This document provides definitions and examples related to semantics. It discusses key terms like sentence, utterance, proposition, reference, sense, predicate, deixis, definiteness, and logic. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language contexts. Sentences, utterances and propositions are distinguished, with examples provided. Sense properties like stereotypes and relations like synonymy and hyponymy are also examined. Logical notation for simple propositions is demonstrated. The document explores derivation, speech acts, and the differences between locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts.

1. Semantic Materials
Sixth semester
compiled by: Novi Dyah
(113-14-037)

2. Semantics Definitions
 It is study about meaning in the phrase, clause, sentence, even in the
context.
 There are conceptual meaning, associative meaning, denotative
meaning, and connotative meaning.
 Three types of sentence’s meaning:
 Semantic features.
 Semantics roles.
 Lexical relation

3. 23/02/2017
Sentence, Utterance, and Proposition
 Sentence : a group of words that are put together to mean
something. The basic unit of language, expresses a complete
thought, following grammatical rules of syntax.
Simple – Compound - Complex
 Utterance : A natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses.
Any sound of talk, that human produce. Usually written by quotation
mark.
 Proposition : express a declarative sentence either it’s true or not.
 Utterance (Spoken), Proposition (Judgment or Opinion)

4. Examples
 Sentence
 She is clever. Ani and Andi are diligent students. She is smart, but
lazy.
 Proposition
 Sinta ate banana. Was Sinta eaten the banana?
 Utterance
 “Get out from this office, now!”

5. Compare each others
 Utterance not always a sentence, it could be phrase, fragment,
exclamation word.
 A sentence could be utterance.
 Proposition can also be said utterance.
 Sentence can be said utterance, but not necessarily vice versa.
 Example:
 Anita Loves Ryan. Must Ryan loves Anita?

6. 02/03/2017
Reference, Sense, and Referring Sentence
 Reference: relation between the linguistics elements, word, sentence, and other
with non linguistics word of experience.
 Sense of a word is the additional meaning attached to the word.
 A referring expression used in an utterance to refer something or someone.
it could be: Proper name, Personal pronoun.
 Reference of the word is the object designated by the word.
 Sense relates to the complex system of relationship that hold between the
linguistics elements themselves.

7. Examples
 John jokes with Lina. Referents: John and Lina.
 John has an idea. Referents: John and idea.
 “Agus hits me!”
 The speaker has a particular person in the mind: Agus.
 It is not referring expression: There is no Agus’s name in this place.
 I have an account in the bank.
 She walks in the bank of the Nil’s river.

8. Compare
 Referents could be abstract or things.
 Reference: sudah disepakati dunia.
 Example: moon is the orbit of earth.
 Kata yang sama, bisa memiliki banyak sense.
 Semua ungkapan pasti memiliki maksud namun belum tentu memiliki

9. 09/03/ 2017
Predicate and Universe of Discourse
 Predicate : a sequence of words can function as the predicator of a sentence.
(noun, verb, adjective, and preposition. Only has one sense.
 A predicate cold be part of referring.
 Ex: The thick dictionary was borrowed.
 Thick: predicate borrowed: predicator.
 Predicators : simple declarative sentence which does not belong to any of
referring expression and which of the remainder. (makes the most specific
contribution t o the meaning of the sentence)
 Universe of discourse could be real or fiction.

10. 16/03/2017
Deixis and Definiteness
 Deixis : pointing something via language.
 Deictic could be physical-social context, addressee, or
referent.
 Definiteness : selected by a speaker to convey his
assumption that there will be able to identify the
speaker’s mean.

11. 23/03/2017
Sense Properties and Stereotypes
 Sense, a statement or sentence with their own meaning.
 T here are three types of sense:
 A. Analytic, sentence that necessary true. Reflects agreement between
speaker and listener.
 B. Synthetic, it could be true, sometimes it could be false.
 C. Contradiction, is opposite of analytic. The sentence is necessarily false.
Examples:
Cat is carnivore.
Jonas comes from Srilanka.
Fish can fly with wings.

12. Before talking about stereotype, we need to think about prototype.
Stereotype is some characteristics from prototype. A prototype of
elephant is some actual of elephant, whereas stereotype is some
characters describe of elephant.
Example: Prototype (Cat); it is animal, Stereotype: It is mammals
with four legs. It has nice and soft fur. It likes fish.
Stereotype

13. 1. Synonymy: two words have the same meaning. Very big=Large.
2. Hyponymy: the meaning of a word is included in that of another
3. Antonym: the opposite meaning of words. Small vs Big.
Sense relations
06/ 04/ 2017

14. OPPOSITENESS OF MEANING
13/ 04/ 2017
ANTONYM IS OPPOSITENESS OF MEANING OR WE CAN SAY
IT IS A CONTRADICTION.
CONTRADICTORY IS A PROPOSITION THAT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE
BE TRUE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCE AND SAME TIME.
AMBIGOUS IS A WORD THAT HAS MORE ONE SENSE IN A
SENTENCE.

15. EXAMPLES
 ANTONYM:
 CLEAN VS DIRTY .
 CONTRADICTORY
 THIS ROOM IS CLEAN IS CONTRADICTORY WITH THIS
ROOM IS DIRTY
 AMBIGUITY
 AYLA GO TO SUMATRA AND SHE SEES CYLA OR SHE CALLS
ON DAVID

16. 27/04/2017
LOGIC
Contradiction
Mary meets Sinta. Sinta doesn’t meet Mary.
Analytic
If Milla is there, she is there.
Logical Notation:
Milly proposed Ajun and Ajun married to Milly.
(m PROPOSE a) & (a MARRY m)

17. 04/05/2017
notations for simple proposition
Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.
-> (j CAPITAL i)
Daniel Radcliff is an actor
dr =ACTOR
dr ACTOR

18. 18/05/2017
connective conjunction and (&) disjunction or (v)
Tania went to school
(t GO)
 Silla and Andi swept the floor and
(s SWEEP) & (a SWEEP)
p&q = q&p
p&q = p ; p&q = q

19. V comes from vel means or
 Hani is here -> h HERE
 Charlie is a teacher -> c TEACHER
 Becomes:
 (h HERE) V (c TEACHER)
 Rules: if any statement has false a statement the impact for proposition
and be false.
 Rules: if any statement has true a statement the impact for disjunction or
be true.

20. Derivation and Participant Roles
 Process of derivation divides in three parts: morphological,
syntactic, and semantics process.
 Morphological Process is the adding of prefix or suffix in the
pre existing words.
 Syntactic Process is changing the part of speech.
(e.g.: from verb to noun).
 Semantics process is producing a new sense of the words.

21. EXAMPLE
 Morphological Process:
 Uninteresting, Magnify, Clearly.
 Syntactic Process:
 Wider.
 Semantic Process:
 Sleeper, keeper.

22. Speech Act
(a functional unit on communication)
25/ May/ 2017

23. Performative utterance vs Constantive utterance
Performative utterance describes the act that is perform.
 Example:
 I promise to come on your party tomorrow.
Constantive utterance makes an assertion, often the utterance of declarative
sentence.
 Example:
 I am trying to open this window by the key.
 Example of performative: warn, admit, inform.

24. Locutionary act
vs
Illocutionary act
vs
Perlucotionary act

25. Sentence type:
declarative, interrogative, imperative
Typical linguistic act performed by uttering a
sentence of this type:
asserting
asking
ordering

26. Meaning
 ILLOCUTION, carried out by a speaker making an utterance is
the act viewed in terms of the utterance’s significance within a
conventional system of social interaction.
 PERLOCUTION, carried out by a speaker making an utterance
is the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others.