document discusses the threat of dengue in Europe and strategic measures to control its spread. It provides statistics on rising global dengue cases and deaths reported to WHO. Several recent outbreaks of dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases in Europe are mentioned, demonstrating the region's susceptibility. The WHO's global strategy for 2012-2020 aims to reduce dengue mortality and morbidity through integrated surveillance, vector control, vaccination and research. The WHO regional office is working with partners to assist countries through surveillance, prevention and control programs. A three-phased approach of controlling vectors, preventing disease, and limiting spread is recommended, involving coordination between public health authorities and community participation.
Emerging and re-emerging diseses part2 (INCLUDES ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE)Dr. Mamta Gehlawat
2nd half of my ppt on emerging and re-emerging diseases. i uploaded the first half already. pls refer to that too. this ppt has info on AIDS/HIV, ZIKA, EBOLA-MARBURG, MELIODIOSIS, CHOLERA and ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Human surveillance of dengue, chikungunya and West Nile virus in Veneto regio...bonniefernley
This document summarizes human surveillance of dengue, chikungunya and West Nile virus in the Veneto Region of Italy from 2010-2013. It found 79 cases of dengue virus, 3 cases of chikungunya virus, and 40 cases of West Nile virus over this period. The majority of dengue and chikungunya cases were imported from endemic areas, while all West Nile virus cases were acquired within Italy. The surveillance provided important information about the transmission and incidence of these arboviruses in the region.
Vector-borne diseases - Dengue outbreak in Madeira Islandbonniefernley
This document summarizes research on a dengue outbreak that occurred in Madeira Island from 2012-2013. Key findings include:
1) The first recorded presence of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in Madeira was in 2005. It has since rapidly dispersed in the southern part of the island.
2) From 2012-2013, there was a major dengue outbreak with over 2,000 probable cases reported across 3 municipalities. No fatalities occurred but 128 people were hospitalized.
3) Entomological studies found that Ae. aegypti in Madeira has high resistance to multiple insecticides. Genetic analysis indicated the population likely originated from a single introduction event from South America.
Emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesShaharul Sohan
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It provides examples of diseases that have emerged in recent decades like Ebola, SARS, and HIV/AIDS. It also gives examples of diseases that were once under control but are re-emerging like tuberculosis, malaria, and cholera. The document explores factors that contribute to disease emergence such as ecological disruption, globalization, and breakdowns in public health infrastructure. It emphasizes that infectious diseases remain a major global health challenge.
Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious DiseasesShaharul Sohan
This document provides an introduction to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those that have not previously infected humans or only infected small numbers, while re-emerging diseases were previously major health problems but declined and are increasing again. Factors that drive disease emergence include ecological disruption, climate change, urbanization, international travel and trade, evolution of infectious agents, reduced human immunity, and war. Examples are given of notable emerging diseases like SARS, Ebola, Zika and re-emerging diseases like tuberculosis, dengue fever and malaria. Effective management of emerging infectious diseases requires strengthened surveillance, rapid response teams, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, and strong public health systems.
This document summarizes emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It lists the top causes of mortality from infectious diseases according to WHO, including respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. An emerging disease is defined as one that is newly appearing or increasing in incidence or range. Examples of recent emerging diseases mentioned include hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and SARS. Factors that can contribute to disease emergence include properties of the agent, host, and environment. Several specific emerging diseases are then discussed in more detail, such as dengue fever, leptospirosis, AIDS, tuberculosis, avian influenza, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new infectious agents or known agents that are increasing in incidence. Re-emerging diseases are those previously controlled but rising again as a health problem. Factors contributing to emergence and re-emergence include evolution of infectious agents, environmental changes, and human behavior. Controlling disease reservoirs, interrupting transmission, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research are important for prevention. Public health authorities play a key role through legislation, awareness campaigns, and prevention measures.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new pathogens or new variants of old pathogens. Re-emerging diseases are those that were previously controlled but have returned. Factors responsible include population growth, travel, antibiotic overuse, and environmental changes. Examples of emerging diseases discussed are Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and Lassa fever. Malaria and dengue are provided as examples of re-emerging diseases. Public health actions to address these diseases include surveillance, research, information sharing, and strengthening public health systems.
1. This document contains a multiple choice quiz on foodborne diseases. It includes 51 questions covering topics like prevention of brucellosis, complications of rotavirus vaccines, management of hepatitis A contacts, characteristics of hepatitis viruses, recommendations for travelers diarrhea, mechanisms of cholera transmission, oral rehydration solutions, food poisoning agents, investigations of outbreaks, and treatments for diarrhea.
2. The questions assess knowledge of infectious diseases transmitted through food or water, including bacteria like Salmonella, Vibrio, E. coli, parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and viruses like rotavirus, hepatitis and norovirus. It covers concepts like incubation periods, risk groups, diagnostic testing, epidemi
This study analyzed 103 stool samples from infants under 12 months old with diarrhea in Iraq. Rapid immunochromatography tests found that 52 samples (50.5%) were positive for rotavirus, 30 (29.1%) for norovirus, and 21 (20.4%) for adenovirus. The most affected age group was 1-4 months. Rural infants had higher rates of viral diarrhea than urban infants. Mixed feeding was associated with more cases than breastfeeding alone. Common symptoms included watery stool, fever, weakness, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The major causes of infantile diarrhea in the study area were identified as rotavirus, followed by norovirus and adenovirus.
Diarrea aguda infecciosa en pediatria, epidemiologia, prevencion y tratamientofranklinaranda
This document discusses acute diarrheal disease in children. It notes that diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, responsible for 2-3 million deaths per year. In the US, acute diarrhea accounts for 9% of pediatric hospitalizations. The causes of acute diarrhea vary but include viruses like rotavirus and norovirus, as well as bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement and management, while prevention efforts include vaccination against rotavirus.
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
Emerging pathogens are infectious diseases whose incidence is increasing or threatening to increase. They include diseases that have developed antibiotic resistance or spread to new areas. Major emerging pathogens since the 1970s include HIV, Ebola, SARS, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria like MRSA. Factors driving emergence include increased travel and trade, antibiotic overuse, environmental changes, and evolving pathogens. Controlling emerging diseases requires early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and preventing transmission through vectors and contaminated food/water.
Emerging & re emerging infectious diseasesmebinninan
This document discusses trends in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It notes that while diseases were suppressed in the 20th century by sanitation and medical advances, many new and resurgent diseases have emerged since the late 20th century. It identifies factors that contribute to disease emergence, such as animal to human transmission, environmental and climate changes, human behavior, poverty, and antimicrobial resistance. Examples of emerging diseases discussed include hepatitis C, avian influenza, and swine flu, while re-emerging diseases include diphtheria, cholera, plague, and dengue fever. It emphasizes the need for improved global surveillance and response networks to address the ongoing threat of infectious diseases.
Topic presentation on emerging communicable diseasesvishnu vm
This document provides an overview of 10 emerging communicable diseases according to the WHO blueprint. It summarizes each disease's causative agent, mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies. The diseases discussed include Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, MERS, SARS, Nipah virus, Rift Valley fever, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Zika virus, and chikungunya. The document aims to educate about these emerging infectious threats and strategies to address them.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by quoting Girolamo Frascatoro who spoke about syphilis in the 15th century, noting diseases will reoccur. Microbes evolve faster than humans. Infectious diseases have significantly impacted history, like the Black Plague. Emerging diseases are new, while re-emerging were previously controlled but increasing. Factors contributing to emergence include microbial adaptation, human behavior, and environmental changes. Examples discussed are MERS, Ebola, SARS, avian influenza, Zika virus, and potential bioterrorism agents. Preventing emergence requires surveillance, research, infrastructure, training, and prevention/control strategies.
The document outlines India's long term and mid term plans for the prevention and control of dengue. The long term plan from 2007-2010 focused on early case reporting and management, integrated vector management, and supporting interventions like capacity building and behavior change communication. The mid term plan from 2011-2013 revisited these strategies and emphasized disease and vector surveillance, case management, laboratory diagnosis, and vector control. It also discussed dengue vaccination research and challenges, and reasons for the reemergence of dengue like urbanization, inadequate environmental management, and climate change.
Threat of dengue in Europe and strategic measures to control its spreadbonniefernley
This document discusses the threat of dengue in Europe and strategic measures to control its spread. It provides statistics on rising global dengue cases and deaths reported to WHO. Several recent outbreaks of dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases in Europe are mentioned, demonstrating the region's susceptibility. The WHO's global strategy for 2012-2020 aims to reduce dengue mortality and morbidity through integrated surveillance, vector control, vaccination and research. The WHO regional office is working with partners to assist countries through surveillance, prevention and control programs. A three-phased approach of controlling vectors, preventing disease, and limiting spread is recommended, involving coordination between public health authorities and community participation.
Emerging and re-emerging diseses part2 (INCLUDES ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE)Dr. Mamta Gehlawat
2nd half of my ppt on emerging and re-emerging diseases. i uploaded the first half already. pls refer to that too. this ppt has info on AIDS/HIV, ZIKA, EBOLA-MARBURG, MELIODIOSIS, CHOLERA and ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Human surveillance of dengue, chikungunya and West Nile virus in Veneto regio...bonniefernley
This document summarizes human surveillance of dengue, chikungunya and West Nile virus in the Veneto Region of Italy from 2010-2013. It found 79 cases of dengue virus, 3 cases of chikungunya virus, and 40 cases of West Nile virus over this period. The majority of dengue and chikungunya cases were imported from endemic areas, while all West Nile virus cases were acquired within Italy. The surveillance provided important information about the transmission and incidence of these arboviruses in the region.
Vector-borne diseases - Dengue outbreak in Madeira Islandbonniefernley
This document summarizes research on a dengue outbreak that occurred in Madeira Island from 2012-2013. Key findings include:
1) The first recorded presence of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in Madeira was in 2005. It has since rapidly dispersed in the southern part of the island.
2) From 2012-2013, there was a major dengue outbreak with over 2,000 probable cases reported across 3 municipalities. No fatalities occurred but 128 people were hospitalized.
3) Entomological studies found that Ae. aegypti in Madeira has high resistance to multiple insecticides. Genetic analysis indicated the population likely originated from a single introduction event from South America.
Emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesShaharul Sohan
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It provides examples of diseases that have emerged in recent decades like Ebola, SARS, and HIV/AIDS. It also gives examples of diseases that were once under control but are re-emerging like tuberculosis, malaria, and cholera. The document explores factors that contribute to disease emergence such as ecological disruption, globalization, and breakdowns in public health infrastructure. It emphasizes that infectious diseases remain a major global health challenge.
Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious DiseasesShaharul Sohan
This document provides an introduction to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those that have not previously infected humans or only infected small numbers, while re-emerging diseases were previously major health problems but declined and are increasing again. Factors that drive disease emergence include ecological disruption, climate change, urbanization, international travel and trade, evolution of infectious agents, reduced human immunity, and war. Examples are given of notable emerging diseases like SARS, Ebola, Zika and re-emerging diseases like tuberculosis, dengue fever and malaria. Effective management of emerging infectious diseases requires strengthened surveillance, rapid response teams, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, and strong public health systems.
This document summarizes emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It lists the top causes of mortality from infectious diseases according to WHO, including respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. An emerging disease is defined as one that is newly appearing or increasing in incidence or range. Examples of recent emerging diseases mentioned include hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and SARS. Factors that can contribute to disease emergence include properties of the agent, host, and environment. Several specific emerging diseases are then discussed in more detail, such as dengue fever, leptospirosis, AIDS, tuberculosis, avian influenza, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new infectious agents or known agents that are increasing in incidence. Re-emerging diseases are those previously controlled but rising again as a health problem. Factors contributing to emergence and re-emergence include evolution of infectious agents, environmental changes, and human behavior. Controlling disease reservoirs, interrupting transmission, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research are important for prevention. Public health authorities play a key role through legislation, awareness campaigns, and prevention measures.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new pathogens or new variants of old pathogens. Re-emerging diseases are those that were previously controlled but have returned. Factors responsible include population growth, travel, antibiotic overuse, and environmental changes. Examples of emerging diseases discussed are Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and Lassa fever. Malaria and dengue are provided as examples of re-emerging diseases. Public health actions to address these diseases include surveillance, research, information sharing, and strengthening public health systems.
1. This document contains a multiple choice quiz on foodborne diseases. It includes 51 questions covering topics like prevention of brucellosis, complications of rotavirus vaccines, management of hepatitis A contacts, characteristics of hepatitis viruses, recommendations for travelers diarrhea, mechanisms of cholera transmission, oral rehydration solutions, food poisoning agents, investigations of outbreaks, and treatments for diarrhea.
2. The questions assess knowledge of infectious diseases transmitted through food or water, including bacteria like Salmonella, Vibrio, E. coli, parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and viruses like rotavirus, hepatitis and norovirus. It covers concepts like incubation periods, risk groups, diagnostic testing, epidemi
This study analyzed 103 stool samples from infants under 12 months old with diarrhea in Iraq. Rapid immunochromatography tests found that 52 samples (50.5%) were positive for rotavirus, 30 (29.1%) for norovirus, and 21 (20.4%) for adenovirus. The most affected age group was 1-4 months. Rural infants had higher rates of viral diarrhea than urban infants. Mixed feeding was associated with more cases than breastfeeding alone. Common symptoms included watery stool, fever, weakness, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The major causes of infantile diarrhea in the study area were identified as rotavirus, followed by norovirus and adenovirus.
Diarrea aguda infecciosa en pediatria, epidemiologia, prevencion y tratamientofranklinaranda
This document discusses acute diarrheal disease in children. It notes that diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, responsible for 2-3 million deaths per year. In the US, acute diarrhea accounts for 9% of pediatric hospitalizations. The causes of acute diarrhea vary but include viruses like rotavirus and norovirus, as well as bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement and management, while prevention efforts include vaccination against rotavirus.
1) Diarrhoea is a major cause of mortality in children under 5 years old, killing over 500,000 children annually. It is caused by various pathogens including rotavirus, ETEC, Salmonella, Shigella, and Cryptosporidium.
2) Oral rehydration therapy is the primary treatment for diarrhoea and involves replacing lost fluids and electrolytes through oral rehydration salts. Intravenous fluids may be required for severe dehydration.
3) Prevention strategies include improved access to clean water and sanitation, breastfeeding, and vaccination. Diarrhoea control programs promote oral rehydration therapy and preventive measures.
This document discusses foodborne illnesses from both clinical and public health perspectives in order to enhance collaboration between clinicians and public health practitioners. It provides an overview of the local epidemiology of major foodborne diseases in Hong Kong over the past decade. Key points include:
- Food poisoning is the most commonly reported foodborne illness, with bacteria being the most common cause. The number of cases increases in summer and winter.
- Statutorily notifiable diseases like hepatitis A, bacillary dysentery and typhoid fever have declined significantly over 10 years. Hepatitis E and paratyphoid fever cases have risen to around 40 per year.
- Most patients with cholera, hepatitis A/E, typhoid
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseasesMalabi M Venk.docxdrandy1
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases
Malabi M Venkatesan1,* and Lillian L Van de Verg2
1Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring, MD USA; 2Enteric Vaccine Initiative; Vaccine Development Global Program;
PATH; Washington, DC USA
Keywords: combination, diarrhea, ETEC, Shigella, vaccines
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global
childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent
epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal
diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to
the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the
well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases,
currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only
licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella
typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the
impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in
resource-poor countries, has spurred action from
governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate
research toward affordable and effective vaccines against
diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic
countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine,
but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any
positive impact will be on the public health status of the
latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate
that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically
licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine,
and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic
revision in response to need for improvement in safety or
potential for wider coverage of important pediatric
pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have
proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating
communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape
of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now
several in active development that offer options for potential
testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral
pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden—
rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and
Salmonella.
Introduction
Several recent large scale studies of global diarrheal disease
burden and epidemiology, renewed recognition of multiple
diarrhea episodes as a serious impediment to the health and
development of children in resource-poor countries, an
upsurge in the investment by charitable foundations and gov-
ernmental entities in combatting global infectious diseases
and the emergence of new concepts in vaccination strategies
collectively point to opportunities to develop new vaccines
against very old diseases. In this paper, we first review up-to-
date information on diarrheal disease burden as a rationale
for the pursuit of vaccine development. The history of the
development and challenges of combination pediatric vaccines
are presented as a model for combination diarrheal vaccines
for children in endemic parts of the world as well as for trav.
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseasesMalabi M Venk.docxcargillfilberto
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases
Malabi M Venkatesan1,* and Lillian L Van de Verg2
1Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring, MD USA; 2Enteric Vaccine Initiative; Vaccine Development Global Program;
PATH; Washington, DC USA
Keywords: combination, diarrhea, ETEC, Shigella, vaccines
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global
childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent
epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal
diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to
the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the
well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases,
currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only
licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella
typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the
impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in
resource-poor countries, has spurred action from
governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate
research toward affordable and effective vaccines against
diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic
countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine,
but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any
positive impact will be on the public health status of the
latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate
that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically
licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine,
and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic
revision in response to need for improvement in safety or
potential for wider coverage of important pediatric
pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have
proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating
communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape
of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now
several in active development that offer options for potential
testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral
pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden—
rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and
Salmonella.
Introduction
Several recent large scale studies of global diarrheal disease
burden and epidemiology, renewed recognition of multiple
diarrhea episodes as a serious impediment to the health and
development of children in resource-poor countries, an
upsurge in the investment by charitable foundations and gov-
ernmental entities in combatting global infectious diseases
and the emergence of new concepts in vaccination strategies
collectively point to opportunities to develop new vaccines
against very old diseases. In this paper, we first review up-to-
date information on diarrheal disease burden as a rationale
for the pursuit of vaccine development. The history of the
development and challenges of combination pediatric vaccines
are presented as a model for combination diarrheal vaccines
for children in endemic parts of the world as well as for trav.
This document discusses Candida infections in the ICU, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens in hospitals and ICUs, responsible for 17% of healthcare-associated infections. Non-albicans Candida species now account for around 50% of infections.
- Risk factors for invasive Candida infections include prolonged ICU stay, broad-spectrum antibiotic use, surgery, and underlying conditions like diabetes that impair immunity. Heavy Candida colonization is an independent risk factor.
- Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms mimic bacterial infections. Culture-based methods are slow. Biomarkers like beta-D-
Prevention of rotavirus in india is vaccination the only strategy.Dr. Dharmendra Gahwai
Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea in young children in India, resulting in approximately 300,000 deaths per year. While oral rehydration solution can treat dehydration, rotavirus infection has no specific treatment. Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to significantly reduce rotavirus disease and deaths in other countries. For India, introducing an affordable rotavirus vaccine into its national immunization program could cost-effectively prevent thousands of rotavirus-related deaths annually, though overall immunization coverage would need to increase to maximize its impact.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
This study examined 692 stool samples from patients at a tertiary care hospital in Uttar Pradesh, India. The samples were tested for intestinal parasites using microscopy. Of the samples, 116 (16.8%) tested positive for parasites. The most common parasite was Entamoeba histolytica at 42.24% of positive samples, followed by Giardia lamblia at 24.13%. Giardia infections were highest in the 21-40 age group. The study found a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections compared to other areas, indicating a need for better diagnostic methods, prevention strategies, and health education on environmental hygiene.
This document summarizes a study examining intestinal parasites in children with diarrhea in Delhi, India. The researchers analyzed stool samples from 127 children under 14 years old attending a pediatric clinic with diarrhea. They found intestinal parasites in 46.5% of samples, with the most common being Cryptosporidium (18.9%) and Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica (both 11%). Only a few cases of helminths Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were observed. The highest number of cases was in children ages 1-5 years. The researchers concluded that intestinal parasites are a common cause of diarrhea in children in Delhi and recommend screening stool samples for parasites like Crypt
This document discusses rotavirus prevention and control. It provides an overview of rotavirus epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. It discusses infection control measures including handwashing and vaccination. Two oral rotavirus vaccines are described and their efficacy, safety and use in HIV-infected infants is summarized. Surveillance efforts in South Africa and Africa are outlined. WHO recommendations for rotavirus vaccination through routine immunization programs are also mentioned.
Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in childrenLucy Maya
Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children
This document summarizes key information about neonatal sepsis:
1. Neonatal sepsis is infection in infants less than 28 days old that can cause systemic infection, circulatory shock, and organ failure. Common bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
2. Risk factors include prolonged hospitalization and use of central venous catheters. Immediate treatment with antibiotics is critical.
3. Blood culture remains the diagnostic standard, but neonates often show only subtle signs initially, like feeding intolerance or abnormal vital signs, making early recognition difficult. A high index of suspicion is important.
This document provides guidelines from the World Gastroenterology Organisation on the diagnosis and treatment of acute diarrhea. It discusses the global epidemiology and impact of acute diarrhea. It also reviews the major causative agents of acute diarrhea including bacteria (such as E. coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella), viruses (such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus), and parasites (such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia). It provides details on the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute diarrhea and recommends treatment options based on the severity of dehydration and the likely causative agent. The guidelines are intended to provide a global perspective on acute diarrhea in
This document provides guidelines from the World Gastroenterology Organisation on the diagnosis and treatment of acute diarrhea. It discusses the global epidemiology and impact of acute diarrhea. It also reviews the major causative agents of acute diarrhea including bacteria (such as E. coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella), viruses (such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus), and parasites (such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia). It provides details on the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute diarrhea and recommends treatment options based on the severity of dehydration and the likely causative agent. The guidelines are intended to provide a global perspective on acute diarrhea in
The document discusses a study examining the prevalence of Salmonella typhi carriers and intestinal parasites among 315 food handlers in Ibb City, Yemen. It finds a 7.3% prevalence of S. typhi and 20% prevalence of intestinal parasites. Higher rates of both were associated with younger age groups of food handlers, indicating their role in transmission.
EPIDEMIOLOGY DESCRIPTION OF GROUP OF INTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GROUP OF RESPI...Masar Muslim
This document provides an overview of epidemiology topics including intestinal infections and respiratory infections. It discusses the characteristics and epidemiology of several diseases including hepatitis A and E, typhoid, shigellosis, salmonellosis, botulism, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, influenza, meningococcal disease, measles and others. The lecture plan indicates it will cover the actuality of these problems, characteristics of intestinal and respiratory infections, and conclusions.
PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA IN CHILDREN IN DUHOK ...Dr. Shameeran Bamarni
This study examined 600 stool samples from children ages 2-12 in Duhok Province, Iraq to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections. The researchers found that 47.66% of samples tested positive for E. histolytica and 15.55% tested positive for G. lamblia. Infection rates were highest in children ages 4-6 and 7-9 drinking tap water. Females had higher infection rates than males for both parasites. Access to clean drinking water and improved hygiene and sanitation practices are needed to reduce rates of these parasitic infections in children.
This document provides an overview of rotavirus vaccines. It discusses:
1) The disease burden of rotavirus, the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants worldwide.
2) The virology and structure of rotavirus.
3) Natural protection against rotavirus infection provided by maternal antibodies and previous infections.
4) The goals for an effective rotavirus vaccine, including protection against severe disease.
5) Vaccine strategies including those based on animal and human rotavirus strains. Currently licensed vaccines are RotaTeq (human-bovine reassortant) and Rotarix (live-attenuated human strain).
Similar to Acute Gastroenterıtıs Agents Under 5 Years Old Age Chıldren: Crimson Publishers (20)
Mechanical engineers create solutions and solve problems, playing a central role in the design and implementation of moving parts in a range of industries. Mechanical engineers provide efficient solutions to the development of processes and products, ranging from small component designs to extremely large plant, machinery or vehicles. They can work on all stages of a product, from research and development to design and manufacture, through to installation and final commissioning. Most industries rely on a form of mechanical systems and mechanical engineering is thought to be one of the most diverse of all engineering disciplines. Due to this, there are employment opportunities in a range of sectors, including: aerospace, automotive, biomedical, construction and manufacturing. Mechanical engineers can be involved in the management of people, projects and resources, as well as the development and use of new materials and technologies.
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The Evolution of the Hepatitis C Genotypes and Probable Risk Factors for Infe...CrimsonpublishersMedical
Hepatitis C is rapidly emerging as a major health problem in developing countries including Pakistan that leads to death and morbidities. HCV has a high genetic variation and is classified into six major genotypes and 67 subtypes. (Direct-Acting-Antivirals) anti-HCV drugs therapy response, resistance and recovery rates depend on HCV genotype. The epidemiological study of HCV genotypes in 2014-2016 and their main routs of infection in the Punjab Pakistan. Observational study of the patients from 27 centers. A total of 4823 serum samples were tested by type-specific genotyping assay. RNA was extracted using FoverGen Mini Kit. For HCV genotyping AmpliSens® HCV-genotype-FRT PCR kit variant FRT-g1-6. Detail history of each patient was taken on a predesigned questioner which was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee.
Total 7800 individuals were analyzed by anti HCV ELISA out of which 5451 patient were found reactive. The positive samples were further conformed by PCR for HCV and their genotypes, out of which 4823 (88.47%) were found detected for HCV RNA. In the division of genotypes in Punjab varies from a maximum of 57.6% the genotype 3a, followed by 3b 14.76% on the other hand least common genotype was type-5 (0.14%). The major route of infection was surgery/dental procedures (52.02%), use of unsafe syringes (18.45%), blood transfusion (16.26%), razors or circumcision (5.90%), less than 3% due to needle stick, while 6.35% was unclear. HCV The most spread genotype in Pakistan was 3a with rate of 58% followed by genotype 3b and 1a, respectively. Dental surgery was the main source of infection.
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Java in Biology by Uttara Bidwaikar in Research in Medical & Engineering Scie...CrimsonpublishersMedical
Java is a user friendly language. Coding in biology using Java is easier as compared with other languages. Classes and Inheritance have made possible longer and multiple coding. Gene coding and matching using Java would be easier as compared to C. Object oriented programming makes objects instance of classes which can be invoked using objects. Also, web applications can be developed in different colors linking DBMS, Java and HTML.
Function calls at runtime than at compile time using pointers (virtual functions and abstract class derived from base class) saves modification of software. Connectivity of JDBC enables execution of distributed applications across multiple host systems using RMI that is implemented on middle tier of 3 tier architecture framework to invoke an object of a method present on other JVM.
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While you may have seen the point I've given, clearly, a few times about the Unnatural/Unexplict word 'Doctor' staying more stuck on people's minds making health problems thought of more therefore suffered more, and the need for it to be changed to a much more Natural/Explicit title which staying a lot less stuck on people’s minds would make health problems thought of a lot less therefore suffered a lot less; I now have another similar point to make.
A new intellectual product named Lean Enablers for Clinical Laboratories (LEfCL) is described. It is a collection of 136 best practices for clinical laboratory operations, containing collective wisdom on how to practice laboratory management, focusing on simultaneous improvements in test quality, productivity, laboratory capacity and stakeholder satisfaction, and reductions of test turnaround time and cost. The methodology follows an awarded method established in Systems Engineering and represents an extension of that engineering knowledge into clinical practice. The product has been developed by experienced directors from Kaiser Permanente regional clinical laboratory while pursuing a graduate Certificate in Lean Healthcare at Loyola Marymount University. LEfCL are organized into six well-known Lean Principles: Value, Value Stream Mapping, Flow, Pull, Perfection and Respect. The paper also identifies 46 Challenges that prevent success. Results of Lean improvements measured over the period of 2014-2016 are quoted for five laboratories. The LEfCL are not intended to become a mandatory practice. Instead, they should be used as a checklist of good practices. LEfCL are formulated as a comprehensive set of practices, intended for future training of new hires and as reference material. As such, they include both basic and advanced practices.
A new intellectual product named Lean Enablers for Clinical Laboratories (LEfCL) is described. It is a collection of 136 best practices for clinical laboratory operations, containing collective wisdom on how to practice laboratory management, focusing on simultaneous improvements in test quality, productivity, laboratory capacity and stakeholder satisfaction, and reductions of test turnaround time and cost. The methodology follows an awarded method established in Systems Engineering and represents an extension of that engineering knowledge into clinical practice. The product has been developed by experienced directors from Kaiser Permanente regional clinical laboratory while pursuing a graduate Certificate in Lean Healthcare at Loyola Marymount University. LEfCL are organized into six well-known Lean Principles: Value, Value Stream Mapping, Flow, Pull, Perfection and Respect. The paper also identifies 46 Challenges that prevent success. Results of Lean improvements measured over the period of 2014-2016 are quoted for five laboratories. The LEfCL are not intended to become a mandatory practice. Instead, they should be used as a checklist of good practices. LEfCL are formulated as a comprehensive set of practices, intended for future training of new hires and as reference material. As such, they include both basic and advanced practices.
From Stand Alone Computers to Big Data Technology: Proposing a New Model for ...CrimsonpublishersMedical
Change is said to be constant but despite the benefits of change to Information Technology Infrastructure (ITI), managers, researchers and enthusiasts are uncertain about the future. A survey of literature shows that the association between ITI and change management are divergent in interrelationships. Many ITI consumers find it difficult to accommodate change due to several challenges involved. Technological developments coming into play has led to whole lot gradual changes. This paper describes the journey of ITI from standalone computers to cloud of things, the motivation for their transition alongside merits and demerits. It also discusses each of this method in brief and also provides their applications. It states the importance of computer networks today using fast and novel approaches. Finally, this paper presents a new model for managing change in ITI.
Metaphors to Think about Technological Tools and Patients Care in Family Medi...CrimsonpublishersMedical
This document discusses the role of technology in medicine and healthcare. It begins by acknowledging the benefits of scientific and medical advances in increasing longevity and quality of life. However, it notes there are growing limitations to what science and technology can contribute to health on their own, as health depends on many genetic and environmental factors beyond just medical interventions. It discusses issues like the high costs of new medical technologies, reasonable doubts about the efficacy and safety of some procedures, and an "epidemic" of overdiagnosis and overtreatment driven partly by economic incentives. The document argues that while technology serves doctors' purposes, it can ultimately redefine their goals in ways that lead to more problems than solutions. It advocates for a patient-centered approach
Technology has always shaped the ways we communicate. Six hundred years ago, it was the printing press. Today, it is the internet and social media, and in the future, artificial intelligence will enable robot journalism, social battlers and simultaneous translation between languages and cultures.
The Internet in general, and more specifically the massive entrance of Smartphone usage into our being, has revolutionized many aspects of human life, including commerce, advertising, social interactions and education. The rapidly increasing use of Smartphone's is a global phenomenon of this millennium. According to recent figures, the number of Smartphone users worldwide surpassed two billion in 2016. These rapid changes pose new challenges on the macro market level, as well as on the micro individual level.
Parasitic diseases remain a major constraint to livestock productivity across all agro ecological zones and production systems in Africa, and gastrointestinal nematodes remain a major economic importance in domesticated livestock throughout the world [1] being the chief parasitizes responsible for disease-related production losses arising from stock mortality, severe weight loss and poor production, especially in small ruminants. The World Health Organization estimates that a staggering 2 billion people harbour parasitic worm infections. Parasitic worms also infect livestock and crops, affecting food production with a resultant economic impact. Also of importance is the infection of domestic pets. Indeed, the companion animal market is a major economic consideration for animal health companies undertaking drug discovery programmes.
Cystic hygroma or cystic lymphangioma is a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system that manifests itself as a soft, benign, and painless mass. It is widely accepted that they arise from the remnants of embryonic lymphatic tissue which retains the potential for proliferation. They grow in the fashion of sprouting and are capable of transgressing anatomical boundary. They can occur almost at any anatomical site.
Aim: Acute gastroenteritis outbreaks common health problem throughout the world especially in children. Everyyear thousands of children dies because of the diarrhea cause of bacterias, parasites and viral diseases.In this study we aim to find the rates of the agents cause diarrhoea, children under 5 years old according to the seasons.
Matherials and methods: In this study 216 stool samples ,children under 5 years old age ,are examine with some tests for Rotaviruses, Adenoviruses, Salmonella, Shigella, Entemoeba and Giardia, Clostridium difficile(ToxinA, Toxin B). Gastroenteritis were tested for Clostridium difficile by means of enzyme-linked immunoassay(ToxinA, Toxin B). CerTest Rotavirus and Adenovirus Card Test (CerTest, Biotec, Spain), a qualitative immunochromatographic assay was used to detect rotavirus and adenovirus antigens.This immunochromatic tests used for detecting Giardia and Entemoeba antigens too and most of the cases we support our results with the microscopy. They were also examined by ELISA for Clostridium difficile cytotoxins A and B. We used macconcey medium for finding the lactose negative colonies after that selenit-f media used for detecting only salmonella and shigella in the stool samples, the final results has been reached by the IMVIC tests.
Result: Infections results 40.74% rotavirus (adenovirus 13.42%, 5 case is mixed infections ) , bacteria 24.98% and parasites 20.82% . Some agents are peak in the cold seasons for example most Rotavirus outbreaks increased in winter.(November 11.36%, December 14.77%, January 13.76%, February 25% ). In contrast some outbreaks occured in hot seasons especially Salmonella ( June 21.42%, July 28.57%, August 35.71%) and Shigella (June 20 %, July 20% ,August 30%)(Table 1).
Conclusion: This study find the highest proportion of dual diarhoeal infections was identified in February, March and April and seasonal occurrence of some mono-infections; infection by rotavirus is more frequent in winter and spring In conclusion we believe that analysis of viral antigens,bacterias and the parasites as a diarrheal agents in stool sample is important in 0-5 years old infants because of hospitalizations and unneccessary drugs.
Dystonia is the manifestation of involuntary lasting severe muscle contractions, which lead to rhythmic and atypical movements in different parts of the body. Dystonia is the most common movement disorder next to Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). Oro Mandibular Dystonia (OMD) is considered as a focal dystonia involving mouth, jaw, and tongue, manifested by involuntary muscle contractions producing repetitive, patterned movements of the involved structures. The diagnosis of OMD is purely clinical and is to be differentiated thoroughly from the conditions mimicking the signs. Since it presents in various forms and severities it further renders the management a multidisciplinary approach with variable treatment outcomes. The following is a clinical diagnostic case report of oromandibualar dystonia with presenting signs and symptoms, history and examination characteristic of the condition
Assessment of Bleached and Unbleached Jute Yarn with Various Dyes and Paramet...CrimsonpublishersMedical
This project deals with the studies on dyeing behavior of bleached and unbleached jute yarn dyed with different dyes as well as assessment of different quality parameters like as effect of different color fastness properties, Absorbency and Weight loss. In this research work Reactive dyes (orange), Acid dyes (red), Basic dyes (yellow) and direct dyes (blue) were used. Lab dyeing machine and other fastness machines (To analyze Color Fastness to wash and Colorfastness to rubbing) were used to conduct this research work. It was found that bleached yarn had higher depth of shade and better fastness properties under the same dye concentration. Among all the dyes reactive dyes showed the better fastness property.
Climate Change and Sustainable Management of Salinity in Agriculture: Crimson...CrimsonpublishersMedical
There has been a steady increase in the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in the environment. Agriculture is reported responsible for up to almost half of all methane emissions. The climate change predictions over India indicate that temperature rise is likely to be around 3”C and rainfall increase is expected by 10-20 per cent over central states of India by 2100 A.D. The climate change triggered frequency of weather related events like floods, droughts, frost, cold and heat waves has considerably increased during last two decades. Continuation of such trends associated with rise in temperature is expected to melt ice, glaciers, re-distribute water flow in rivers, raise sea levels, sub-merge coastal habitats, islands, generate tsunamis and dislocate human and livestock settlements. Predicted spatial redistribution of precipitation, droughts, floods and water balance will change land use, pests, diseases and other ecological parameters. These changes will necessitate the need to devise research strategies to deal with predicted changes to sustain agricultural productivity and to achieve food and nutritional security in 21st century.
Radical Resection HPB Tumors Presenting as Metastatic Lesions: Report of 2 Ca...CrimsonpublishersMedical
60 yr old lady referred to department of GI and HPB surgery for management for GB with ascetic, who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for supposed to be metastatic ca GB at oncology hospital. Presenting features-Pain and distension abdomen, vomiting, generalized edema for 10 days. Diagnostic laparoscopy and biopsy findings of which were-diffuse ascitis with frozen subheptic region with GB not visualized, was biopsy negative for malignancy (exact site not mentioned). O/E- pt ASA GR3 pedal edema+, ascetic +, abdomen soft no s/o icterus/Lymphadenopathy/peritonitis /Mets Investigations-Hb-9.8gm/dl-, TLC-12700, DLC-N-74%, L-22%, E-2%, M-2%, urea-17 creatinine-0.6, HIV, HBS Ag, anti HCV -ve, serum bilirubin- 0.3, SGOT-98, SGPT-78, ALP-327, alb -2.3 CXR-B/L pleural effusion, tapping done. USG-CBD normal, mass in GB lumen not involving liver, liver normal, moderate ascitis. Ascetic cytologyve CTSCAN - Mass in GB lumen localized to GB wall filling the lumen with no Mets /LNs, ascetic+ ca 19-9 -3u/ml. Management -She was treated for gastritis, hyponatremia, hypoprotinemia with PPIs, high protein diet, albumin infusion &TPN for 7 days. After nutritional build up reevaluation showed serum albumin- 3.1gm/ dl, CECT findings same with resolution of ascitis. The ascitis was a result of hypoprotinemia as ascetic cytology was negative which disappeared after protein replacement. So decision was taken to proceed with diag. lap &radical cholecystectomy. Intraoperative Findings: Diag. lap-no free fluid, no Mets.
The Prevalence of Hcv Infection among Renal Failure Patients Before Starting ...CrimsonpublishersMedical
HCV infection is common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality among heamodialysis (HD) patients [1]. Heamodialysis is a trusted intermediate procedure for management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. As such CKD is an immunedeficient state, hence blood borne viral infection particularly HCV pose great risk to patients treated by heamodialysis [2]. A high prevalence of HCV infection in heamodialysis patients has been reported in heamodialysis units since the introduction of heamodialysis therapy. Risk factors such as the number of blood transfusions or duration on heamodialysis. The prevalence of HCV infection in patients undergoing dialysis is greater than that in the general population, suggesting that patients on dialysis may be at higher risk of acquiring HCV infection.
Tracing Colonialism in 19th Century British Novels by Farhana Haque in Resear...CrimsonpublishersMedical
The aim of this paper is to map out aspects of colonialism and embedded colonial spirit in the works of the Nineteenth century British novelists. To do so i have chosen three quintessential english novels, jane austen’s mans field park (1814), charlotte bronte’s jane eyre (1847), and its prequel wide sargasso sea (1966) written by jean rhys. These three novels from three different eras, the romantic period, the victorian period and the postcolonial modern times, therefore illustrated how literature can often be ingrained with supremacist ideologies and it can also be the means of resistance against the forces of colonialism.
A Comparison of Spectrophotometric and Oxidoreduction Potential Method for La...CrimsonpublishersMedical
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) oxidize phenolic compounds forming quinones, which undergo non-enzymatic reactions resulting in colored
compounds. We studied ferulic acid and catechol oxidation by Myceliophthora thermophila laccases using oxidoreduction potential (ORP or Eh) as a novel
method to determine PPO activity compared to the traditional spectrophotometric method. Eh varied time-dependently on ferulic acid and catechol
concentrations. Eh increased to a maximum value (Ehmax), then decreased irreversibly proportional with substrate concentration. The ΔEh curves of
ferulic acid and catechol oxidation at different concentrations by laccase exhibited two steps substrate oxidation: enzymatic and non-enzymatic; linear
segments with increasing and decreasing slopes (rate of ΔEh change). The Km values determined spectrophotometrically and ORP were 0.55, 0.75 and
0.39, 0.32mM for catechol and ferulic acid, respectively. The kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) of enzymatic reaction were not significantly different between
the spectrophotometry and ORP methods. The ORP method is simple, low-cost and fast enabling the differentiation between the enzymatic and nonenzymatic phenol oxidation reactions
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. How to cite this article: Çiğdem E B, Demet Ç. Acute Gastroenterıtıs Agents Under 5 Years Old Age Chıldren. Res Med Eng Sci. 2(2). RMES.000534. 2017.
DOI: 10.31031/RMES.2017.02.000534
Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences
110
Res Med Eng Sci
Moreover, evidence suggests that a large proportion of pediatric
Clostridium difficile cases are community-acquired infections and
that many of these infections lack the traditional risk factor of
exposure to antimicrobial drugs [13-15]. In this study we aim to
find the prevelance of these gastroenteritis agents under 5 years
old children .
Materials and Methods
Thestudygroupcomprised216childrenadmittedconsecutively
for diarrhea to this hospital during a period of one year. The patients
were chosen if they had diarrhoea on admission, irrespective
of other concomitant diseases. Children who had been treated
with antibiotics before the onset of diarrhoea were included too.
Samples were obtained by direct deposition in a sterile container
and were transported the same day to hospital laboratories, where
they were stored at 4-8 ˚C until they were processed. Specimens for
bacteriological culture were inoculated into appropriate media on
the day of collection.
Stool specimens from each infant with severe gastroenteritis
were tested for Clostridium difficile by means of enzyme-linked
immunoassay. CerTest Rotavirus and Adenovirus Card Test
(CerTest, Biotec, Spain), a qualitative immunochromatographic
assay was used to detect Rotavirus and Adenovirus antigens.This
immunochromatic tests used for detecting Giardia and Entemoeba
antigens too and most of the cases we support our finding with the
microscopy. They were also examined by ELISA for Clostridium
difficile cytotoxins A and B. We used Macconcey medium for
detecting the lactose negative colonies after that Selenit-F media
usedfordetecting onlySalmonellaandShigella inthestoolsamples.
We don’t find the serotypes of this bacterias. In this study we use
IMVIC tests define as symptoms of diarrhoea not attributable to
another cause.
Result
The total number of children admitted during the 1 year of
survey was 216 children. Rotaviruses were the single most common
pathogen. For all agents peak incidence occured in February (n=27)
and August (n=28) (Table 1). Adenoviruses present in 29 of the
total number of 216(13.42%) patients. Clostridium difficile strains
isolated from 30 of 216(13.88%) ,parasites including ; Giardia and
Entemoeba were identified in 19(8.79%) and 26(12.03%)(Table 1).
Some agents are peak in the cold seasons for example most
Rotavirus outbreaks increased in winter .(December 14.77%,
January 13.76%, February 25%) Looking at all the months,
concluded that there isn’t significant difference about Adenovirus
infections.We found 5 Adenovirus-Rotavirus mix infections 2 case in
February , 1 case in March and 3 case in April (Table 1). In contrast
some outbreaks occured in hot seasons especially Salmonella (June
21.42%, July 28.57%, August 35.71%) and Shigella (June 20%, July
20%, August 30%) (Table 1).
Table 1: Number of gastroenteritis agents.
January February March April May June July August September October November December TOTAL
n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Giardia spp. 1 5.2 - 2 10.5 2 10.5 1 5.2
3
15.7
3
15.7
4 21.0 -7.6 1 5.2 2 10.5 - 19 100
Entemoeba
spp.
- 1 3.8 1 3.8 3 11.5 2 7.6
4
15.3
5
19.2
6 23.0 2 10 - 1 3.8 1 3.84 26 100
Clostridium
difficile
2 6.6 2 6.6 - 3 10 2 6.6 3 10
4
13.3
7 23.3 3 7.1 1 3.3 3 10 - 30 100
Salmonella
spp.
- - - - 1 7.1
3
21.4
4
28.5
5 35.7 1 10.3 - - - 14 100
Shigella
spp.
1 10 - - - 1 10 2 20 2 20 3 30 - 1 10 - - 10 100
Adenovirus - 2 6.8 2 6.8 3 10.3 2 6.8
4
13.7
2 6.8 2 6.8 3 10.3 3 10.3 2 6.8 4 6.8 29 100
Rotavirus 12 13.7 22 25 8 9.0 4 4.5 3 3.4 - - 1 1.1 7 7.9 8 9.0 10 11.3 13 14.7 88 100
Total
Number
16 27 13 15 12 19 20 28 16 14 18 18 216
Discussion
Acute gastroenteritis in children continues to be a significant
problem throughout the world.Worldwide more than 744-1000
million cases of acute diarrhoeal disease are estimated to ocur
annually just in children under 5 years old [16]. Of the estimated
total 10.6 million deaths among children under five years of age
worldwide, 42 percent occur in the World Health Organization
(WHO African region) [17]. Throughout the world global estimates
of the number of deaths due to diarrhea have shown like [18], from
4.6 million in the 1980s [16] to 3.3 million in the 1990s [19] to 2.5
million in the year 2000 [20].
Some studies refers that enterotoxigenic Rotaviruses
predominate in developing areas, cytotoxigenic Clostridium
difficile are seen with increasing frequency in developed areas;
and Shigella, Salmonella, and Giardia lamblia are found throughout
the world [21]. In Netherland viruses were detected in 82% of the
3. Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences
How to cite this article: Çiğdem E B, Demet Ç. Acute Gastroenterıtıs Agents Under 5 Years Old Age Chıldren. Res Med Eng Sci. 2(2). RMES.000534. 2017.
DOI: 10.31031/RMES.2017.02.000534
111
Res Med Eng Sci
samples, with Rotavirus being most common (56%), bacteria in
32% and parasites in 10% [22]. Our study consistent with these
study 40.74% Rotavirus (Adenovirus 13.42% 5 case is mixed
infections), bacteria 24.98% and parasites 20.82% (Table 1). Most
of the studies mention that mixed infections are less frequent than
mono-infections , but the rate of double infections varies widely in
the literature [23]. A study in Spain find the most frequent mixed
infections were Rotavirus-Astrovirus (13 cases) and Rotavirus-
Adenovirus (10 cases in 820 stool samples) [23] In this study
Rotavirus and Adenovirus mix enfection 5 of 216 sample (2.31%)
(Table 1). This study find the highest proportion of dual infections
wasidentifiedinFebruary,MarchandApril and seasonaloccurrence
of some mono-infections; infection by Rotavirus is more frequent
in winter and spring . In Spain most of the cases of mixed infection
occurred in autumn (26 cases in autumn, five in winter, six in spring
but only two cases in summer), and no seasonal differences were
detected between the different co-infections [23].
As seen in the present study Rotavirus is a most common
detected antigen 40.74% for acute childhood diarrhea. These
findings are consistent with other investigations in İzmir Rotavirus
found 39.8% of 920 children [24]. We found Clostridium difficile
infections(CDI) rate 13.88%. Some researchers find the incidence
of CDI in the pediatric population appears to be increasing in US
hospitals [25]. Our study has got some limitations because there is
few investigations done in Erzurum before so our results are close
for Rotaviruses and Adenoviruses [26].
Enteric viral pathogens were the most significant causative
agents bacterial pathogens were also important contributors
to pediatric diarrhea in Tripoli [27]. Resembling in Tripoli in
this study viral pathogens detected 54.16% sample , bacterial
pathogens detected 24.98% and parasitic agents detected 20.82%
of all samples.
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium
parvum are considered to be the most important diarrheal agents
[28-32]. We search Entemoeba and Giardia enfections in our study.
Giardia lamblia infections are very common throughout the world
and are considered one of the main nonviral causes of diarrhea
in industrialized countries [32]. For many years, microscopic
examination of stool samples has been considered to be the “gold
standard” for diagnosis of Entemoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia
and some parasites. Recently, more specific and sensitive alternative
methods (PCR,ELISA) have been introduced for all these parasitic
infections. We search these parasites with microscobic examination
and we found Giardia spp 8.79% and Entemoeba spp 12.03% of
all samples. These numbers shows us that parasitic infections are
incontrovertible cause of acute diarrhea.
Conclusıon
In coclusion analysis of viral antigens,bacterias and the
parasites as a diarrheal agents in stool sample is important in
0-5 years old infants, in order to predict clinical outcome, prevent
inapproprate antibiotic use and hospitalizations.
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