3. The World Health Organisation defines:
safe water as “. . water that does not contain harmful chemical
substances or micro-organisms in concentrations that cause
illness in any form”
adequate waters supply as “ . . one that provides safe water in
quantities sufficient for drinking, and for culinary, domestic, and
other household purposes so as to make possible the personal
hygiene of members of the household. A sufficient quantity
should be available on a reliable, year-round basis near to, or
within the household where the water is to be used ”
8. WATER QUALITY ISSUES
% of disinfected and contaminated water supply
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Africa Asia LA&C
Percentage
Disinfected
Contaminated
WHO et al. (2000)
9. For Example
Aurangabad, India
High counts of faecal coliform in samples
collected from outlets during the 1st flush
Water collected 10 mins after the 1st flush were
also found to be contaminated (but lower)
Karachi, Pakistan
In some zones of the Karachi WSS up to 80% of
the samples analysed were found to contain high
counts of faecal coliform
16. MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN
URBAN NETWORKS
4 MAIN OUTPUTS
Guidance to assessing hazards, critical control points.
Manual and flow-charts on water quality management and
system monitoring tools for WS managers
PC compatible water quality modelling tools.
GIS based risk management tool that combines hazard
assessment procedures with water quality software
19. WATER MANAGEMENT
Current approaches towards water supply in cities are usually supply
driven – when there‟s a “shortage” develop new sources.
But, the cost of developing new sources or expanding existing sources
is getting higher and higher as most accessible water resources have
already been tapped (UNCHS 1999a)
An alternative approach, advocating water demand management
(WDM), focuses on conservation measures to make better use of
limited supplies.
It is often not realized that conservation does not necessarily mean a
reduction in quality of service but rather a more efficient approach to
use.
WDM results in more sustainable water services
20. GOVERNMENTS RETHINKING THEIR
APPROACH - WDM
Saving water rather than the development of new sources is often the
best „next‟ source of water, both from an economic and from an
environmental point of view.
Water demand management (WDM) therefore is seen as the
preferred alternative to meet increasing water demand.
Main objective of WDM is to contribute to more efficient and equitable
provision of water services
Many instruments have been developed for WDM
Instruments are interdependent and mutually reinforcing and the
most optimal way they are applied will depend on the prevailing
local conditions.
21. BENEFITS OF WDM
Attractive to governments as it can “buy time” by delaying the need for
large capital investment in expansion of the water sector.
In most cases, the savings achieved by delaying an investment
can provide financial resources to more than cover the costs of
implementing a comprehensive demand management programme.
Prospect of conserving water for industrial, agricultural and
commercial organisation is always an attractive proposition as it
almost always results in a reduction of operation costs.
In many water short cities there is always a proportion of the
population who are without adequate water supplies. By saving water
in higher income areas, more resources could be made available to
the poor.
In LDC‟s WDM must be used to promoted equity in supply
22. METHODS ADOPTED FOR WDM
Reducing unaccounted for water
Leakage detection
Reducing illegal connections and unmetered
connections
Water Restriction (intermittent Supplies)
Retro-fitting
Wastewater reuse
Water Tariffs
Public Awareness
Conservation for Industry
23. may be defined and that percentage of
the water produced from the raw water source which is not accounted for.
Leakage is often a large source of unaccounted for water and is a result of either
lack of maintenance or failure to renew ageing systems.
In cities information does exist but there is a lack of resources to undertake an
efficient leakage repair programme.
: In city
distribution systems, illegal connections may be the result of contractors connecting
illegally to supply new housing developments or unplanned and “illegal” settlements
connecting to such supplies.
: Many government buildings or institutions do not pay for their
water or the consumers have no interest in conservation.
Incentives are offered to those who retrofit including, payment grants from local
authorities
: Although regulations have a bad name, they are
often both appropriate and efficient for managing water demand
24. The water supply in Mumbai is not
only intermittent but inequitable
4% of the population receive water > 8 hrs/day
33% receive water > 4 hrs/day
42% receive water for just 3 hrs/day
21% receive water < 3 hrs/day (often only 1 hr)
25. NON-IRRIGATION CONSUMPTION
Total non irrigation water consumption by region
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Asia
L.Am
eri
S.S
Afri
W
.asia/N.Afri
Developed
Developing
W
orld
Consumption(cubickm)
1995 2025
Rose grant et al. (2002)
26. WATER STRESS – FACTS
India
At current rate of population growth India will have the
largest number of water-deprived persons in the world
in the next 25 years.
It is estimated that by the year 2050, half of India‟s
population will be living in urban areas and will face
acute water problems.
27.
28. IT IS A TRADITIONAL METHOD
involves ATTENUATION OF LIGHT
is essentially the inverse measure of the length of a column of water needed
to completely obscure a candle flame viewed through it.
THE LONGER THE WATER COLUMN CLEAR THE WATER.
29. ●IT IS USED TO DETERMINE PH OF WATER.
●Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of
different dyes extracted from lichens, especially Roccella tinctoria.
●Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus
paper turns blue under basic (i.e. alkaline) conditions.
● Neutral litmus paper is purple..
30. ● P-alkalinity
P-alkalinity is expressed in ppm CaCO3 or mval/l (1mval/l
= 50 ppm CaCO3). In this paper ppm
CaCO3 is used. The P-alkalinity figure is expressed as
volume sulphuric acid needed to change
(neutralise) the colour in a water sample to which
phenolphthalein is added.
31. M-alkalinity (when needed)
M-alkalinity is expressed in the same way as P-
alkalinity, but the indicator Bromcresol Green Methyl red is
used.
7. Add the content of one Bromcresol Green -Methyl
Red Indicator
pillow to the remaining sample from the P-alkalinity test.
8. Add Sulphuric acid standard solution (0.035 N) one
drop at a time and
swirl to mix after each drop.
33. PURPOSE OF PUBLIC AWEARENESS
To made the public aware of the :-
1. Importance of water in their lives.
2. Cost of producing and delivering water.
3. The status of water resources.
4. And their role in water resource conservation for future
generation.
34. WAYS TO PUBLIC AWARENESS
Through social campaigns
1. Awareness campaigns to reduce water use amongst all
consumers can play an important role in demand
management.
2. Social campaign for promotion of public awareness for
conservation and increasing water quality.
35. WAYS TO PUBLIC AWARENESS
Through communication tool
1. Promotion of public awareness by interviewing with the
senior staffs of water supply and irrigation sector in
Radio, TV and daily news papers.
2. Preaches for promoting public awareness by telecasting
programs in Radio, TV, schools, universities.
3. Publishing magazine
36. WAYS TO PUBLIC AWARENESS
Through education
1. Including water conservation topics in schools and
universities curriculum.
2. by establishing seminars, conferences and workshops.
3. by medical training, formal and informal trainings to
prevent contamination of water resources by waste and
industrial polluted water.
37. SUMMARY
Water crisis is a reality in most cities.
Water quality : need,procedure,variables.
Proactive WDM enables the effective, efficient and equitable use of limited
water.
A combination of WDM instruments must be used to maximise the potential
benefits.
An objective of WDM must be to improve the equity of the distribution of
limited water.
A participatory approach is essential for affective WDM as successful
implementation requires attitude changes.
Different water tests,domestic level tests and as well as industrial level
tests.
