1. The document discusses sustainable strategies for water supply and sanitation. It covers various topics including the importance of water, different water sources, the hydrological cycle, water distribution on Earth, portable water, domestic water uses, water pollution, and improving water quality.
2. It also discusses sustainability, factors affecting water source sustainability, elements of sustainability, ground and surface water harvesting systems, and a support model for selecting sustainable structures.
3. The document provides information on sanitation challenges in India, definitions of sanitation, steps to solve sanitation problems, available sanitation technologies, criteria for selecting technologies, and strategies for successful sanitation projects in developing countries.
WASH in Schools Target Challenge in India OverviewRamesh Aggarwal
Presentation made by PDG Ramesh Aggarwal, Member Secretary, Rotary India WinS Committee at Rotary - UNICEF High level advocacy workshop on Oct 1, 2016 in New Delhi
Here's a powerpoint I created some time ago on Sustainability of Water and Wastewater provisions ~ presented to a Company in UK.
It may be of use or interest to someone and is a downloadable document ~ references are all cited and photo's I think are all creative commons or referenced :-)
Sustainable Water (Safe Water and Improved Sanitation): Engaging the YouthsCharles Anukwonke
The slide presented the sustainable development goal number 6. and its concerns; Safe water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Financial innovation strategy is presented on how it will help achieve the said goal of sate water and sustainability.
WASH in Schools Target Challenge in India OverviewRamesh Aggarwal
Presentation made by PDG Ramesh Aggarwal, Member Secretary, Rotary India WinS Committee at Rotary - UNICEF High level advocacy workshop on Oct 1, 2016 in New Delhi
Here's a powerpoint I created some time ago on Sustainability of Water and Wastewater provisions ~ presented to a Company in UK.
It may be of use or interest to someone and is a downloadable document ~ references are all cited and photo's I think are all creative commons or referenced :-)
Sustainable Water (Safe Water and Improved Sanitation): Engaging the YouthsCharles Anukwonke
The slide presented the sustainable development goal number 6. and its concerns; Safe water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Financial innovation strategy is presented on how it will help achieve the said goal of sate water and sustainability.
Chennai flood 2015, The Disaster, The Challenges and The SolutionsBharathi
Why Pollute Our City with Plastics & PET Bottles?
We can help avoid WATER BORNE DISEASES Gastro enteritis, Cholera,Typhoid,Leptospirosis,
Hepatitis A & E
Save our city from another disaster from Water Borne Diseases,avoid plastics and PET bottles,
while you provide relief work with a safe disinfected potable water using NOBLE CHLOR -
ONSITE POTABLE CHLORINATED WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
Well this is my first presentation in the slide share. In this presentation i have mentioned about the concept of water quality and guidelines for it in with the perspective to human health and its management in Nepal.
Suggestion and feedbacks are really welcome.
#Awareness#potable water criss#A slide share on Water Resource Management highlighting the emergent requirement of the shortage of potable water and the remedies to be incorporated by all stakeholders to overcome same.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module2_#6, Flood management in Nepal, Dilip GautamICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
Presentation by Gezahegn Lemecha from IRC WASH on the concept of Climate Resilient WASH. This presentation was given during the Climate Resilient WASH learning workshop in Adama, Ethiopia, on 23 September 2021.
Chennai flood 2015, The Disaster, The Challenges and The SolutionsBharathi
Why Pollute Our City with Plastics & PET Bottles?
We can help avoid WATER BORNE DISEASES Gastro enteritis, Cholera,Typhoid,Leptospirosis,
Hepatitis A & E
Save our city from another disaster from Water Borne Diseases,avoid plastics and PET bottles,
while you provide relief work with a safe disinfected potable water using NOBLE CHLOR -
ONSITE POTABLE CHLORINATED WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
Well this is my first presentation in the slide share. In this presentation i have mentioned about the concept of water quality and guidelines for it in with the perspective to human health and its management in Nepal.
Suggestion and feedbacks are really welcome.
#Awareness#potable water criss#A slide share on Water Resource Management highlighting the emergent requirement of the shortage of potable water and the remedies to be incorporated by all stakeholders to overcome same.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module2_#6, Flood management in Nepal, Dilip GautamICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
Presentation by Gezahegn Lemecha from IRC WASH on the concept of Climate Resilient WASH. This presentation was given during the Climate Resilient WASH learning workshop in Adama, Ethiopia, on 23 September 2021.
Decision Support for Urban Environmental Planningurbanmetabolism
Presented by Dr. Vishal K. Mehta, Invited speaker at the 6th International Public Policy and Management Conference held at the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India.
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013 Helalley Helalley
Elements of the Problem:
1- Direct Industrial wastewater disposal into water bodies (Abo Qir bay, Amia drain and Tabia).
2- Deterioration of Public sewerage system.
3 -Vertical and horizontal housing extensions in random areas.
4 - Increasing levels of groundwater
Assessment of Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Facilities of South Begun...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This PPT presents techniques of assessing the present state of water supply situation, sanitation condition and drainage system of an area by using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method. South Begunbari Slum, Dhaka has been selected as the study area for this study. Several participatory planning tools have been adopted in course of the study for determining the present scenario of the previously mentioned utility facilities in the selected study area. Finally some recommendations have been specified to develop the over-all condition. Local people’s participation has been ensured to the maximum limit during the study. Bottom-up approach of planning through PRA method has been demonstrated here. Existing scenario, local peoples vision and assessment of the prescribed needs with regards to the country standard has been also performed.
most important topic for more clearance of water quality standards which covers latest Indian and WHO guidelines and provides a real scenario of water standards in India and the recent advances made for purification of water in India and worldwide. The presentation is little bit lengthy but deals with all required aspects in short.
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.[1] Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation system aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal-oral route.[2] For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through sanitation.[3] There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, trachoma, to name just a few.
A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater.[4] Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. IMPORTANCE OF WATER
• Water is one of the most important substances on
earth. All plants and animals must have water to
survive. If there was no water there would be no life on
earth
• Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many
other uses for water. These include: cooking
– washing their bodies
– washing clothes
– washing cooking and eating utensilskeeping houses and
communities clean
– recreation; such as swimming pools
– keeping plants alive in gardens and parks
3. Different Sources of Water
• Water resources are divisible into
two distinct categories :
• the surface-water resources
• the ground-water resources.
• Each of these categories is a part
of the earth's water circulatory
system, called the hydrologic
cycle, and is derived from
precipitation, which is rainfall plus
snow.
5. DISTRIBUTE OF WATER ON EARTH
This is how the water is distribute on Earth. If you
could see here that is most amount of water in the
oceans.
6. POTABLE WATER
• Water that is safe for drinking is called
Portable Water.
• It is most important that the water which
people drink and use for other purposes is
Clean water. This means that the water must
be free of germs and chemicals and be clear
(not cloudy).
8. WATER POLLUTION
• Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g.
lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
• Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these
bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is
damaging either to individual species and populations, but
also to the natural biological communities.
• Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged
directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful compounds.
9. Types of Water Pollution
• Water pollution
– Any physical or chemical change in water that adversely
affects the health of humans and other organisms
– Varies in magnitude by location
• Eight categories
– Sewage, disease-causing agents, sediment pollution,
inorganic plant and algal nutrients, organic compounds,
inorganic chemicals, radioactive substances, and thermal
pollution
11. IMPROVING WATER QUALITY-
PURIFICATION FOR DRINKING WATER
• Treated water
distributed to
customers
• Sewer lines bring
sewage to
treatment plant
• Sewage treated
at sewage
treatment plant
12. SUSTAINABILITY
The maintenance of desired quantity and acceptable
quality standard of water supply services throughout the design
life of the water supply systems may be defined as sustainability.
The sustainability is with reference to:
• Source – quantity and quality
• System – infrastructures
13. Factors affecting sustainability of
water sources
• The depletion or lowering of water levels in groundwater and
surface water sources
• Change/degradation of water quality due to over drawls or
contamination by domestic/industrial wastes/ waste water
14. Elements of Sustainability
• Source Sustainability: Ensuring availability of safe drinking
water in adequate quantity throughout the year
• System Sustainability: Optimizing the cost of production of
water, devising proper protocol for O&M, building capacity
of PRIs and awareness generation
• Financial Sustainability: Proper utilization of Finance
Commission and O&M funds under NRDWP guidelines and
recovering at least 50% cost through flexible methods
devised by the local self government and improving energy
efficiency
15. List of Ground, Surface and Roof
water Harvesting Systems
• Gully plugs
• Recharge Pit
• Contour trench/bund
• Semi-circular trenches on slopes
• Check dam/Nala bund
• Percolation pond/tank
• Sub-surface dyke
• Injection well
• Recharge shaft
• Roof water harvesting
• Traditional water harvesting structures
18. 1. Less than 20% of India’s rural population has access to safe & hygienic sanitation
facilities
2. An estimated 650 million Indians defecate in the open every day, and as a result
an estimated 200,000 tons of fecal matter are deposited in the open every day
3. Household waste on streets and in sewers
4. Unsanitary conditions in public toilets in urban areas
5. Industrial & Hazardous Waste on open land creating dump yards, and open
invitation for other types of wastes incl. medical wastes
6. Drinking Water not safe or hygienic in rural areas
7. Each year diarrhea kills over 500,000 people in India. Diseases such as Cholera,
Typhoid, Hepatitis, and Polio still occur in India in significant numbers
SANITARY CONDITIONS & CHALLENGES IN
INDIA
19. DEFINITION OF SANITATION (WHO)
Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe
disposal of human urine and feces.
Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving
sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in
households and across communities.
The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions,
through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
20. STEPS TO SOLVE SANITATION PROBLEMS IN INDIA
1. Identify project area based on agreed upon priorities
2. Determine criteria & parameters to improve sanitation
3. Determine the population, demographics, needs of business and institutional
sector
4. Determine types of sanitation facilities required for each unique application
5. Determine feasible technologies for each application
6. Understand the role of local govt. NGOs, and volunteer organizations in the local
project area
7. Check applicable local regulations affecting each project
21. LIST OF TECHNOLOGIES CURRENTLYAVAILABLE FOR
SANITATION AND TOILET SYSTEMS, GLOBALLY
1. Twin Pit (ventilated latrine) sanitation technology utilized by Sulabh
Technology
2. Pour Flush Latrines
3. Composting latrines
4. Aqua privies
5. AfriSan waterless technology
6. Vacu-tug technology
7. Portable plastic (polyethylene) toilets
8. Septic Tanks with drain fields
9. Sewerage collection and treatment systems
22. CRITERIA TO CONSIDER IN SELECTION OF
VIABLE TECHNOLOGIES
1. Availability of water for sanitation & toilet systems
2. Availability of electricity or need for electrical generators
3. Vicinity to solid waste disposal facilities
4. Pick up service for liquid or semi-solid sanitary waste
5. Geological characteristics of local area, depth of seasonal high groundwater
level, soil density & porosity
6. The magnitude of sanitation facility needs (# of toilets reqd. , number of
customers to be served at normal and peak hours, services reqd. for large
institutions, schools, govt. buildings, community centers, etc. )
23. SUCCESS MODEL FOR SANITATION PROJECTS
FOR PROMOTION OF GREENER ENVIRONMENT
Five ‘E’s
1. Environment - protect it
2. Energy - conserve it
3. Education & Awareness - promote it
4. Excellence in Innovation – practice it
5. Engage local govt, regulators, stakeholders, investors and consultants –
make informed & practically sound decisions for better quality of life that is
sustainable for generations
24. DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE & ECO-
FRIENDLY SANITATION SYSTEM
Develop environmentally acceptable sanitation facilities (incl. toilet systems,
etc.) and install them so that they do not degrade living conditions or cause
unhygienic conditions
Provide wastewater treatment plants (incl . package plants) for larger
communities, institutions, schools, etc. with provision for water recycling
Develop adequate solid waste disposal facilities for wastewater sludges,
domestic waste vacuumed from dry toilets or other waste that has no other
uses.
25. Cont...
Ensure that water for drinking is kept separate from water used for toilets, to
avoid cross contamination.
Develop a system to regularly maintain the toilets and the wastewater
systems to prevent bad odors, flies, and other similar nuisances
Develop systems to encourage waste composting so that it can be converted
to fertilizers that can be used for agricultural applications.
Establish public awareness programs on sanitation & hygiene in all
communities that have existing or new sanitation facilities
26. STRATEGIES FOR ‘SANITATION PROJECT
SUCCESS’ IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Secure full understanding of local laws, regulations, policies procedures &
politics
Form alliances with local partners and stakeholders that can promote the
message of sanitation and hygiene in rural areas.
Provide technical solutions that are practical & sustainable in a local
economy, be a pioneer or innovator, not a follower
Try to utilize indigenous materials & products as much as possible, this will
create tangible benefits to local economy
27. Cont…
Work closely with regulators so that they fully understand the benefits of
your services and products
Make solutions more cost effective & efficient to implement, think “months
instead of years”.
Avoid middlemen and business brokers who might impede progress and
inject politics & corruption into decision making
Utilize motivational approaches to change sanitation behaviors in
communities, utilize ‘demand based’ approaches, with meaningful
contributions by local community members and end users of sanitation
services
28. A Sanitary latrine should satisfy the following
criteria
1. Surface soil should not be contaminated
2. Should not contaminate Surface water
3. Should not pollute ground water
4. Should be no handling of fresh excreta
5. Should not be accessible to flies and animals
6. Should be free from odors
7. Method /Technology should be simple, inexpensive and user friendly
29. Design of the pit - Factors
Bacteria play a major role in decomposing the excreta
Aerobic digestion – in the presence of Oxygen
Anaerobic digestion - in the absence of Oxygen ., -in the fluid
The final product is Nitrogen, Ammonia, Nitrites and Nitrates
Gases and salts leaches into the soil, Pathogens and ova are destroyed, Final
product is rich in Nutrient which is small in quantity
Effective Capacity of a wet pit latrines per person per year would be 37 liters or
1.4 cu.ft
The amount of sludge (wet) after one year digestion period per person would be
36.5liters (1.3cu.ft).Five member family require 185 Liters or 6.5 cu.ft per year
30. PIT
Circular pit -Square pit-Rectangular pit
Lined Pit
Open Joints –Bricks, Hollow blocks, Stone, Rings with holes, Bamboo, cut tree
limbs with cement mortar. The pit may be Direct or Indirect with connected
with pipes.
Simple Un lined Pit
Circular pits are suitable for unlined pit. But it should be shallow to avoid any
wall collapse. Earthen mount will prevent run off water entering into the pit.
Simple squatting platform with hole and lid may be useful to make the pit a
sanitary one. It may be useful in a place where dry condition prevail
31.
32. VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT (VIP)
1. A ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) is similar to a single pit latrine with
addition of a vertical vent pipe.
2. Through the aeration in VIPs, odour and fly nuisances are reduced.
3. The VIP needs no water for its function.
4. Lining the pit prevents it from collapsing and provides support to the
superstructure.
5. Despite their simplicity, well‐designed single VIPs can be completely smell free,
and more to use than some other water‐based technologies.
33. Design considerations
1. The vent pipe should have an internal diameter of at least 110 mm and reach
more than 300mm above the highest point of the toilet superstructure.
2. It can be made out of PVC, bricks, pet bottles or iron pipes. Wind passing over
the top creates a suction pressure within the vent pipe and induces an air
circulation.
3. The vent works best in windy areas, but where there is little wind, its
effectiveness can be improved by painting the pipe black.
4. The heat difference between the pit (cool) and the vent (warm) creates an
updraft that pulls the air and odours up and out of the pit.
34. ADVANTAGES OF VIP LATRINE
1. Excavation of humus is easier than faecal sludge
2. Significant reduction in pathogens
3. Potential for use of stored faecal material as soil conditioner
4. Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non‐ventilated pits)
5. Less chances for transmission of excreta related disease than lid or cover
6. Good health and hygiene practice
7. Can use as fertilizer after one year composting
8. Better life and environment
9. Construction and maintenance are easy
10. Suitable for water scarce area, as no need for water except occasional cleaning
of the squat plate
35. Disadvantages
1. VIPs are slightly more expensive than normal pit latrines.
2. Leachate can contaminate groundwater
3. No specific reuse of faeces and urine
4. Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods; stagnant water in pits
may promote insect breeding
5. Manual removal of humus is required
6. Possible contamination of groundwater
7. Higher capital costs than Single VIP; but reduced operating costs if
self‐emptied
42. ECO TOILET
ECO toilet is the type of dry toilet that uses a predominantly aerobic
processing system to treat human excreta. It is an alternate to flush
toilets.
43. Advantages – ECO TOILET
1. Water use reduction
2. Shock loading capacity
3. Odour problems Reduced
4. Lower household maintenance cost
5. End product recycled
6. Reduced grey water loading
7. Independence
8. Recycling
9. Unusual sites
44. Disadvantages - ECO TOILET
1. Construction
2. Maintenance
3. Management
4. Health Issues
5. Conditions
49. A mould is prepared in the interior of the squatting pan
and trap. The cement and sand can be used to cast
the plate and trap.
After setting, the pan and trap is cured.
The finished squatting pan and trap is transported to
the site. The latrine slab- Circular/Square is cast with
the squatting plate and trap is integral part of the slab
Hardened and cure slab is placed over the pit.
The squatting plate and trap may be made from
Ceramics, PVC, Cement, mosaic.
50. • The water dependent latrines can be further categorized on the
basis of:
• Flushing (pour flush or mechanical flush) ;
Location of pit
• onset type: if latrine room is just above the pit;
• offset type: if pit is slightly offset from the latrine room;
• Water quantity required (pour flush latrine: where 1/2-2 liters of
water is required for manual flushing;
• Excreta disposal system (pit latrine: where excreta is collected and
decomposed within a pit; The pour flush latrine is a specially
designed water-sealed bowl, which requires 1.5 - 2 liters of water
for flushing the excreta.
• This water seal latrine eliminates entry of odor and prevents
rodents to the latrine room from pit through the bowl. This pour
flush latrine consists of a single pit either just below the bowl
(onset type) or may be offset from the bowl (offset type) using the
pour flush type bowl (pan and trap).
51. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR
TECHNOLOGY
• Sustainability and lasting long-term benefits (impact);
• immediate benefits (quality, convenience, reliability)
• operation and maintenance;
• Up gradibility, working life, eventual replacement
possibilities;
• cost-effectiveness (capital and recurrent costs and type of
• materials requirements for construction); Affordability
• accessibility
• scope of up- gradibility
• Local skilled workers
• Sanitary latrine criteria
• Soil conditions
52. WATER SEAL LATRINES
Pour-flush Toilets
•It consists of a slab into which a special bowl is incorporated. The slab can
be fitted directly over a pit or slightly close to the pit.
•The pit may be single or double
•One to two liters of water is sufficient to flush the contents into the pit
•Because of the water seal, there is no fly breeding
•Odor can not escape out from the pit
The function of a water dependent latrine relies mainly on the usage of
water. Without water these latrines fail to operate. The water flushes out
excreta from bowl, which consists of a water-seal generally known as a
trap
53. RURAL PANS & TRAPS
The pan length = 450 mm
The slope is more than 45 degree
The water seal is 20mm
The passage for faeces is 750 mm
RURAL PANS & TRAPS
56. ADVANTAGES OF PAN ABOVE THE PIT
•Odor free
•Little chance for transmission of excreta related disease
•Good health and hygiene practice
•Appropriate where water is available
•Long life time and no need to move for many years
•Water requirements for flushing is low (1/2-2 liters)
•Construction and maintenance are cheap and easy
•Offset type can be adjusted in any type of dwelling without causing
any smell nuisance
•Suitable for less populated areas where space is available for
relocating the latrine
•Possible to upgrade it into twin pit pour flush system (for offset type)
57. Special conditions – Soil and water
Table
Block Cotton Soil Areas
• The black cotton soils absorbs water and expands
• The pit may collapse
• The porosity of the soil is very low – leaching
capacity is low
• Circular pit - lining with rings made up with
cement and sand
• with re enforcement and holes for leaching
• A coarse sand envelop around the pit – 10 cms to
20cms
58.
59.
60. OTHER FACTORS
• Privacy is one of the factors that determines the use of
toilets in India
• The seats for male and female should be opposite direction
• The doors should open inwards
• The pans which is sticky or does not allow easy cleaning are
not accepted
• Latrines designed for too large number of users not
maintained properly
• One seated latrine is sufficient for a family
• For camps, markets, community, one seat for every 25-30 is
needed
• For schools one seat for every 20-25 Girls
61. SEPTIC TANKS
• It is costly
• It is suitable for Institutions where group of people live
together
• It has a covered settling tank where primary treatment takes
place
• It requires secondary treatment. Therefore the effluent from
septic tank must be treated properly by a Dispersion trench
or by a soak away pit. All this require land and money.
• Size of the tank has to be designed properly
• It requires de sludging
62. Super structure continued User’s taste ,
affordability,local materials, durability, existing
structures, privacy determine the superstructure.
Provide options for the users
Examples are Mud walls - plastered inside –Brick walls-
cement Hollow blocks Thatched wall and roof – leaves
of Coconut and Palmarah Tiled roof – Mangalore tiles,
cement tiles, asbestos sheet, tin roof,GI sheet
Jute/Gunny cloths, flexi/ Rexin sheets, bamboo Hilly
areas- slate stones - roof with slate of stones Ferro
cement walls and roof Stone walls
Remember
It always better to use existing structure of the house
for superstructure
67. • Latrines are part of the house., It should
adequately cared
• Only required water should be used for cleansing
• No antiseptic/disinfectant should be used
• No solid matters should be thrown in to the pan
• Water seal must always filled with water
• Platform should be dry
• Adequate lighting and ventilation keeps latrine
• Latrines gives privacy, promotes health of the
households
• It helps you to save time and energy
• It gives pride to family members and to the
country