Cholecystitis is the most common disease of gastro intestinal tract contributing for 10% disease burden. Most of the time it is infective in origin. In view of the emerging multi drug resistance organisms, there is a need for guidance in empirical antimicrobial therapy in every clinical setting. To study the bacteriological profile and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in cholecystitis and cholelithiasis patients. A cross sectional study was conducted at Mamatha General Hospital, Kammam over a period of 2 years from September 2010 to September 2012. A total number of 62 clinically diagnosed cases of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis subjected to elective cholecystectomy were included in the study. Bile and gall stone samples were collected and processed aerobically, anaerobically according to standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all isolates by Kirby-bauer disc diffusion method and susceptibility pattern were recorded. A total number of 62 cases of cholecystitis were included in the study shows female preponderance of disease. Maximum number of cases belongs to 41 to 50 years age group. Out of 62 patients 62 bile samples and 58 gall stones specimen were collected and analyzed. Bile culture was positive in 24 cholelithiasis cases (41.37%), Gallstone culture was positive in 9 cases (15.51%). The two bile samples yielded anaerobic growth. Escherichia coli was the predominant organism in both samples. Bacterial isolates showing maximum susceptibility to ampicillin-sulbactum (100%), amikacin (80%). To optimized empirical antimicrobial therapy in cholecystitis and cholelithiasis patients prior knowledge of the prevalence of various bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in is required.
Incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary care hospital, ...Apollo Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance to microorganisms is a growing public health concern globally, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to study the incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been recognized for decades as hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). Nowadays, MRSA is also recognized as a worldwide emerging community-associated pathogen. Community associated- MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been shown to be more virulent with a high degree of severity of disease when compared to HA-MRSA.
Incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary care hospital, ...Apollo Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance to microorganisms is a growing public health concern globally, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to study the incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been recognized for decades as hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). Nowadays, MRSA is also recognized as a worldwide emerging community-associated pathogen. Community associated- MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been shown to be more virulent with a high degree of severity of disease when compared to HA-MRSA.
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY...Raphael Mwalimu
This study involved isolating, identifying, and determining the susceptibility patterns of bacteria from diabetic patients who were hospitalized for diabetic foot ulcers.
Methods: The specimen was collected using a deep swabbing approach from the feet of forty hospitalized patients with diabetes. The two sample swabs were delivered to the microbiology laboratory as soon as they were collected. One swab was used for microscopic examinations, and the other was utilized for culture. Three aseptically prepared agars – chocolate, MacConkey, and sheep blood were used for culture. In accordance with accepted clinical standards, the pathogens were identified. By performing the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton Agar medium, the isolates’ antibiotic sensitivity patterns were examined.
Results: Twenty-five patients had microorganisms in their foot ulcers, whereas 15 patients had sterile samples (no pathological growth). Gram-negative (10) and positive (15) bacteria were recovered, with some patients having both types. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32%), Klebsiella species (8%), and methicillin-resistant (10), sensitive (2), and coagulase-negative (3) strains of Staphylococcus aureus were identified.
Conclusion: Imipenem was the antibiotic most sensitive to almost all of the isolates, whereas Penicillin G had more resistance to all of the isolates, and the other antibiotics had more variation. Our findings lead us to recommend that patients with diabetes be empirically given imipenem.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic ManagementIOSRJPBS
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic Management, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. Background: To study the clinical presentation of amoebic dysentery and to study the results of Homeopathic management and treatment of amoebic dysentery. To assess the influence of miasm in the case of Amoebic Dysentery. Methodology: Thirty out-patients with clinically confirmed symptomatic cases of amoebic dysentery were entered trial and treated with Homoeopathic remedies on the basis of Homoeopathic principles with fixed criteria to know the results of treatment as recovered, improved or not improved. For the present study he patients who visited on Sriganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, Rajsthan, India and peripheral Out Patient Department were selected on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Totally 30 patients were selected for this study. At the end of the study it was observed that, out of 30 patients, 24 patients recovered (80%), 5 case improved (16.66%) and1case is not improved (3.3%). with the help ofsuitable homoeopathic medicines. Conclusion: There were no side effects during the treatment and it can be concluded that Homoeopathic Medicines can be help the patient to take a new lease on life
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a
challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate
Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44
were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different
and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42)
tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with
highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes
(MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1
and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by
most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With
over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and
might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the
nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Abdominal Tuberculosis Revisited–A single institutional experience of 72 case...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Trends in Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio Cholerae Isolates in Kenya (2006 - ...paperpublications3
Abstract: The evolution of antibiotic resistance was studied among revived Vibrio cholerae strains which were previously archived at -800c between 2006 and 2015. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) on 12 antimicrobials; ampicillin (10µg), cefpodoxime (10 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), amoxicillin- clavulanic acid (10/ 100 µg ratio) nalidixic acid (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (10 µg), SXT (sulphamethoxazole -30 µg trimethoprim -5.2 µg), streptomycin (25 µg), gentamycin (10 µg) and chloramphenicol (30 µg) was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. AST results revealed susceptibility to tetracycline, which is the drug of choice in Kenya administered as doxycycline during cholera outbreaks, among all isolates. Resistance to βeta-lactams and ciprofloxacin emerged in latter years while a decline in resistance to SXT, Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin was noted. This study gave a clear indication that there were changes in the resistance patterns whereby resistance to some antimicrobials declined and others emerged over the ten year period. In order to slow down the emergence and spread of resistance strains, care should be taken by health professionals when prescribing antimicrobials to patients suffering from cholera disease and should be restricted to only severe cases. It is also recommended that antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be done before giving antimicrobials in management of cholera cases.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Evolution, Kenya, Vibrio cholera.
Title: Trends in Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio Cholerae Isolates in Kenya (2006 - 2015)
Author: Penina Muthoni Kung’u, Samuel Njoroge, John Kiiru, Paul Okemo, Samuel Kariuki
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomaeshaasini
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomasemualkaira
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC).
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomasemualkaira
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC).
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomadaranisaha
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC)
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
More Related Content
Similar to A cross sectional study on Bacteriological profile and antibiogram of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis | IJMM 2021
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY...Raphael Mwalimu
This study involved isolating, identifying, and determining the susceptibility patterns of bacteria from diabetic patients who were hospitalized for diabetic foot ulcers.
Methods: The specimen was collected using a deep swabbing approach from the feet of forty hospitalized patients with diabetes. The two sample swabs were delivered to the microbiology laboratory as soon as they were collected. One swab was used for microscopic examinations, and the other was utilized for culture. Three aseptically prepared agars – chocolate, MacConkey, and sheep blood were used for culture. In accordance with accepted clinical standards, the pathogens were identified. By performing the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton Agar medium, the isolates’ antibiotic sensitivity patterns were examined.
Results: Twenty-five patients had microorganisms in their foot ulcers, whereas 15 patients had sterile samples (no pathological growth). Gram-negative (10) and positive (15) bacteria were recovered, with some patients having both types. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32%), Klebsiella species (8%), and methicillin-resistant (10), sensitive (2), and coagulase-negative (3) strains of Staphylococcus aureus were identified.
Conclusion: Imipenem was the antibiotic most sensitive to almost all of the isolates, whereas Penicillin G had more resistance to all of the isolates, and the other antibiotics had more variation. Our findings lead us to recommend that patients with diabetes be empirically given imipenem.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic ManagementIOSRJPBS
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic Management, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. Background: To study the clinical presentation of amoebic dysentery and to study the results of Homeopathic management and treatment of amoebic dysentery. To assess the influence of miasm in the case of Amoebic Dysentery. Methodology: Thirty out-patients with clinically confirmed symptomatic cases of amoebic dysentery were entered trial and treated with Homoeopathic remedies on the basis of Homoeopathic principles with fixed criteria to know the results of treatment as recovered, improved or not improved. For the present study he patients who visited on Sriganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, Rajsthan, India and peripheral Out Patient Department were selected on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Totally 30 patients were selected for this study. At the end of the study it was observed that, out of 30 patients, 24 patients recovered (80%), 5 case improved (16.66%) and1case is not improved (3.3%). with the help ofsuitable homoeopathic medicines. Conclusion: There were no side effects during the treatment and it can be concluded that Homoeopathic Medicines can be help the patient to take a new lease on life
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a
challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate
Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44
were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different
and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42)
tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with
highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes
(MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1
and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by
most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With
over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and
might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the
nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Abdominal Tuberculosis Revisited–A single institutional experience of 72 case...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Trends in Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio Cholerae Isolates in Kenya (2006 - ...paperpublications3
Abstract: The evolution of antibiotic resistance was studied among revived Vibrio cholerae strains which were previously archived at -800c between 2006 and 2015. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) on 12 antimicrobials; ampicillin (10µg), cefpodoxime (10 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), amoxicillin- clavulanic acid (10/ 100 µg ratio) nalidixic acid (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (10 µg), SXT (sulphamethoxazole -30 µg trimethoprim -5.2 µg), streptomycin (25 µg), gentamycin (10 µg) and chloramphenicol (30 µg) was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. AST results revealed susceptibility to tetracycline, which is the drug of choice in Kenya administered as doxycycline during cholera outbreaks, among all isolates. Resistance to βeta-lactams and ciprofloxacin emerged in latter years while a decline in resistance to SXT, Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin was noted. This study gave a clear indication that there were changes in the resistance patterns whereby resistance to some antimicrobials declined and others emerged over the ten year period. In order to slow down the emergence and spread of resistance strains, care should be taken by health professionals when prescribing antimicrobials to patients suffering from cholera disease and should be restricted to only severe cases. It is also recommended that antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be done before giving antimicrobials in management of cholera cases.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Evolution, Kenya, Vibrio cholera.
Title: Trends in Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio Cholerae Isolates in Kenya (2006 - 2015)
Author: Penina Muthoni Kung’u, Samuel Njoroge, John Kiiru, Paul Okemo, Samuel Kariuki
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomaeshaasini
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomasemualkaira
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC).
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomasemualkaira
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC).
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomadaranisaha
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC)
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
A cross sectional study on Bacteriological profile and antibiogram of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis | IJMM 2021
1. 1 Srinivas and Udayasri
International Journal of Microbiology and Mycology | IJMM |
pISSN: 2309-4796
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 1-7, 2021
A cross sectional study on Bacteriological profile and
antibiogram of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis
Dr Srinivas N1
, Dr Udayasri B*2
Department of Microbiology, Mamata Medical college, Khammam, Telengana, India
Keywords: Cholecystitis, Cholelithiasis, Bile culture, Bacteriological profile, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Publication date: January 30, 2021
Abstract
Cholecystitis is the most common disease of gastro intestinal tract contributing for 10% disease burden.
Most of the time it is infective in origin. In view of the emerging multi drug resistance organisms, there
is a need for guidance in empirical antimicrobial therapy in every clinical setting. To study the
bacteriological profile and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in cholecystitis and cholelithiasis
patients. A cross sectional study was conducted at Mamatha General Hospital, Kammam over a period
of 2 years from September 2010 to September 2012. A total number of 62 clinically diagnosed cases of
cholecystitis and cholelithiasis subjected to elective cholecystectomy were included in the study. Bile
and gall stone samples were collected and processed aerobically, anaerobically according to standard
microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all isolates by Kirby-
bauer disc diffusion method and susceptibility pattern were recorded. A total number of 62 cases of
cholecystitis were included in the study shows female preponderance of disease. Maximum number of
cases belongs to 41 to 50 years age group. Out of 62 patients 62 bile samples and 58 gall stones
specimen were collected and analyzed. Bile culture was positive in 24 cholelithiasis cases (41.37%),
Gallstone culture was positive in 9 cases (15.51%). The two bile samples yielded anaerobic growth.
Escherichia coli was the predominant organism in both samples. Bacterial isolates showing maximum
susceptibility to ampicillin-sulbactum (100%), amikacin (80%). To optimized empirical antimicrobial
therapy in cholecystitis and cholelithiasis patients prior knowledge of the prevalence of various bacteria
and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in is required.
* Corresponding Author: Dr Udayasri udayasree09@gmail.com
Open Access RESEARCH PAPER
2. 2 Srinivas and Udayasri
Introduction
Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis is the most
common disease of gastro intestinal tract
contributing for 10% disease burden in western
population and 17% in Asian population(1)
, which
may vary between 11-36% depending on the
geographical distribution of the population. The
most common complication of cholelithiasis is
chronic cholecystitis. Most of the time it is
infective in origin. The reason behind the
infection is either by ascending infection due to
reflux of duodenal contents or infection spreading
through the portal venous channels (2)
.
The microbial etiology of cholecystitis is mainly
contributed by various bacteria like Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus, Proteus
and Salmonella Typhi (3)
. Few fungi like Candida,
Non albicans Candida and moulds like Aspergillus
are also associated with cholecystitis (4)
.
The data on bacterial etiology and antimicrobial
resistance pattern of cholecystitis is limited. In
view of the emergence of multi drug resistance
organism and changing trends in bacteriological
spectrum, there is a need for guidance in
empirical antimicrobial therapy in every clinical
setting (5)
. This will help in treatment options
there by allowing optimized antimicrobial
therapy. Formulation of empirical antibiotic
treatment guidelines is usually based on the prior
knowledge of the prevalence of various bacteria
and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in
cholecystitis and cholelithiasis patients.
The present study is aimed to find the bacteriological
profile and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in
cholecystitis and cholelithiasis patients attending a
tertiary care hospital.
Materials and methods
A cross sectional study was conducted in The
Department of General Surgery, Mamatha General
Hospital, Kammam over a period of 2 years from
September 2010 to September 2012.
A total number of 62 clinically diagnosed cases of
cholecystitis and cholelithiasis who were subjected
to elective cholecystectomy were included in the
study. Patients with immunosuppressive
conditions, undergoing emergency surgery,
Chronic liver disease with deranged liver function
were excluded from the study. Patient
demographic details and clinical history was
recorded using a well formed questioner.
Specimen collection
1. Bile: At the time of surgery, 3-5ml of bile
was collected from gall bladder through 10ml
disposable syringe using all aseptic measures and
placed in a sterile container.
2. Gall stones: Gall bladder was removed and
opened. The stones were collected in a sterile
container under aseptic conditions. The stones
were separated into two groups: (1) Black stones
and both black and brown stones were regarded
as pigment stones, (2) Yellow stones were
regarded as cholesterol stones. Biochemical
analysis of stones was not carried out.
The specimens were labelled and sent to
laboratory without delay for culture.
Microbiological processing
Direct microscopic examination of the bile was
performed using Gram stain technique. The
smears were examined for pus cells and
microorganism. About 3ml of bile was inoculated
into bile broth, blood agar and Mac Conkey agar
plates. Gall stones obtained were washed with
sterile normal saline. The stones were crushed
and inoculated into bile broth, blood agar, and
Mac Conkey agar plates.
The inoculated plates were incubated at 37ºC over
a period of 24 to 48 hours under aerobic
conditions. The plates were examined for bacterial
growth. In case of bacterial growth the isolated
organism was identified phenotypically using Gram
stain, culture characteristics and various
biochemical tests according to standard protocol.
3. 3 Srinivas and Udayasri
After isolation of the organism antibiotic
susceptibility testing was performed on all
isolates by Kirby - Bauer disc diffusion method.
For Gram positive organism amoxyclav, amikacin,
levofloxacin, cefotoxin, and vancomycin were
tested. For Gram negative organism ampicillin-
sulbactum, amikacin, levofloxacin, cefuroxime,
cefoperazone, cefipime, cotrimoxazole were
tested. Sensitivity and resistance patterns were
interpreted and recorded by measuring zone of
inhibition in reference to CLSI Guidelines.
For anaerobic growth, bile samples and crushed
gall stones were inoculated into thioglycollate
medium and Robertson’s cooked meat medium
and incubated at 37ºC. The culture media were
examined at 48 and 72 hours for bacterial
growth. In case of turbidity, the samples were
inoculated onto special anaerobic blood agar
plates. The plates were then placed in an
anaerobic jar (gas pack method) and incubated
at 37ºC for 48 hours. Bacterial growth was
identified by cultural characteristics,
pigmentation, Gram staining and motility.
Results
A total number of 62 cases of cholecystitis were
included in the study. Out of 62 cases 58 were
presented with cholelithiasis and 4 were
presented with acalculus cholecystitis.
Out of 62 cases 44(71%) were females and
18(29%) were males showing the diseases
predominance in females.
Maximum number of cases belongs to 41 to 50
years age group comprising upto 32.25%
(n=20), followed by 31 to 40 years age group
comprising upto 22.58% (n=14).
When it comes to clinical presentation almost all
patients were presented with pain abdomen as
the chief complaint specifically in right
hypochondriac region. In addition to that fatty
food intolerance was present in 38 cases
(61.29%), nausea in 18 cases (29.03%),
vomiting in 14 cases (22.58%), dyspepsia was
present in 13 cases (20.96%) and fever was the
presenting symptom in 20 cases (32.25%). (Fig.
1) On examination Murphy’s sign was positive in
40 cases (64.51%).
Fig. 1. Distribution of signs and symptoms.
Out of 62 patients 62 bile samples and 58 gall
stones specimen were collected and analyzed.
Out of 58 gall stones specimen 30(51.72%)
were pigmented and 28(48.27%) were
cholesterol stones.
Bile culture was positive in 24 cholelithiasis cases
(41.37%), Gallstone culture was positive in 9
cases (15.51%). Out of the 9 culture positive gall
stone samples 7(23.33%) were from pigmented
stones and 2(7.14%) were from cholesterol
stones. No growth was isolated in all the 4
acalculus cholecystitis cases. (Fig. 2)
Fig. 2. Culture positivity.
62
58
24
9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
bile gallstones
Total Culturepositive
4. 4 Srinivas and Udayasri
Out of 24 isolates of bile culture 22 were aerobic
organism and 2 were anaerobic organism, out of
9 isolates of gall stone culture all were aerobic
organism. All the aerobic isolates from the
gallstone cultures were similar to the isolates in
bile cultures from the same patients.
Analysis of bacterial flora shows Escherichia coli
is the predominant organism in both bile samples
and gall stone samples comprising up to 50%
(n=12) , 77% (n=7) respectively of all isolates.
The other organism isolated in bile samples were
Klebsiella species (n=3), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (n=2), Staphylococcus aureus (n=2),
Acinetobacter baumannii (n= 2), Citrobacter
koseri (n=1). The two anaerobic isolates were
Peptostreptococci species (n=1), Bacteroides
fragilis (n=1). The other organism in gall stones
were Klebsiella species (n=1), Staphylococcus
aureus (n=1).
Gram negative organism showing maximum
susceptibility to ampicillin- sulbactum (100%),
amikacin (80%). Followed by levofloxacin (75%),
cefipime (75%), cotrimoxazole (50%) were tested.
All Gram positive organism showing sensitivity to
vancomycin (100%), and amoxyclav (100%),
followed by amikacin (80%), levofloxacin (80%).
None of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates
showed resistance to Cefoxitin.
Discussion
The estimated prevalence of gallstone disease in
India has been reported as 2% to 29% [6,7]
. In
India, this disease is seven times more common
in the North (stone belt) than in South India(8)
.
In the present study bile samples and gallstone
specimens were collected from diagnosed cases of
cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Bile samples and
gall stones were collected at the time of surgery
and processed within one hour of collection.
A total of 62 bile samples and 58 gall stones were
collected and processed further. Bacterial cause
was identified in 24(38%) bile samples and
9(15%) gallstone specimens. In Marne C et al.(9)
study, bile cultures were positive in 70(56%) out
of 125 patients.
In the present study the age of the patients was
ranging from 21 to 70 yrs. More number of cases
were found in the age group of 31–50 yrs in our
study. In Suri A et al., study[3]
, conducted at
Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences
and Hospital, Sidhra, Jammu, also shows that
more number of cases belong to 31 – 50 yrs. age
group. In Mohan H et al., study[10]
, the maximum
number of patients were in the age group of 31 –
40 yrs (316 cases, 28.7%). In R.G. Willis and W.C.
Lawson series[11]
, more number of cases are found
in the age group of 51 – 60 yrs. The average age
of these patients in India, is a decade younger
than those in the West[12]
. In our study, the mean
age is 43.08 and SD ±12.4. Majority of patients
were in the age group of 31–50 yrs.
In the present study, male to female ratio was
1:2.5. In Ohood Akead study[13]
, the male to
female ratio was also 1:2.5. In Abd-Alkareem
study[14]
, male to female ratio was 1:2.8. In Suri
A et al.,[3]
study, male to female ratio was 1:3 In
Nasir Mahmud Wattoo[2]
study, male to female
ratio was 1:3.5. In almost all the studies, female
ratio was more than males.
In the present study the patients with varied
signs and symptoms were nearly consistent with
the signs and symptoms of Suri A et al.,[3]
study.
In our study, there were 30 pigment stones and
28 cholesterol stones. In Jayanthi V et al.,[15]
study and Tyagi SP et al.,[16]
study also reported
similar incidence where majority of gall stones
are pigment stones and the remaining are
cholesterol and mixed type. But in Mohan et
al.,[17]
study, 62.3%, 17.3%, 14.1%, and 3.2%
were mixed, cholesterol, combined, and pigment
5. 5 Srinivas and Udayasri
stones respectively. In our study, bile culture was
positive in 21.42% of cholesterol stones and 60%
of pigment stones. In Vasitha et al.,[4]
study,
culture was positive in 26% of cholesterol stones
and 82% of pigment stones. 28 of the 38 bile
samples were shown positive only after
enrichment in BHI medium. Probably, this
explains the difference in this study and our
study. Pigment gall stones contain calcium
palmitate, calcium bilirubinate and conjugated
bilirubin which are associated with bile infection.
Of the 58 gall stones processed, 9 (15.51%) yielded
growth of aerobic bacteria which were similar to the
isolates in bile cultures from the same patients. In
Ballal et al.,[18]
study, 6(24%) yielded growth of
aerobic bacteria out of 25 gall stones.
In our study, common organism isolated from
bile was Escherichia coli in 12 cases (50%),
followed by Klebsiella (12.5%), Pseudomonas,
Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter
(8.33%) and Citrobacter (4.16%). This is nearly
consistent with Ballal M et al.,[18]
study. In
Vasitha et al.,[4]
study, the common organism
isolated was Escherichia coli (51.7%).
In Abd-Alkareem[19]
study, common organism
isolated was Escherichia coli (48%). In Zafar
Iqbal Malik et al.,[20]
study, the common
organism isolated was Escherichia coli (43.75%).
In almost all the studies, the common organism
isolated was Escherichia coli. In Dhir et al.,[21]
study, Pseudomonas has been reported as the
predominant flora.
In the present study only 2(8.33%) out of 24 bile
samples were positive for anaerobic bacteria.
Peptostreptococci species (4.16%) and
Bacteroides fragilis (4.16%) were isolated and
species identification was done by cultural
characteristics and Gram staining. In Ballal M et
al.,[18]
study, anaerobes isolated were
Peptostreptococci (14.28%) and Bacteroides
fragilis (42.85%). In Suri A et al.,[3]
study,
anaerobes were not identified in any patient. In
Bergan T[22]
study, bacteriological examination
was made of bile from 119 patients with
cholecystitis and/or cholelithiasis. In an initial
series of 50 samples from the gall bladder
cultivated aerobically and anaerobically in
thioglycollate broth, only aerobes were isolated
from 48% of the patients. In a second series of
69 patients, the anaerobic techniques were more
adequate: sampling by puncture with oxygen
exclusion, microbiological processing within 10
minutes and use of anaerobically stored media.
The results of aerobic cultivation were similar in
the two series, but in the latter 18% of the
bacterial strains were anaerobes alone or in
combination with aerobes. The anaerobes were
fairly equally distributed between the genera
Bacteroides, Clostridium and Peptostreptococcus
(two, three and four isolates respectively).
In our study, aerobic sensitivity to Gram negative
organism showing maximum susceptibility to
ampicillin- sulbactum (100%), amikacin (80%).
This is consistent with Suri A et al.,[3]
study. The
resistance to cephalosporins has increased while
Betalactum and Betalactamase inhibitor
combinations were better sensitive and can be
used as the first line of treatment. The next most
sensitive drug was Amikacin. This is consistent
with PRL Gomes et al.,[23]
study.
Conclusion
The results of this study depict a clear association
between bile infection and pathogenesis of gall
stones as patients without gall stones did not
have bacteria in their bile. Antibiotic sensitivity
patterns of isolated organisms were similar
irrespective of the type of stone. Bile infection is
a potential risk factor in gall stones formation and
bile culture is a must. But the problem lies in
collection of bile from the operation theatre and
inoculation within an hour of collection.
We have shown that the importance of obtaining
cultures of the bile at the time of
cholecystectomy lies in the fact that appropriate
6. 6 Srinivas and Udayasri
antibiotics can be administered in the event of a
positive culture to forestall serious complications
like gram negative septicaemia.
It is concluded that the culture of the organism
from the bile at the time of the operation does
not necessarily indicate a cause-effect
relationship between the infective microorganism
and lithogenesis, as infection may be secondary
to calculus formation. The failure to isolate
organism from bile also does not indicate that the
etiology is unrelated to the infection as it is well
known that organism which have initiated the
stone precipitation may not persist in the viable
form in the bile till surgery.
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