4. “An increase in physical size of the whole body due to
increase no of cells/ or its size.
It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches, ….. etc

6. • Development refers to a progressive increase in skill and
capacity of function.
• It is a qualitative change.

7. • Increase in child’s competence and adaptability.
• The level of maturation depends on child’s heredity.

8. G & D proceed in regular related directions :
- Cephalo-caudal ( from head down to toes ).
- Proximo-distal (from center of the body to
the peripheral.)

10. Pre-natal factors:-Pre-natal factors:-
1- Maternal factors:-
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Diabetic mother
- Exposure to radiation
- Infection with German measles
- Smoking
- Use of drugs

11. 2-Factors related to fetus
Fetal Mal-position .
Placental causes:-
Size .
site of Attachment.

12. Post-Natal Environment
I - External environment:
- socio-economic status.
- child’s nutrition
- climate and season
- child’s ordinal position in the family
- Numberof siblings in the family
- Family structure (single parent orextended family
… )

13. • Child’s intelligence
• Hormonal influences
• Emotions
Internal environmentInternal environment

14. Types of growth: -
- Physical growth
Height
Weight
Head circumference
Chest circumference.
- Physiological growth (vital signs …)

15. Types of development:-
Gross motor.
Fine motor & vision.
Hearing & speech.
Social behavior.

16. • Prenatal
- Embryonic (conception- 8 w)
- Fetal stage (8-40 or 42 w)
• Infancy
- Neonate
- Birth to end of 1 month
- Infancy
- 1 month to end of 1 year
• Early Childhood
- Toddler
- 1-3 years
- Preschool
- 3-6 years
• Middle Childhood
- School age
- 6 to 12 years
• Late Childhood
- Adolescent
- 13 years to approximately 18
years

17. Weight :-
then there is annual increase 5 Ibs / year till puberty.
age Weight gain (approx.)
At Birth (full term). 3.2 kg +/_ 300g
1st
week Loose 10% body wt.
Upto 3 months 200g/week wt. gain.
One year 3 times × birth weight.
2 years 4 times × birth weight

18. .
Age Cm
Birth ( full term) 50 cm
At 1 year 75 cm
2—12 yrs. Age in Years × 7 + 77

19. Age Head circumferance (Cm)
Birth 35
3 months 41
6 months 44
9 months 46
1 year 47
2 years 49
3 years 50
5 years 51

21. It is 30.5 to 33cm .
After 1 year chest size exceeds the head circumference.

24. Starts by 5–6 months of age
&
Completed by 12 months . (20 teeth).
It is called "Milky teeth" or
"Deciduous teeth" or
"Temporary teeth".

26. •Gross motor.Gross motor.
•Fine motor& vision.Fine motor& vision.
•Hearing & speech.Hearing & speech.
•Social behavior.Social behavior.

27. • At 2 months
• Hold head erects in mid-position.
• Turn from side back.
• At 3 months, the infant can
• Hold head erects and steady.
• Open or close hand loosely.
• Hold object put in hand
• Age :- 2 months.

28. • Sit with adequate support.
• Roll over from front to back.
• Hold head erect and steady while in sitting position.
• Bring hands together in midline and plays with fingers.
• Grasp objects with both hands.

29. • Sit alone briefly.
• Turn completely over
( abdomen to abdomen ).
• Lift chest &
upper abdomen when prone.
• Hold own bottle.

30. • Sit alone.
• Hold cup.
• Imitate simple acts of others.

31. •Drink from cup with assistance.
•Eat finger food that can be held in one hand.

32. • Rise to sitting position alone.
• Crawl .
• Hold one bottle with good hand-mouth coordination

33. • Creep well (use hands and legs).
• Walk with help.
• Bring the hands together.
At 11 months:-At 11 months:-
• Walk holding on furniture.
• Stand erect with minimal support

34. • Stand-alone .
• Site down from standing position alone.
• Walk in few steps with help or alone .
• Pick up small bits of food &
transfers them to his mouth

35. Age Ambulation
9 months Crawl
10 months Creep
1 year Stand independently
13 months Walk& toddle quickly
15 months Can run.

37. Age Activity
Neonates Pupil reflex to light
Doll's eye reflex
Turn eyes to diffuse light
3 months Defensive blinking
Regards mother face
6 months Follow dangling balls in all
directions
9 months Alert to peripheral vision
Follow objects at 10—15 feet.
12 months Looks for hidden & fallen toyes.

38. .Age speech
1—2 months coos
2—6 months Laugh & sequel
8—9 months Babbles mama & dada
10—12 months Mama & Dada specific
18—20 months 20—30 words
22---24 months Two words sentence
30—36 months Almost understandable speech

39. • Unable to hold neckUnable to hold neck at 5 months.at 5 months.
• Unable to sit alone by ageUnable to sit alone by age 9 months9 months
• Unable to transferobjects fromhand to handUnable to transferobjects fromhand to hand by age 1by age 1
yearyear
• Abnormal pincergrip orgraspAbnormal pincergrip orgrasp by age 15 monthsby age 15 months
• Unable to walkaloneUnable to walkalone by 18 monthsby 18 months
• Failure to speak,recognizable wordsFailure to speak,recognizable words by 2 years.by 2 years.

40. Safety becomes a problem as
the toddler becomes more
mobile.

42. Toddler stage :-
From 1 to 3 years of age.
During this period, growth slows considerably.

43. Weight:Weight:
The toddler's average weight gain is 1.8 to 2.7 kg/year.
Formula :- ( over 1 year of age is
Age in years X2 + 8 = ….. kg.

44. • During 1–2 years, the child's height increases by
1cm/month.
• The toddler's height increases about 10 to
12.5cm/year.

45. Age in years X 5 + 80 = ..... cm.

46. • The head increases 10 cm only from the age of 1 year to
adult age.
• During toddler years, chest circumference continues to
increase in size and exceeds head circumference.

47. • By 2 years of age,……….16 temporary teeth.
• By the age of 2.5 years,… 20 teeth

48. • 1 year old: transfer objects from hand to hand
• 2 year old: can hold a crayon and color vertical strokes
• Turn the page of a book
• Build a tower of six blocks
• 3 year old: copy a circle and a cross – build using
small blocks

49. • Walk alone.
• Creep upstairs.
• Assume standing position without falling.
• Hold a cup with all fingers grasped around it.

50. • Stranger anxiety – should dissipate by age 2 ½ to 3 years.
• Sibling rivalry: aggressive behavior towards new infant:
(peak between 1 to 2 yrs)
• Thumb sucking
• Toilet Training

51. • The toddler is very social being but still egocentric.
• He imitates parents.
• Notice sex differences and know own sex.
• Gains boldness. ….( “i can do it myself“).

53. It is the stage where child is 3 to 6 years of
age.
The growth during this period is relatively
slow.

54. Physical growth:-
Weight:Weight:
The preschooler gains approximatelyThe preschooler gains approximately
1.8kg/year.1.8kg/year.
Height:Height:
DDoubles birth length by 4oubles birth length by 4––5 years.5 years.

55. • 3 year old: - Copy a circle and a cross
Build using small blocks
• 4 year old: -
Use scissors,
Color within the borders
• 5 year old: -
Write some letters.
Draw a person with body parts

56. • Buttoning clothing
• Holding a pencil
• Building with small blocks
• Using scissors
• Playing a board game
• Have child draw picture of himself

57. • Fears the darkFears the dark
• Tends to be impatient and selfishTends to be impatient and selfish
• Expresses aggression through physical andExpresses aggression through physical and
verbal behaviors.verbal behaviors.
• Shows signs of jealousy of siblings.Shows signs of jealousy of siblings.

58. • Egocentric
• Tolerates short separation
• Less dependant on parents
• May have dreams & night-mares
• Attachment to opposite sex parent
• More cooperative in play

59. • Inability to perform self-care tasks, hand washing simple
dressing, daytime toileting
• Lack of socialization
• Unable to play with other children
• Unable to follow directions during exam

62. • Writing skills improve
• Fine motor is refined
• Fine motor with more focus
• Building: models – logos
• Sewing
• Musical instrument
• Painting
• Typing skills
• Technology: computers

64. • School failureSchool failure
• Lack of friendsLack of friends
• Social isolationSocial isolation
• Aggressive behavior:Aggressive behavior:
.. fights,.. fights,
.. fire setting,.. fire setting,
.. animal abuse.. animal abuse