Guidance and counseling help individuals solve problems and make choices by providing direction. Guidance leads to self-development and wise planning. It involves discovering abilities and adjusting to the environment. Counseling is a talking therapy where a counselor helps a client explore issues, see things clearly, and address underlying causes of problems. It aims to solve personal or social-psychological issues causing unease through a trusting relationship. Both guidance and counseling are purposeful processes that contribute to individual development.

1. Guidance is help given by one to another person in making choices and solving
problems. Guidance is process of supervising, guiding or directing a person for a
particular course of action. Guidance results in self development and helps a
person plan his present and future wisely.
DEFINITION
ACCORDING TO JM BREWER- “Guidance is a process through which an
individual is able to solve his/her problems and pursue a path suited to their
abilities and aspirations.”
ELEMENTS
1. Guidance leads to the discovery of abilities of an individual.
2. Guidance leads to self development and self directions.
3. Guidance helps the individual to plan wisely for present and future.
4. Guidance assists the individual to become adjusted to the environment.
5. Guidance assists to achieve success and happiness.

3. PRINCIPLES
Principles of guidance forms the basis for guidance and without these principles
guidance can’t take place-
1. PRICIPLE OF ALL ROUND DEVELOPMENT- Guidance must take into
account the all round development of the person. Furthermore, guidance must
ensure this desirable adjustment in any specific area of the individual’s
personality.
2. PRINCIPLE OF HUMAN UNIQUENESS- Certainly no two individuals are
alike. They differ in mental, social, physical, and emotional development.
Guidance must recognize these differences and guide individuals according to
their specific needs.
3. PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATION- This principle states that there can’t be any
force on any individual. Cooperation and consent of individual is important for
guidance.
4. PRINCIPLE OF HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT- this principle states that
guidance must take place in the context of total personality development.
Areas of development that indirectly affect the personality of an individual
should be taken into consideration.
5. PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY- The principle says that guidance must take
place as a continuous process in different stages of individual’s life.

4. CLASSIFICATION
Guidance can be provided in various areas such as:
1. EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE- here, the guidance is provided by teacher to
students for their educational problems. It is used removing the academic
deficiencies of the student, and helps in diagnosing the causes of their failure.
2. VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE- This type of guidance is given for choosing job
and deal with problems of job.
3. PERSONAL GUIDANCE- This type of guidance is provided for the personal
problems of an individual like – family problems, financial or economic
problems, emotional adjustment, peer relations, etc.
OBJECTIVES
Guidance is purposeful process which contributes to individual’s
development, it has the following objectives-
1. To develop competency to solve problems related to individual adjustment and
social process.
2. To assist individual to adjust adequately with environment.
3. To provide the awareness of his potentialities.
4. To help him for developing the skills to go get vocational and educational
opportunities. Guidance aims at providing assistance when , where and to
whom it is needed. Thus, it is very specific process.

5. Counselling is defined as a talking therapy in which a person(client) discusses
freely his/her problems and share feelings with the counsellor. It aims at solving
those problems related to personal or social-psychological issues, that makes
client feel uneasy.
COUNSELLING IS:
1. THE PROCESS that occurs when a client and counsellor explore difficulties
of client.
2. THE ACT of helping the client to see things more clearly, and finding the root
cause of any problem and addressing it.
3. A RELATIONSHIP OF TRUST, confidentiality is paramount to successful
counselling.
COUNSELLING IS NOT:
1. Giving advice
2. Being judgemental
3. Attempting to sort out problem of client instead of telling client to do it
themselves by addressing the root cause.
4. Getting emotionally involved with the client. (ex- dear zindagi movie)

7. COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
Psychotherapists helps the client to become conscious of experiences which they
were previously unaware of. Counsellors, however, are less likely to be concerned
with the past experiences of the client and are generally trained in humanistic
approach, using techniques from client centred therapy.
TYPES OF COUNSELLING
There are different kinds of counselling, such as-
1. FACE-TO-FACE COUNSELLING – This is when a client sees the counsellor in
person for face-to-face sessions, it is popular counselling format.
2. INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP COUNSELLING – You may choose to se a
counsellor by yourself or you could join a group with same issues. Individual
counselling preserve privacy whereas similar problems can be discussed with
people in group counselling.
3. TELEPHONE COUNSELLING – In this type, counselling is done over a phone
call. This format is gives the comfort of one’s home.
4. ONLINE COUNSELLING - Some people prefer not to physically speak to a
counsellor, so online counselling can be helpful for them. Online counselling
protects one’s anonymity.

8. WHAT CAN COUNSELLING HELP WITH?
Counselling can help with different issues, such as-
1. ADDICTIONS- wherever there is physical addiction, there is psychological
addictions too, so counselling help in reduction of psychological addiction by
exploring the root cause.
2. BEREAVEMENT – Loss of any loved one is difficult in anyone’s life, it can
bring anger and guilt. Some people benefit from speaking to counsellor openly
about their feelings.
3. BULLYING – Being the victim of any kind of bullying leads to issues,
counselling offers victim the chance to seek help from the authorities.
4. ILLNESS – Suffering from any kind of illness such as cancer builds tension,
counselling can help by providing emotional support.
5. MENTAL HEALTH – Suffering from any mental health issue such as
schizophrenia or depression can feel incredibly isolated. Counselling helps
overcome personal challenges or frustation.
6. RELATIONSHIPS – Covering all types of relationships, counselling can be
used to discuss issues in families, friendships and couples.
7. TRAUMA – Whether you’ve been involved in any accident or you have been
victim of abuse, the psychological impact of trauma can last over years.
Counselling helps trauma victims to explore their feeling regarding the incident
and look how these can be resolved.

10. COUNSELLING PROCESS
Counselling is a systematic process, it have some steps which includes-
1. RAPPORT BUILDING – An effective counselling can start with good rapport
establishment between client and counsellor. Counsellor should physically
show interest to his/her client through eye contact, posture. It takes 3-5
minutes.
2. IDENTIFY ISSUE – It starts with giving client chance to express his/her
problems, issues freely. Then the counsellor can ask questions.
3. ISSUE EXPLORATION – Exploration of issue is regarded as a detail client’s
explanation regarding the identified issue in the second stage , here open
ended questions should be asked by counsellor.
4. DISCUSS ALTERNATIVES – The objective of this stage is to address a pool
of concrete measures to reduce the identified problem.
5. DETERMINATION OF MEASURES – Usually, many alternatives will be
discussed. Among the several measures the best measure should be chosen
keeping in regard the advantages and weaknesses of selected measure.
6. DECISION MAKING – Upon completing the discussion about the best
measure to be chosen, a final decision must be made.
7. TERMINATION – Counselling session can be 45 minutes or 1 hour long. At
the termination stage client will be informed by counsellor that session has
ended and can suggest next meeting, if required.