This document discusses different types of counseling, including individual counseling, group counseling, community counseling, directive counseling, and non-directive counseling. It provides details on each type, such as their key elements, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Individual counseling focuses on one-on-one discussions between a counselor and client to address personal issues. Group counseling involves people with similar issues meeting together with a therapist. Community counseling treats dysfunction occurring within a related group and works to develop community support. Directive counseling takes a more active role for the counselor, while non-directive counseling provides a supportive environment for the client to explore their own thoughts and feelings.

1. UNIT III
TYPES OF COUNSELLING
. P. LEKHA SRI
Asst. Professor

2. Elements of Counseling
 The counselor • a person who is professionally capable
to extend help.
 The counselee • the person who seeks help and lets
himself/herself be subjective for counseling.
 The counseling environment • a place to facilitate
counseling.

3. Essentials of Counseling Process
 The relationship – the relationship of the counselor and the
counselee should be based on mutual trust and respect.
 Atmosphere – an atmosphere of the acceptance of the
counselee for what she/he is and allowing the purposeful of
feelings. The counselor shows willingness to help and has a
deep understanding of counselee as an individual.
 Facilitation of counselee’s effort – the counselee is
encouraged to talk about his/her problem without fear.
 Attention to life’s adjustments – the counselor skillfully
leads the counselee to choose from several alternatives to
find ways to solve problems and adjust to situations in life.
 Follow-up – the counselor knows the counselee would need
a continuing assistance until she/he gradually becomes self-
directed.

4. TYPES OF COUNSELLING
 Counselling can be group counselling or individual
counselling.

5. Individual counseling
 Individual counseling is a personal opportunity to receive
support and experience growth during challenging times
in life. Individual counseling can help one deal with
many personal topics in life such as anger, depression,
anxiety, substance abuse, marriage and relationship
challenges, parenting problems, school difficulties,
career changes, etc.

6.  Individual counseling (sometimes called psychotherapy, talk
therapy, or treatment) is a process through which clients work
one-on-one with a trained mental health clinician in a safe, caring,
and confidential environment. Counseling allows individuals to
explore their feelings, beliefs, and behaviors, work through
challenging or influential memories, identify aspects of their lives
that they would like to change, better understand themselves and
others, set personal goals, and work toward desired change.
 Individual counseling is counseling focused on the individual's
immediate or near future concerns. Individual counseling may
encompass career counseling and planning, grief after a loved one
dies or dealing with problems at a job before they become big.
Individual counseling is a one-on-one discussion between the
counselor and the client, who is the person seeking treatment.
The two form an alliance, relationship or bond that enables trust
and personal growth.

7. The advantages of Individual
counseling are:
 It helps you have a better understanding of your own
self and your emotions
 It helps you discover your personal strengths and
weakness.
 Encourage you attempt at new ways of thinking and
behaviour
 Sharing your worries with an expert helps you feel less
alone with the problem
 Helps you identify goals for yourself and how to progress
towards those goals.

8. The disadvantages of Individual
counseling are:
 Chances of getting too personal and emotionally
attached to the counselor are high.
 The outcomes or the solutions will be from one person
only that is the counselor.
 Sometimes, Counselors have limited knowledge to tackle
the situation or give a solution to a problem.

9. Group counseling
 Group counseling is a form of therapy where people
with similar experiences/issues come together with a
professional therapist.
 The therapist runs the session, but generally everyone
contributes in some way, listening to others and talking
themselves. It’s usually focused on a particular issue, like:
 Anxiety disorders
 Depression disorders
 Relationship or Marital Issues
 Grief
 Loss
 Trauma
 Self-esteem
 Eating disorders
 Lack of Social Skills

10.  One of the main principals behind group counseling is
that meeting other people who are dealing with
something similar and hearing their story lets people
know that they’re not alone. Things
like depression or bereavement can be really isolating
and make you feel like you’re facing the world alone.
Group counseling can be a good way of getting over
those feelings of isolation, and realising there are other
people in the same boat.

11. Advantages of Group Counseling
 Unity - Just knowing there are other people in your community that suffer
from the same disorder as you do, who are grieving like you are, who have
been through trauma, etc. can be a very powerful tool in recovery and
overcoming life's obstacles. Knowing that you are not the only one, that you
are part of a collective can be very therapeutic for many patients.
 Trust In Therapist - Group Counseling helps participants have trust in their
therapists. When patients in group counseling are able to see that the
therapist is giving other people the same strategies, telling the same thing to
everyone, it makes the therapist or group leader seem more credible. Some
participants may have been in therapy longer and able to testify to their own
experiences with the therapist.
 Learning From Peers - Sometimes it is hard to believe that a therapist can
relate to what patients are going through or what they are feeling. When
participants are able to connect with others who they can relate to, they are
more likely to learn new ways of dealing with their problems and more willing
to take advice. Therapists also benefit because they can have an easier time
trying to convince someone of a specific strategy if another group member can
verify it was indeed worth it or worked for them.

12.  Safe Place - Being afraid to express your beliefs and opinions is never
healthy for anyone, however we live in a climate today that makes it hard to
communicate all the time with people who may believe differently than you.
Group counseling programs ensure that all participants can talk about their
individual experiences, opinions and beliefs without ridicule, retaliation, or
disrespect from other group members or therapists.
 Building Healthy Relationships - Not only do participants in group
counseling learn social skills, but they also develop good, healthy friendships
that tend to last and extend outside of therapy. Meeting people that you can
communicate well with, who may have experienced the same things you
have, means that you can build bonds with people you can relate to. Friends
participants make in group therapy are also great listeners, keep private
matters private, and will let you know when you are making a bad choice or
behaving in a way that is may be destructive to your progress.
 Revealing - Many people learn more about themselves in group therapy
because so many other topics may get brought up with all the varying
perspectives in the room. Something you may not think to bring up in
individual therapy may be triggered by a participant in group therapy. Group
counseling can also help you to find your voice, figure out what your beliefs
and opinions are, and what goals you should have for yourself.
 Cost Effective - Group counseling is significantly cheaper than individual
therapy. Although costs will vary from office to office, most mental health
care practices are able to bill for much less during group therapy. This is
because more participants insurance can divvy out the cost of the session.

13.  Learn Social Skills - Some people struggle with social situations and
conversations. People who suffer from anxiety, depression, or other
mental disorders may find it especially difficult to exhibit socially
acceptable behavior at times. Group counseling teaches social
conversation skills and helps patients to develop crucial listening and
understanding skills. Some patients who have anti-social disorders or
phobias can slowly integrate into group therapy as their progress in
individual therapy goes on.
 Help Move Forward - One of the things people struggle with is
moving forward in their life after suffering a loss, or when they are
going through something traumatic. Group counseling can help people
move forward because participants can encourage and support each
other. Participants are also more likely to move forward when they
know other people in the group are holding them accountable for
achieving their goals.
 Support System - Group counseling is a wonderful way to give
support and receive support. Therapists who lead group counseling
encourages the participants to learn to lean on each other, share
things they are struggling with, and help each other find ways to
overcome. Participants can give each other advice and feedback in a
way that is positive and uplifting. Support groups are especially
helpful for people who are experiencing grief, domestic violence, or
trauma.

14. Community Counseling
 Community counseling is a generic term for any of
professional counseling that treats dysfunction occurring
within a group of related people.This term describes a
preventative system of counseling that works to combat
psychological impairment through the improvement and
development of community support. A community is
defined as a group of interacting individuals who share a
commonality. This commonality can be anything from
location of residence to career interest, but a community
counselor will use this common characteristic to council
groups of people.

15.  Role of the counselor
 Community counselors can work in a variety of settings
such as private practice, mental health centers,
rehabilitation facilities, or prisons. Regardless of the
setting, a community counselor’s job is to work with
individuals to develop appropriate mental processing and
provide preventative services to the community.
Preventative efforts can be made by providing access to
community-based organizations or educational
programs. Community counselors need to be strong
leaders who can make these direct and indirect services
available for their clients.

16.  The Respectful Model
 The Respectful Model is a holistic approach of
understanding a community and its associated
issues. This form of counseling can be done
individually or in groups across all ages and
genders. The model is based on a ten-letter
acronym designed to highlights factors that
influence community dynamic. Counselors
are expected to respect clients regardless
of their religious affiliation, economic
status, sexual orientation, psychological
health, ethnicity, developmental
differences, trauma, family, physical
appearance, or genealogy. This inclusive
and holistic approach to community counseling
allows for an appreciation of environmental
influence on mental health.

17. Applications of community
counseling
 Children
 Children can suffer developmental and social delays
because of untreated mental health issues. Analysis of
archival data from 364 children who visited a community
counseling clinic revealed that treatment could
significantly reduce internalizing and externalizing
behavioral problems for children. However, the analysis
also found that over half of the children who began
treatment did not complete the full course of the
available community counseling services. High dropout
rates are often considered a significant barrier to
providing effective community counseling

18.  Adults
 Older individuals who did not received counseling for
early psychological dysfunction or individuals who have
experienced trauma later in life can benefit from
community therapy. A study of Vietnam War veterans
demonstrated that community-based readjustment
counseling can significantly reduce posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) and improve life-satisfaction.
From these results, researchers have hypothesized that
community counseling could produce more effective
services for veterans in need of PTSD treatment.
Programs and services that work to relieve psychological
impairments such as PTSD can significantly improve the
well-being of adults.

19.  Substance abuse
 Community counselors can also act as members of the
interdisciplinary teams used to holistically treat persons
with drug addiction. Community support and promotion
of healthy habits can help improve the well-being of
individuals struggling with addiction. In a study
examining recovery from alcoholism, 50 participants
were assigned to either a community counseling based
intervention or a control condition. Results showed a
significant reduction in drinking rates for individuals in
the intervention which suggests that community
counseling can help aid individuals in the process of
addiction recovery.

20. Directive Counseling
 The Directive Approach As the name itself implies this approach
envisages a more active role for the counselor. The counselor
employs varying degrees of direction to help the counselee to reach
sound solutions. Also, through his own specialized knowledge and
experience in scientific diagnosis and interpretation of data,
counselees are helped to reach earlier solutions for their problems.
 According to Frederick Thorne, the proponent of this approach, the
need for direction by the counselor is inversely proportional to the
individual counselee's potentialities for self-regulation. Though the
basic responsibility for reaching the solution is primarily with the
counselor as the counseling proceeds. Counselees are encouraged
more and more to take up increased responsibility for self-direction.
This approach presupposes a more personalised relation with the
counselee where the counselor strives to identify psychologically
with the counselee so that he can be understood better.

21. Directive counseling involves six
stages.
They are as follows:
 Analysis
This involves collecting from various sources the data needed for an
adequate understanding of the client. This includes administration of
psychological tests, etc. However, such testing and form filling should
not come between the counselor and counselee and its importance
should be limited to the extend that it gives a better idea about the
counselee.
 Synthesis
This refers to summarizing and organizing the data so obtained, as to
reveal the assets, liabilities, adjustments and maladjustments of the
counselee. This includes of the data obtained through psychological
testing also.
 Diagnosis
 This stage is concerned with formulating conclusions regarding the nature
and the course of the problems exhibited by the student. Drawing
conclusions from the results of psychological testing, administration of
questionnaires etc. are done here.

22.  Prognosis
This refers to predicting the future course of development of the
counselee's problem in the light of conclusions as made earlier.
 Counseling
This is the most important and time consuming step in the whole
process. This is where the expertise of the counselor is needed most.
It is a highly personalised teaching and learning process. It may be
direct teaching through explicit explanations, assistance in searching
for relevant aptitudes, interests, etc. that illuminate the counselee's
problems and so on. Sometimes the counselor listens in a
friendly/encouraging way. It may also involve practice sessions
where with the warm support of the counselor the counselee acts out
the way hetshe should. Thus he/she becomes his/her own teacher to
the extend his/her capabilities and circumstances permits. Success
thus achieved reinforces and retains those successful behaviours
which in turn establishes an adjusted way of life.
 Follow -up
The sixth step in directive counseling is follow up which is extremely
important. An individual may be able to solve immediate problems
through counseling but new problems may occur or the original
problem may re-occur. Follow-up with the client is extremely
necessary. The role of counselor is important as he has to make the
individual understand and accept his strength and also his weakness
and faults.

23. Advantages of Directive
counseling:
 This method is useful from the time consuming view- point .It
saves time.
 In this type of counseling, there is more focus on the problem and
the person.
 The counselor can look the client directly.
 Counseling focuses more on the intellectual aspects of the person
than emotional aspect of the personality.
 In this process, the counselor becomes readily available to help
which makes the client very happy.

24. Limitations of Directive
counseling-:
 In this process the client is more dependent. He is also less
able to solve new problems of adjustment.
 As the client is never independent of the counselor, it is not an
efficient best guidance.
 Unless and until a person does not develop some attitude
through experiences, he cannot make any decision himself.
 The counselor fails in serving the client to commit the mistakes
in future

25. Non-directive Counseling
 In this approach, the counselor provides an atmosphere in which
the client can fully explore his/her own thoughts and feelings
freely without any fear or pressure. This by making the counselee
understand his/her potentialities the counselor acts as a catalytic
agent. Here tile source of data is the client him/herself and the
responsibility for change rests with the counselee rather than the
counselor. The counselor should not be as passive as trying to
keep out clients way nor should be as active as to shift the focus
from client to counselor.

26. Central Hypothesis
Carl Rogers, the chief proponent of the client centered approach has
formulated a central hypothesis as follows:
 The individual has within him/herself the capacity latent if not evident to
understand those aspects of him/herself and of his/her life which are
causing him/her dissatisfaction anxiety or pain and the capacity and the
tendency to reorganise him/herself and his/her relationship to life in the
direction of self-actualization and 1 maturity in such a way as to bring a
greater degree of internal comfort.
 This capacity will he realised when the therapist can create a
psychological climate characterised by genuine acceptance of the client as
a person of unconditional worth, a continuing sensitive attempt to
understand the existing feelings and communications of the client as a
person of unconditional worth, a continuing sensitive attempt to
understand the existing feelings and communications of the client and a
continuing attempt to convey this empathetic understanding to the client.
 It is further hypothesized that in such an acceptant understanding and
non-threatening atmosphere the client will reorganise him/herself.
 This adjusted way of life as achieved in the therapeutic relation with the
counselor will be generalized to real life situations as a whole.

27.  Thus the whole idea of the theory is that the clients are
capable of correcting misperceptions or incongruencies
between self and experience, in the accepting environment of a
counseling situation. If the counselor possess some personal
qualities like congruency (counselor being a genuine and
integrated person), unconditional positive regard {non
evaluative attitude of the counselor whereby client's thoughts,
feelings or behaviour are accepted without judging them as
good or bad) and empathy (counselor's ability to know the
client's world as helshe does and to convey this
understanding).
 However, this theory underestimates the need for the
counselor to be an expert in behaviour dynamics, problem
solving techniques or developmental processes, etc. Moreover,
Rogers rejects the use of diagnosis testing and other such
techniques saying that they hinder the client's natural growth.
Instead he/she stresses listening, paraphrasing, reflecting
client's comments rather than interpreting direct questioning,
etc.

28. Family counselling
 Families can be a source of support, encouragement and
love but sometimes relationships within families are put
under strain and family members feel isolated or
overlooked.
 Family counselling can help when siblings aren’t getting
on, or when parents and children are going through a
divorce or separation. Forming a new family is a
challenge and it is at this point that many parents
contact Relate for some support to help everyone settle.

29.  Family counselling benefits the whole family by helping
everyone to say how they are feeling and helps you make
plans for coping with the changes together.
 Family counselling can help reduce conflict which means
fewer rows at home and can help everyone cope better with
their situation. Everyone has the opportunity to talk about
their issues, without arguing. Everyone is encouraged to take
part, no one’s opinion is given more attention than anyone
else's which means no one should feel like they're being
ignored. This helps everyone understand and appreciate how
each other is feeling.
 Families can be a source of support, encouragement and love
but sometimes relationships within families are put under
strain and family members feel isolated or overlooked.
Family counselling can help when siblings aren’t getting on,
or parents and children are going through a divorce or
separation. Forming a new family is a challenge and it is at
this point that many parents contact Relate for some support
to help everyone settle.

30. Counselling process,
 ESTABLISHING INITIAL STRUCTURE
counseling has to be done in the peaceful place there
should not be any kind of disturbance that can interrupt
and create any chaos between client and counselor.
Everyday counseling must be start at a fixed timing
otherwise it could be the first flaw of the process, because
time management is an integral part of counseling. The
counselor should gather and organize the information about
the client and outline the key components of the counseling
process. That includes planning the counseling strategy and
self role induction.

31. RAPPORT DEVELOPMENT
 the counselor’s role is more like a guide, counselor does
not impose his decisions on the client he always let the
client choose the best possible solution for himself from
the available possibilities. In rapport development
counselor does not judge his client because clients can
quite the process if he thinks the counselor is criticizing
or evaluating his decisions/actions. Initially or later in
the process, counselor should avoid ordering, advising
and arguments in the process these things kills the
effectiveness of the process.

32. KNOW YOUR CLIENT
 once the counselor gathers all the information about the
client, he should start outlining the basic elements of his
clients mood, to understand the mindset of the client, if
the client is emotionally unstable, counselor can share
his experience’s to provide moral support and creating
emotional link and if the client is involuntary then
counselor can outline the process of counseling to the
client or If counseling process is designed for a child
then counselor can use humor and engage the child in
different activities.

33. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM
 problem identification is the mutual effort of counselor
and the client, they both work together to find out the
problem that the client has been facing. Here, majority
of work is done by the client. The counselor acts as a
facilitator to the client. After the problem is identified,
the counselor starts working to know that is it the real
problem of the client or not?

34. EXPLORING SELF PERCEPTION
AND BE
 To know the behavior of the client there are many tests
and other source of information through which accurate
results can be achieved. Cumulative Record helps to
know all the basic information of the client including his
family background and educational settings.
Questionnaire tests can be administer according to the
need of the counseling process, rating scale can be used
for the behavior of the client, case study is also a very
important element for some critical and emotionally
disturbed client, and counselor could also make some
observations on the client’s behavior during the session.
Interview is the most commonly used tool for
counseling. Through Autobiography counselor can get
the details of personal information, Family background,
Personal history, previous counseling experience &
Client's current life setting etc

35. DECISION MAKING
 This is the step in which gathered information about the
client is evaluated to find the best solution of the client’s
problem. For Decision making all the relevant
information is gathered and arranged according to the
priority of actions. Then the effectiveness of the
information used is analyzed. Appropriate Choice of
decision and solution’s are made according to the
importance of action.

36. PLAN OF ACTION
 Plan of action is a step to achieve desired goal. To
obtain the desired result the client is meant to do what
is planned through the counseling session with the
counselor. This step is very specific it only tells the client
how to maintain and made necessary modification in his
behavior. Plan of action must not be complex it should
be simple and specific to achieve the goal for successful
development. For example; a client should not be told to
go through several steps to implement the action. All the
details and other information must be discussed during
the decision making step.

37. FOLLOW UP
 The process of counseling is a continuous process; it
does not end with the counseling session, it proceeds
with the implementation of the plan of action and
evaluation of results. After the counseling process,
counselor should encourage the clients as he implements
on the action that is planned in the counseling session.
Counselor should make observation on the actions of the
client and make some changes if necessary to make the
plan successful through which client can achieve his
goals.

38. TERMINATION
 The Termination Stage is the final stage of the
counseling process, but it is as important as the initial
stage of counseling. The counselor discusses the whole
process of termination with his client. If the solution is
found then the process is terminated, but it depends on
the counselee' if he is satisfied with the whole process
he can stop or proceed it further. The client can consult
his counselor anytime he wants.

39. The Process of Counseling;
inshort
 Opening: The opening process is perhaps, one of the most important parts of
the interaction with your client. It is your chance to get to know your client
and for them to get to know you. It is also where you will set the tone for the
rest of the therapeutic relationship.
 Exploring Client Understanding: The exploration process is where you will
begin to understand your client. You will explore their past and evaluate their
current concerns. Here, you will together establish goals and set expectations.
 Understanding: Important in developing a strong relationship with your
client, you can demonstrate understanding by using verbal and nonverbal
cues, as well as reflections and paraphrases.
 Intervention: The intervention process is about choosing the appropriate
counseling techniques that will encourage growth within your client.
 Exploring Problems: Exploration is the process of learning more about your
client and why they have come to counseling. Exploration is necessary in truly
understanding a client’s thoughts and feelings in relation to their pressing
problem.
 Empower to Create Own Solutions: Empowering your client is not about
providing them with all the answers. It is about empowering them, with your
counseling skills, to find their own solutions

40. Interview and its significance
in counselling
 The counseling process is usually specified by a
sequence of interactions or steps. The counseling
process is concerned with relationship establishment,
followed by a method to identify the client’s problem and
patterns of exploration, leading to planning for a solution
to a problem and radiation and concluding with action
and termination. A brief description of each of these
stages is provided in the following subsections.

41. 1. Establish Relationship
 Counseling is a relationship. It is further defined as a helping
relationship.
 the counselor must take the initiative in the initial interview to
establish a climate built on trust, mutual respect,, free and open
communication, and understanding in general of what the counseling
process involves.
 The counselor uses techniques designed to relieve tension, anxiety,
stress and open up communication.
 Both the counselor’s attitude and verbal communications are
significant to the development of a satisfactory relationship.
 These include attentive listening, understanding and feeling with the
client.
 The quality of the counselor client relationship influences the
counseling process outcomes.

42.  Counselors must keep in mind that the purpose of a counseling
relationship is to meet as much as possible the clients needs and
not the counselor’s needs.
 Establishing a relationship with the client must be achieved early
in the counseling process, in as much as this will often determine
whether or not the client will continue. The initial counseling
process has a goal and so has the client a goal.
 The goals of the initial counseling process are as follows:
1) Establish a comfortable and positive relationship.
2) Explain the counseling process and mutual
responsibilities to the client.
3) Facilitate communications.
4) Identify and verify the clients concerns that brought her
or him to seek counseling assistance.
5) Plan, with the client, to obtain assessment data needed
to proceed with the counseling process.

43. 2. Problem Identification and
Exploration
 Once an adequate relationship has been established,
clients will be more receptive to the in depth discussion
and exploration of their concerns. At this stage, clients
must assume more responsibility because it is their
problem, and therefore, it is their responsibility to
communicate the details of the problem to the counselor
and respond to any questions the counselor may have in
order to maximise counselors assistance and help

44.  During this phase, the counselor continues to exhibit attending
behaviour and may place particular emphasis on such
communication skills as paraphrasing, clarifying doubts,
perception, checking or giving feedback. The counselor may
question the client, but questions are stated in such a way as to
help the client to continue exploring client’s problem area.
Questions that can embarrass clients are avoided. Throughout this
phase the counsellor has to be very conscious about knowing the
cultural difference and culturally specific behaviours and
responses.
 Here, the counsellor seeks to distinguish between the surface
problems and the problems that are deeper and more complex.
The counsellor tries to identify that the problem stated initially is
the actual problem or that there could be another more important
underlying issue that needs to be attended to and dealt with to
the client. This may be a time for information gathering. The more
usable information the counselor has, the greater are the
prospects of accurate assessment of the clients needs.

45. The information is gathered under three headings:
the time dimension, the feeling dimension and
cognitive dimension are as follows:
 i) The time dimension: This includes the clients past
experiences, especially those which he or she may view
as influencing experiences of their lives.
 ii) The feeling dimension: This includes the emotions and
feelings of the client towards himself and herself, as well
as significant others, including groups, attitudes, values,
and self concept.
 iii) The cognitive dimension: This includes how the client
solves problems, the coping styles that she or he
employs, the rationality used in making daily decisions
and the clients capacity and readiness for learning.

46. Steps or stages of problem
identification and exploration are
as follows:
 Defining the problem as to what is the issue clearly.
 2) Exploring the problem by gathering necessary
information and then exploring various alternatives in
finding solution to the problem.
 3) Integrating the information that has been gathered
from the client and then summarising it and putting it
down clearly for the possible course of action to be
taken in resolving the problem.

47. 3. Plan for Problem Solving
 Once the counselor has determined that all relevant
information regarding the client’s concern is available
and understood, and once the client has accepted the
need for doing something about a specific problem, the
time is ripe for developing a plan to solve or remediate
the concern of the client. Here, effective goal setting
becomes the vital part of the counseling activity.
Mistakes in goal setting can lead to nonproductive
counseling procedures and clients loss of confidence in
the counseling process.

48.  In this stage there are some sequential steps in viewing
the processes involved.
 1) Define the problem
 2) Identify and list all possible solutions
 3) Explore the consequences of the suggested solutions.
 4) Prioritize the solutions on the basis of priority needs.

49.  In the further development of this plan, the counselor
recognises that the client will frequently not arrive at
basic insights, implications, or probabilities as fast as the
counselor will. However, most counselors will agree that
it is better to guide the client toward realising these
understandings by himself or herself, rather than just
telling the client outright. To facilitate the clients
understanding, the counselor may use techniques of
repetition, mild confrontation, interpretation, information
and obviously encouragement.

50. 4. Solution Application and
Termination
 In this final stage, the responsibilities are clear cut. The
client has the responsibility for applying the determined
solution, and the counselor has a responsibility to
encourage the client’s acting on his or her determined
problem solution. During the time that the client is
actively encouraged in applying the problem solution,
the counselor will often maintain contact as a source of
follow up, support and encouragement. The client may
also need the counselor’s assistance in the event things
do not go according to plan. Once it has been
determined that the counselor and client have dealt with
the client’s issue to the extent possible and practical, the
process should be terminated

51.  The termination is primarily the counselor’s
responsibility, although the client can terminate the
sessions any time they like. The counselor usually gives
some sort of an indication that the next interview should
just about wrap it up and may conclude by summarising
the main points of the counseling process. Usually, the
counselor leaves the door open for the client’s possible
return in the event additional assistance is needed.
Since counseling is a learning process, the counselor
hopes that the client has not only learned to deal with
this particular problem, but has also learned problem
solving skills that will decrease the probability of the
clients need for further counseling in the future

52. Use of observation in counselling
and understanding of emotions in
counselling
 By accurately observing non-verbal behaviour, a
counsellor can gauge the affect her/his words and
actions have upon the client. Skilled client observation
also allows the counsellor to identify discrepancies or
incongruities in the client’s or their own communication.

53. When is it used?
 Observation is a skill that is utilised throughout the entire
counselling interview.
Examples
 Observing body language, tone of voice and facial expressions.
 For example, when a client enters into the office of the counsellor,
the counsellor can gain some indication of how the client is feeling
about the session (are they reticent, comfortable, awkward?) by
the way the client walks in, takes their seat, and greets the
counsellor.
 If a client is resentful about the counselling session taking place,
they may keep their eyes lowered, seem dismissive of the
counsellor and sit in a closed position, not encouraging
communication.
 A counsellor can also gauge the effectiveness of their words by
carefully observing the facial expression and eye contact of a
client. If a counsellor asks a question that the client may find
embarrassing to answer, the client may lower their eyes, or their
head, or look away. This will tell the counsellor that the client
might be uncomfortable with that statement or question.

54. OBSERVING: Listening is one of the most
valuable counseling skills in the therapeutic
relationship. It can be used in three ways:
 Attending: Attending is the ability to be physically present for the
client. It means giving them your undivided attention and making
appropriate eye contact, mirroring body language, and nodding.
These attending behaviors show your client that you care. In
fact, according to Kevin J. Drab, approximately 80% of
communication takes place non-verbally External link .
 Active listening: Active listening occurs when you are listening
with all of your senses. According to the Perinatal Mental Health
Project External link , active listening involves listening with your
body, heart, ears, eyes, and mouth.
 Verbal listening: This is a form of showing you are listening
through the words that you use. These verbal cues are used to
show attention and to encourage more exploration from the client.
This can be as simple as ‘yes’, or ‘go on’. It can also be in the form
of paraphrasing or repeating a word of emotion that the client has
just said.

55. Qualities of a counsellor
 The practitioner’s personal moral qualities are of the
utmost importance to clients.
 Many of the personal qualities considered important in
the provision of services have an ethical or moral
component and are therefore considered as virtues or
good personal qualities.

56. WHICH INCLUDES THE
FOLLOWING:
 Empathy: the ability to communicate understanding of another
person’s experience from that person’s perspective.
 Sincerity: a personal commitment to consistency between what is
professed and what is done.
 Integrity: commitment to being moral in dealings with others,
personal straightforwardness, honesty and coherence.
 Resilience: the capacity to work with the client’s concerns without
being personally diminished.
 Respect: showing appropriate esteem to others and their
understanding of themselves.

57.  Humility: the ability to assess accurately and acknowledge
one’s own strengths and weaknesses.
 Competence: the effective deployment of the skills and
knowledge needed to do what is required.
 Fairness: the consistent application of appropriate criteria to
inform decisions and actions.
 Wisdom: possession of sound judgement that informs
practice.
 Courage: the capacity to act in spite of known fears, risks
and uncertainty.

58. THANK YOU