This document outlines the key principles and techniques of counseling. It discusses the counseling process, which involves building rapport, assessing clients, formulating goals, problem solving, and termination. It also describes different counseling approaches like directive, non-directive, and eclectic counseling. Qualities of effective counselors are discussed as well as the counseling environment and stages of the counseling process. The document provides an overview of counseling as a relationship-based process to help clients through self-knowledge, realization, and development.

1. PRINCIPLES OFCOUNSELING
TECHNIQUES
PRESENTER:
MS.RITIKASONI
ASST.PROFESSOR
SNC.

2. INTRODUCTION
Counseling is a process, as well as a relationship,
between persons.
Counselling is a scientific process of assistance
extended by an expert in an individual situation to a
needy person.
Counselling involves relationship between two
persons in which one of them (counsellor) attempts
to assists the other (counselee or client) in so
organising himself as to attain a particular form of
happiness, adjusting to a life situation , or in short
self actualisation.

3. COUNSELING...
Williamson
“It is a means of helping people to learn how to
solve their own problems.”
Carl Rogers (1965)
“It is a definitely structured relationship which allows
the client to gain an understanding of himself to a
degree which enables him to take positive steps in
the light of his new orientation.”

4. Counseling aims
to...
 Assist an individual towards:
Self-knowledge
Self-realization
Self-development

5. Purposesof Counselling
A - ASSISTANCEBY
IDENTIFYING
PROBLEM
D - DEVELOPMENT
V - VASTINFORMATION
I - INSPIRATION
S - SOLUTION
E - ENCOURAGEMENT

8. 2. Tailor – made to the requirement of an
individual’s problem.
3. Emphasizes thinking with the individual.
4. Avoid dictatorial attitude.
5. Maintain relationship of trust and confidence
with the client.
6. client’s need is to put first.
7. Feels comfortable.
8. Skills of warmth, friendliness, openness, and
empathy ingredients of successful counseling
process.
9.Listen attentively, answer question objectively
and reinforce important information.
10. Let the client make voluntary informed
decision.

9. OTHER Principles to be
followed in counseling
process
1. Acceptance
2. Restatement
3. Clarification
4. Reassurance
5. Interpretation
6. Advice
7. Rejection
8. Lead

10. TYPESOFCOUNSELLING
Directive Counseling
Non – Directive Counseling
Eclectic Counseling

11. A)DirectiveCounseling
(prescriptive counselling/
counselor centered counseling).
This approach of counseling is advocated by
E.G. Williamson.
Counsellor –centred: the counsellor direct the
client to take steps in order to resolve his conflicts.
It is based on assumption that the client cannot
solve his own problems for lack of information.

12. The counsellor plays an important role; he tries to
direct the thinking of counselee by informing ,
explaining, interpreting and advising.
It gives more importance to intellectual aspect
than emotional aspects.

13. STEPSOFDIRECTIVECOUNSELLING
Williamson has given six steps of directive
counselling :
Analysis
Synthesis
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Counselling
Follow up

14. MERITS
It is less time consuming; hence this method can be
adopted when an early solution is required.
This method is best; less matured and less intelligent
client interact with an experienced counsellor.
This is best method at lower levels where the
client is not in a position to analyse his own
problem
In this method, the counsellor becomes readily
available to help the client which makes the client
very happy.

15. DEMERITS
In directive counselling, the client never becomes
independent of the counsellor. So it is not an effective
or best guidance.
The personal autonomy and integrity of the client is
not respected, it leads to new adjustment problems.
It will not help the individual to develop any attitudes
through his own experiences.
The counsellor fails in saving the client to
commit the mistakes in future.

16. B)NON-DIRECTIVECOUNSELLING/
PERMISSIVE OR CLIENTCENTERED
COUNSELLING
This school of thought is just reverse to that ofdirective
counseling and exponent is “Carl Rogers”.
It is a client-centred process.
In this, the counselee is the pivot and plays a
predominant role of the wholecounselling process.
The main function of the counsellor is to create an
atmosphere in which the client can work out his problem.
Counselee centered approach in which he/ she is guided to
use his own inner resource to solve the problem.

17. It is also known as permissive
counselling.
In this type of counselling,
emotional elements rather than
intellectual element are
stressed.

18. NONDIRECTIVECOUNSELLING
The principles of acceptance & tolerance are
extremely important in this approach.
The basic assumptions related to nondirective
counseling approach are:
Patient is given importance than the
counselling directions & investigations
Creation of an atmosphere where patients can work
out their understanding is more important than
cultivating self-understanding in the patient.
leads to a voluntary choice of goals & a
conscious selection of courses of action.

19. STEPS OFTHENONDIRECTIVE
COUNSELLINGAPPROACH
Defining the
problem
situation
Counselee given
freedom to express his
feeling
Identifying
counselees feeling
Developing
counslees
insight
Termination of
counseling

20. C)ECLECTIC COUNSELLING
Eclectic counselling is a type of counselling which is
neither counsellor-centred nor client centred; but a
combination of both.
Here the counsellor is neither too active as in directive
counselling nor too passive as in non-directive
counselling, but follows a middle course.

21. CHARACTERISTICSOFECLECTIC
COUNSELLING
Methods of counselling may change from client to
client or even with the same client from time to time.
It is highly flexible.
Freedom of choice and expression is open to both the
counsellor and the counselee.
Experience of mutual confidence and faith in the
relationship are basic.
The client and the philosophical framework are
adjusted to save the purpose of the relationship.

22. STEPSOFECLECTIC
COUNSELLING
Establishing
rapport
Diagnosisthe
problem
Analyzingthe case
Preparinga
tentative planfor
modifyingbehavior
Counselling
Follow-up

23. ECLECTICCOUNSELLING
Advantages of eclectic counseling approach
practical approach.
It is a more flexible approach of counseling.
It is more objective & coordinated approach of
counseling.
Limitations of eclectic counselling approach
The role of counselor & the counselee are
not predetermined.
It requires more skilled counselors to handle the
dynamic feature of this counseling approach.

24. OTHERTYPESOFCOUNSELLING
A)Based on length of the counselling session:
Short-term counseling( situational crisis,
needs immediate attention).
Long-term counseling- prolonged period of
time. (developmental crisis, e.g.: women with
menopause, women with breast feeding)
B) Based on number of counselees involved:
Individual counseling
Group counseling

26. COUNSELLING
ENVIRONMENT
Welcoming : Greet clients appropriately
Comfortable : Have comfortable seats
A place with few distractions: No telephone
Somewhere where privacy and confidentiality can
be maintained
Non-threatening : A place where people can feel
relaxed

27. PERSONALITY TRAITS OFAN
EFFECTIVE COUNSELOR
1. SELF AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING
Self-awareness is the ability to look within and
identify your own unmet psychological needs and desires,
such as a need for intimacy or the desire to be professionally
competent. This ability prevents your issues from affecting or
conflicting with those of your clients.
2. GOOD PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
Although no persons is totally problem free but a
person with less problems or good psychological health
can be trained to be counselor.

28. PERSONALITYTRAITSOFAN
EFFECTIVECOUNSELOR
3. RAPPORT-BUILDING SKILLS
Counselors must possess a strong set of interpersonal skills
to help establish rapport quickly with clients and develop strong
relationships. They must give their undivided attention to clients
and be able to cultivate trust.
4. OPEN MINDNESS
A person who is free from fixed or pre occupied
ideas .They are aware of their own values and beliefs
and are able to distinguish them from the beliefs and
values of others.

29. PERSONALITYTRAITSOFAN
EFFECTIVECOUNSELOR
5. TRUST WORTHINESS
A person who is reliable ,honest and does not
hurt other persons. He/She keep the information to
herself.
6. APPROACHABILITY
The counselor who is friendly has positive
attitudes about others and can be approached without
a feeling of apprehension.

30. QUALITIESOFAGOODCOUNSELOR
G–Good technical
knowledge
O–Obtaining
appropriate information
from the patient
O–Objectively
answering questions
D–Demonstrating
professionalism
C –Confidentiality maintenance
O–Observant
U–Unbiased
N–Nonjudgmental
S – Sensitive to the needs of the
patient
E–Empathetic
L–Listens
carefully O–Open
minded
R–Respects the rights of the
patients

31. COUNSELLINGPROCESS
Stage 1
Relationship
building
Stage 2
Assessment
and
diagnosis
Stage 3
Formulation
of counseling
goals
Stage 4
Intervention
and problem
solving
Stage 5
Termination
and Follow
Up

32. STAGE1: RELATIONSHIPBUILDING
 Introduce yourself.
 Listen attentively.
 Empathy, genuiness and warmth enhances relationship
building.
 Always address the person by his or her name.
 Ensure physical comfort.
 Observe non-verbal communication.

33. STAGE2: ASSESSMENTAND
DIAGNOSIS
 Assessing through: observation and Inquiry
 Associate facts
 Make Hypotheses
 Record Information

34. STAGE3: FORMULATIONOF
COUNSELINGGOALS
Five Categories of Counseling Goals
To change an unwanted or unwelcome behavior
To better cope
To make and implement decisions
To enhance relationships

35. STAGE4: INTERVENTIONAND
PROBLEMSOLVING
 Characteristics of a good treatment plan…
goals are clearly defined and reachable
plan able to be adapted with time
positive and action-oriented focus
 Essential to an effective plan…is client’s motivation
and willingness to follow it.

36. STAGE5: TERMINATIONAND
FOLLOWUP
 Role to review progress
 Think of this as a means of empowering the client.
 Termination considered not just at end of successful
relationship, but also is considered when it seems
counseling is not being helpful.

37. STEPS TO SUCCESS IN
COUNSELLING
Willingness
Motivation
Commitment
Faith

38. CONCLUSION
Effective counseling reduces confusions, allowing the
client to make effective decisions and leading to
positive changes in their attitude and behavior.
“An unresolved issue will be like a cancer with the
potential to spread into other areas of your relationship”