Semantic, study of meaning.

1. Semantic Materials
Sixth semester
compiled by: Novi Dyah
(113-14-037)

2. Semantics Definitions
 It is study about meaning in the phrase, clause, sentence, even in the
context.
 There are conceptual meaning, associative meaning, denotative
meaning, and connotative meaning.
 Three types of sentence’s meaning:
 Semantic features.
 Semantics roles.
 Lexical relation

3. 23/02/2017
Sentence, Utterance, and Proposition
 Sentence : a group of words that are put together to mean
something. The basic unit of language, expresses a complete
thought, following grammatical rules of syntax.
Simple – Compound - Complex
 Utterance : A natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses.
Any sound of talk, that human produce. Usually written by quotation
mark.
 Proposition : express a declarative sentence either it’s true or not.
 Utterance (Spoken), Proposition (Judgment or Opinion)

4. Examples
 Sentence
 She is clever. Ani and Andi are diligent students. She is smart, but
lazy.
 Proposition
 Sinta ate banana. Was Sinta eaten the banana?
 Utterance
 “Get out from this office, now!”

5. Compare each others
 Utterance not always a sentence, it could be phrase, fragment,
exclamation word.
 A sentence could be utterance.
 Proposition can also be said utterance.
 Sentence can be said utterance, but not necessarily vice versa.
 Example:
 Anita Loves Ryan. Must Ryan loves Anita?

6. 02/03/2017
Reference, Sense, and Referring Sentence
 Reference: relation between the linguistics elements, word, sentence, and other
with non linguistics word of experience.
 Sense of a word is the additional meaning attached to the word.
 A referring expression used in an utterance to refer something or someone.
it could be: Proper name, Personal pronoun.
 Reference of the word is the object designated by the word.
 Sense relates to the complex system of relationship that hold between the
linguistics elements themselves.

7. Examples
 John jokes with Lina. Referents: John and Lina.
 John has an idea. Referents: John and idea.
 “Agus hits me!”
 The speaker has a particular person in the mind: Agus.
 It is not referring expression: There is no Agus’s name in this place.
 I have an account in the bank.
 She walks in the bank of the Nil’s river.

8. Compare
 Referents could be abstract or things.
 Reference: sudah disepakati dunia.
 Example: moon is the orbit of earth.
 Kata yang sama, bisa memiliki banyak sense.
 Semua ungkapan pasti memiliki maksud namun belum tentu memiliki

9. 09/03/ 2017
Predicate and Universe of Discourse
 Predicate : a sequence of words can function as the predicator of a sentence.
(noun, verb, adjective, and preposition. Only has one sense.
 A predicate cold be part of referring.
 Ex: The thick dictionary was borrowed.
 Thick: predicate borrowed: predicator.
 Predicators : simple declarative sentence which does not belong to any of
referring expression and which of the remainder. (makes the most specific
contribution t o the meaning of the sentence)
 Universe of discourse could be real or fiction.

10. 16/03/2017
Deixis and Definiteness
 Deixis : pointing something via language.
 Deictic could be physical-social context, addressee, or
referent.
 Definiteness : selected by a speaker to convey his
assumption that there will be able to identify the
speaker’s mean.

11. 23/03/2017
Sense Properties and Stereotypes
 Sense, a statement or sentence with their own meaning.
 T here are three types of sense:
 A. Analytic, sentence that necessary true. Reflects agreement between
speaker and listener.
 B. Synthetic, it could be true, sometimes it could be false.
 C. Contradiction, is opposite of analytic. The sentence is necessarily false.
Examples:
Cat is carnivore.
Jonas comes from Srilanka.
Fish can fly with wings.

12. Before talking about stereotype, we need to think about prototype.
Stereotype is some characteristics from prototype. A prototype of
elephant is some actual of elephant, whereas stereotype is some
characters describe of elephant.
Example: Prototype (Cat); it is animal, Stereotype: It is mammals
with four legs. It has nice and soft fur. It likes fish.
Stereotype

13. 1. Synonymy: two words have the same meaning. Very big=Large.
2. Hyponymy: the meaning of a word is included in that of another
3. Antonym: the opposite meaning of words. Small vs Big.
Sense relations
06/ 04/ 2017

14. OPPOSITENESS OF MEANING
13/ 04/ 2017
ANTONYM IS OPPOSITENESS OF MEANING OR WE CAN SAY
IT IS A CONTRADICTION.
CONTRADICTORY IS A PROPOSITION THAT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE
BE TRUE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCE AND SAME TIME.
AMBIGOUS IS A WORD THAT HAS MORE ONE SENSE IN A
SENTENCE.

15. EXAMPLES
 ANTONYM:
 CLEAN VS DIRTY .
 CONTRADICTORY
 THIS ROOM IS CLEAN IS CONTRADICTORY WITH THIS
ROOM IS DIRTY
 AMBIGUITY
 AYLA GO TO SUMATRA AND SHE SEES CYLA OR SHE CALLS
ON DAVID

16. 27/04/2017
LOGIC
Contradiction
Mary meets Sinta. Sinta doesn’t meet Mary.
Analytic
If Milla is there, she is there.
Logical Notation:
Milly proposed Ajun and Ajun married to Milly.
(m PROPOSE a) & (a MARRY m)

17. 04/05/2017
notations for simple proposition
Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.
-> (j CAPITAL i)
Daniel Radcliff is an actor
dr =ACTOR
dr ACTOR

18. 18/05/2017
connective conjunction and (&) disjunction or (v)
Tania went to school
(t GO)
 Silla and Andi swept the floor and
(s SWEEP) & (a SWEEP)
p&q = q&p
p&q = p ; p&q = q

19. V comes from vel means or
 Hani is here -> h HERE
 Charlie is a teacher -> c TEACHER
 Becomes:
 (h HERE) V (c TEACHER)
 Rules: if any statement has false a statement the impact for proposition
and be false.
 Rules: if any statement has true a statement the impact for disjunction or
be true.

20. Derivation and Participant Roles
 Process of derivation divides in three parts: morphological,
syntactic, and semantics process.
 Morphological Process is the adding of prefix or suffix in the
pre existing words.
 Syntactic Process is changing the part of speech.
(e.g.: from verb to noun).
 Semantics process is producing a new sense of the words.

21. EXAMPLE
 Morphological Process:
 Uninteresting, Magnify, Clearly.
 Syntactic Process:
 Wider.
 Semantic Process:
 Sleeper, keeper.

22. Speech Act
(a functional unit on communication)
25/ May/ 2017

23. Performative utterance vs Constantive utterance
Performative utterance describes the act that is perform.
 Example:
 I promise to come on your party tomorrow.
Constantive utterance makes an assertion, often the utterance of declarative
sentence.
 Example:
 I am trying to open this window by the key.
 Example of performative: warn, admit, inform.

24. Locutionary act
vs
Illocutionary act
vs
Perlucotionary act

25. Sentence type:
declarative, interrogative, imperative
Typical linguistic act performed by uttering a
sentence of this type:
asserting
asking
ordering

26. Meaning
 ILLOCUTION, carried out by a speaker making an utterance is
the act viewed in terms of the utterance’s significance within a
conventional system of social interaction.
 PERLOCUTION, carried out by a speaker making an utterance
is the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others.