The document discusses several types of small millets including finger millet, foxtail millet, kodo millet, little millet, proso millet, and barnyard millet. It provides details on their drought tolerance, growing conditions, production areas, and uses. Finger millet is highlighted with information on its varieties, cultivation practices, cropping systems, and production in India. The document concludes with brief descriptions of foxtail millet and little millet.

1. SMALL MILLETSSMALL MILLETS

2. Small MilletsSmall Millets
 Special charactersSpecial characters
 Finger millet -Finger millet - RagiRagi
 Highly tolerant to alkalinity, even >pH 11.0Highly tolerant to alkalinity, even >pH 11.0
 Foxtail millet –Foxtail millet – Kangni (Thenai)Kangni (Thenai)
 Susceptible to both drought & water loggingSusceptible to both drought & water logging
 Kodo millet –Kodo millet – Kodra (Varagu)Kodra (Varagu)
 Highly drought resistantHighly drought resistant
 Little millet –Little millet – Kutki (Samai)Kutki (Samai)
 Highly drought resistant & tolerant to water loggingHighly drought resistant & tolerant to water logging
 Proso / Common millet –Proso / Common millet – Cheena (Pani varagu)Cheena (Pani varagu)
 Highly drought resistantHighly drought resistant
 Barn yard millet –Barn yard millet – SawanSawan (Kudiraivali )(Kudiraivali )
 Highly drought resistant & tolerant to water loggingHighly drought resistant & tolerant to water logging

3. Small MilletsSmall Millets
 Special characters …Special characters …
 They grow during adverse soil & climateThey grow during adverse soil & climate
 Mostly shorter in durationMostly shorter in duration
 Some of them are suitable for contingencySome of them are suitable for contingency
planplan
 Proso & little millet - mature in shorter period,Proso & little millet - mature in shorter period,
- provide food during lean months for tribal- provide food during lean months for tribal
peoplepeople
 They are grown in Asian & African countriesThey are grown in Asian & African countries

4. Small MilletsSmall Millets
 Area in the WorldArea in the World

Millet (Millet (Pearlmillet +small milletsPearlmillet +small millets) -) - 3838 million hamillion ha
 19 in Africa 17 in Asia and smaller area in America & other places19 in Africa 17 in Asia and smaller area in America & other places
 Average production 28m tAverage production 28m t
 Average productivity 750 kg per haAverage productivity 750 kg per ha
 50% = 17 million ha for50% = 17 million ha for PearlmilletPearlmillet
 10% = 3.8 million ha in10% = 3.8 million ha in finger milletfinger millet
 30% = 11.4 million ha in Foxtail &30% = 11.4 million ha in Foxtail & Proso millietsProso milliets
 <10% =5.0 million ha for other<10% =5.0 million ha for other milletsmillets

5. Finger MilletFinger Millet

6. Finger Millet -Finger Millet -Eluesine coracanaEluesine coracana
 OriginOrigin
 IndiaIndia

7. Finger MilletFinger Millet
 Special features in IndiaSpecial features in India
 Area remained almost constantArea remained almost constant
 Production & Productivity increasedProduction & Productivity increased
 Due to better variety andDue to better variety and
managementmanagement
 It is a important millet in SouthernIt is a important millet in Southern
part of Indiapart of India
 It is cultivated for grain and forageIt is cultivated for grain and forage
 Used as porridge, papad, idly and rotiUsed as porridge, papad, idly and roti
makingmaking
 Cultivated up to an altitude of 2100 mCultivated up to an altitude of 2100 m
Papad
Idly Roti
Porridge

8. Finger MilletFinger Millet
Area in IndiaArea in India
StateState Million haMillion ha Million tMillion t t/hat/ha
KarnatakaKarnataka 0.940.94 1.401.40 1.021.02
MaharastraMaharastra 0.160.16 0.150.15 0.940.94
TNTN 0.140.14 0.300.30 2.112.11
UPUP 0.140.14 0.190.19 1.291.29
APAP 0.100.10 0.100.10 1.041.04
IndiaIndia 1.711.71 2.312.31 1.351.35
Other states: Orissa, Bihar, Gujarat, & W.B

9. Finger MilletFinger Millet
 ClimateClimate
 It is grown in tropics and sub-tropicsIt is grown in tropics and sub-tropics
 Mean temp of 26-29°C is best proper growthMean temp of 26-29°C is best proper growth
 Crop yield reduces below 20°CCrop yield reduces below 20°C
 Crop has good drought recoveryCrop has good drought recovery
 High capacity for soil water uptakeHigh capacity for soil water uptake
 Grown well with RF of 500-900mmGrown well with RF of 500-900mm

10. Finger MilletFinger Millet
 SoilSoil
 Wide adaptability to different soilsWide adaptability to different soils
 Very poor to fertile soilsVery poor to fertile soils
 Can tolerate alkalinity >pH 11.0Can tolerate alkalinity >pH 11.0
 Best soils are alluvial, loamy and sandy withBest soils are alluvial, loamy and sandy with
good drainagegood drainage
 Heavy clay soils with poor drainage lessHeavy clay soils with poor drainage less
suitablesuitable

11. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 Field preparationField preparation
 Deep ploughing cum shallow harrowing at lastDeep ploughing cum shallow harrowing at last
 Fine tilth is essentialFine tilth is essential
 Form beds & channels with 10 to 20mForm beds & channels with 10 to 20m-2-2
 Provide irrigation channels at proper intervalProvide irrigation channels at proper interval
for irrigated cropfor irrigated crop
 Apply FYM / compost before forming bedsApply FYM / compost before forming beds

12. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
VarietiesVarieties
 Many cultivars are availableMany cultivars are available
 CO RA 14 - 105 -110 dCO RA 14 - 105 -110 d
 CO 13 - 95-100 dCO 13 - 95-100 d
 CO 9 100 dCO 9 100 d
 TRY 1 102 dTRY 1 102 d
 Paiyur 1 115-120 dPaiyur 1 115-120 d
 INDAF 5 105-110 dINDAF 5 105-110 d
 GPU 28 110-115 dGPU 28 110-115 d
Variations in finger
millet ear head

13. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 Time of sowingTime of sowing
 As rainfed crop in June-JulyAs rainfed crop in June-July
 First fortnight of June is best for rainfedFirst fortnight of June is best for rainfed
 As irrigated crop more than one season inAs irrigated crop more than one season in
Karnataka, AP & TNKarnataka, AP & TN
 Under rainfed yield is affected by early andUnder rainfed yield is affected by early and
late sowingslate sowings
 In hilly areas of UP & HP - Apr-MayIn hilly areas of UP & HP - Apr-May

14. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 Spacing & seed rateSpacing & seed rate for rainfedfor rainfed
 A spacingA spacing 20-25 cm20-25 cm rowrow
 Seed rateSeed rate 6-8 kg6-8 kg
 For transplantingFor transplanting
 5 kg for nursery (12.5 cents, 18-20 d old)5 kg for nursery (12.5 cents, 18-20 d old)
 15 x 15 cm in TN15 x 15 cm in TN
 30 x 7.5 cm in some parts30 x 7.5 cm in some parts
Finger millet
grain

15. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 Stand establishmentStand establishment
 Seed treatment is mustSeed treatment is must
 Seedling roots - dipped AzospirillumSeedling roots - dipped Azospirillum
 2 seedlings / hill2 seedlings / hill
 3 cm depth3 cm depth
 Thin the population in direct seededThin the population in direct seeded
crop to maintain optimum plant standcrop to maintain optimum plant stand

16. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 IrrigationIrrigation
 For rainfed crop two irrigation at tillering &For rainfed crop two irrigation at tillering &
flowering increase yieldflowering increase yield
 It may be based on growth phasesIt may be based on growth phases
 Establishment 2 irrigationsEstablishment 2 irrigations
 Vegetative up to 25 days – 2 irrigationsVegetative up to 25 days – 2 irrigations
 Flowering – 25-55 d – 3 irrigationsFlowering – 25-55 d – 3 irrigations
 Maturity – 56 – onwards – one or twoMaturity – 56 – onwards – one or two
 Stop irrigation after dough stageStop irrigation after dough stage

17. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 Nutrient managementNutrient management
 Responds well to fertilizersResponds well to fertilizers
 General recommendationGeneral recommendation
 60:30:3060:30:30
 Application ofApplication of Mg @ 50 kg and Ca @ 20 kgMg @ 50 kg and Ca @ 20 kg
favor crop growthfavor crop growth
 Half N & full P & K basalHalf N & full P & K basal
 Balance N at 15 DAT / 25DASBalance N at 15 DAT / 25DAS
 Seed inoculation with bio-fertilizers isSeed inoculation with bio-fertilizers is
advantageousadvantageous

18. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 Weed managementWeed management
 2-3 weeks weed free2-3 weeks weed free
 Herbicides - Butachlor 1.25 kg as pre-Herbicides - Butachlor 1.25 kg as pre-
emergence for transplanted cropemergence for transplanted crop
 For direct seeded crop post-emergence 2,4For direct seeded crop post-emergence 2,4
DEE or 2,4 D Na salt @ 0.5 kg 10 days afterDEE or 2,4 D Na salt @ 0.5 kg 10 days after
crop germinationcrop germination

19. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 Cropping systemsCropping systems
 Under rainfed conditions mixed with sorghum, pearlmillet andUnder rainfed conditions mixed with sorghum, pearlmillet and
variety of oilseeds & pulsesvariety of oilseeds & pulses
 In hilly areas mixed with soybeanIn hilly areas mixed with soybean
 Under irrigation grown in rotation withUnder irrigation grown in rotation with
 Tobacco, vegetables, turmeric, gram, linseed, mustardTobacco, vegetables, turmeric, gram, linseed, mustard
 FM – sugarcane; FM – potato – maize; FM-riceFM – sugarcane; FM – potato – maize; FM-rice

20. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 Major problemsMajor problems
 DiseasesDiseases
 BlastBlast
 Seedling blightSeedling blight
 Downey mildewDowney mildew
 Insect pestsInsect pests
 Stem borerStem borer
 Grass hopperGrass hopper
 Ear head eating cater pillarEar head eating cater pillar

21. Finger Millet- Agro-techniquesFinger Millet- Agro-techniques
 HarvestHarvest
 Ear head alone
 Staggered harvesting is also done to
collect differentially maturing ear
heads
 Ear heads are dried and manual /
machine threshed, winnowing
 Straw - harvested and dried for animal
feed
Winnowing
Harvesting

22. Other Small MilletsOther Small Millets

23. Small MilletsSmall Millets
 ImportanceImportance
 Originated in Asia or AfricaOriginated in Asia or Africa
 Grown under adverse weatherGrown under adverse weather
 Low RF, drought, water logged, poor soilsLow RF, drought, water logged, poor soils
 Rich in vitamins, proteins than other cerealsRich in vitamins, proteins than other cereals
 They produce high quality fodderThey produce high quality fodder

24. Small MilletsSmall Millets
 Importance …Importance …
 Grown in warm regions 35-40°CGrown in warm regions 35-40°C
 Grow well in moderate weather 26-29°CGrow well in moderate weather 26-29°C
 Fox tail millet grows well in temperate and asFox tail millet grows well in temperate and as
well as tropicswell as tropics

25. Small MilletsSmall Millets
 Area, Production, ProductivityArea, Production, Productivity
StateState Million haMillion ha Million tMillion t Kg/haKg/ha
MPMP 0.900.90 0.210.21 0.240.24
UPUP 0.120.12 0.130.13 1.031.03
MaharastraMaharastra 0.100.10 0.050.05 0.500.50
TNTN 0.090.09 0.080.08 0.850.85
APAP 0.070.07 0.040.04 0.620.62
KarnatakaKarnataka 0.080.08 0.030.03 0.460.46
BiharBihar 0.050.05 0.030.03 0.560.56
All IndiaAll India 1.551.55 0.660.66 0.420.42

26. Thenai –Thenai – Setaria italicaSetaria italica

27. Small Millets .Small Millets .
 Thenai – Setaria italicaThenai – Setaria italica
 Fox tail millet, Kangni or kakunFox tail millet, Kangni or kakun
 0.5 million ha0.5 million ha in Indiain India
 Known earlier than 4150 BCKnown earlier than 4150 BC
 India, China, Japan, Russia, Europe, S&NIndia, China, Japan, Russia, Europe, S&N
America, Australia as small milletAmerica, Australia as small millet
 In India AP, Karnataka, TN, Rajasthan, UPIn India AP, Karnataka, TN, Rajasthan, UP
 VarietiesVarieties in TN:CO 6 -90 d, CO5 – 95 din TN:CO 6 -90 d, CO5 – 95 d
Grains of Thenai

28. Samai –Samai – Panicum sumatrensePanicum sumatrense

29. Small Millets ..Small Millets ..
 Samai –Samai – Panicum sumatrensePanicum sumatrense
 Little millet, Kutki or GunduliLittle millet, Kutki or Gunduli
 India, Sri Lanka, Pak, Myanmar, SE AsiaIndia, Sri Lanka, Pak, Myanmar, SE Asia
 In India 0.5 million haIn India 0.5 million ha
 Mainly Karnataka, AP, TN, Orissa, BiharMainly Karnataka, AP, TN, Orissa, Bihar
& Maharastra& Maharastra
 Like rice it can be cooked and usedLike rice it can be cooked and used
 Varieties in TN: CO3- 85d, CO2 – 85d,Varieties in TN: CO3- 85d, CO2 – 85d,
CO1 – 90d, PAIYUR 2 – 100dCO1 – 90d, PAIYUR 2 – 100d
Grains of
samai

30. Small Millets …Small Millets …
 VaraguVaragu –– Paspalum scrobiculatumPaspalum scrobiculatum
 Kodo millet, KodraKodo millet, Kodra
 A cereal can be sown after continuous droughtA cereal can be sown after continuous drought
 Seed viability longerSeed viability longer
 Should be used only fully matured grainShould be used only fully matured grain
 Good medicinal value to cure diseases in lungs,Good medicinal value to cure diseases in lungs,
loose motion, healing the wounds and to maintainloose motion, healing the wounds and to maintain
the body in balanced activitythe body in balanced activity
 Mostly in S. IndiaMostly in S. India
 In TN average yield is 1.4 t as against 0.3 t of AllIn TN average yield is 1.4 t as against 0.3 t of All
IndiaIndia
Var: CO3 – 120 d, APK-1 100 dVar: CO3 – 120 d, APK-1 100 d

31. Panivaragu -Panivaragu - Panicum miliaceumPanicum miliaceum

32. Small Millets ….Small Millets ….
 PanivaraguPanivaragu Panicum miliaceumPanicum miliaceum
 Proso / Common millet, CheenaProso / Common millet, Cheena
 In China & Eurasia cultivated before wheat &In China & Eurasia cultivated before wheat &
barleybarley
 Requires very little waterRequires very little water
 Varieties: CO 3 – 75d, CO 4 – 70d & K2 75dVarieties: CO 3 – 75d, CO 4 – 70d & K2 75d

33. Barnyard millet / KudiraivaliBarnyard millet / Kudiraivali
Echinocloa frumentaceaEchinocloa frumentacea

34. Small Millets …..Small Millets …..
 KudiraivaliKudiraivali Echinocloa frumentaceaEchinocloa frumentacea
 Barnyard millet, SawanBarnyard millet, Sawan
 India, China, Japan & AfricaIndia, China, Japan & Africa
 It is a grain cum fodderIt is a grain cum fodder
 Husked rice is nutritious and tastyHusked rice is nutritious and tasty
 It originated from rice weedIt originated from rice weed
 In India MP, UP, TN, AP, Karnataka, BiharIn India MP, UP, TN, AP, Karnataka, Bihar
 In TN Ramnad, Tirunelveli, Virudunagar &In TN Ramnad, Tirunelveli, Virudunagar &
MaduraiMadurai
 Varieties: CO 1 – 110d, K1 85d, K2 – 90dVarieties: CO 1 – 110d, K1 85d, K2 – 90d

35. Small Millets- Agro-techniques …Small Millets- Agro-techniques …
 SeasonSeason
 Rainy season, mostly rainfedRainy season, mostly rainfed
 Field preparationField preparation
 Starting from summer ploughing, fine tilthStarting from summer ploughing, fine tilth
 Seeds rate & spacingSeeds rate & spacing
 Varies from 8-15kgVaries from 8-15kg
 Line sowing – 10kgLine sowing – 10kg
 Seed drill – Goru – 12.5 kgSeed drill – Goru – 12.5 kg
 Spacing 22.5 x 10 cmSpacing 22.5 x 10 cm

36. Small Millets- Agro-techniques …Small Millets- Agro-techniques …
 SowingSowing
 Beds and compartmental bundingBeds and compartmental bunding
 Sow the treated seedsSow the treated seeds
 Sow as pre-monsoonSow as pre-monsoon
 Cover the seedsCover the seeds
 Manures & fertilizersManures & fertilizers
 Organics in the last ploughOrganics in the last plough
 Responds to inorganicResponds to inorganic
 20-40 kg N, 10-20 kg P20-40 kg N, 10-20 kg P22OO55, 10-20 kg K, 10-20 kg K22OO
 When irrigated a higher N dose up to 60 kgWhen irrigated a higher N dose up to 60 kg

37. Small Millets- Agro-techniques …Small Millets- Agro-techniques …
 IrrigationIrrigation
 Though rainfed one or two irrigationsThough rainfed one or two irrigations
 At critical periods -capable of enhancing yieldAt critical periods -capable of enhancing yield
 Weed managementWeed management
 Mostly hand weededMostly hand weeded
 Isoproturan @ 0.5 kg on 3Isoproturan @ 0.5 kg on 3rdrd
dayday
 2,4 D Na salt @0.5 kg on 20-25DAS2,4 D Na salt @0.5 kg on 20-25DAS
 Thinning is done during 1Thinning is done during 1stst
hand weedinghand weeding

38. Small Millets- Agro-techniques …Small Millets- Agro-techniques …
 Cropping systemCropping system
 Mixed with cotton, maize, sorghum,Mixed with cotton, maize, sorghum,
redgram & other pulsesredgram & other pulses
 Since Kharif season crops, in Rabi -Since Kharif season crops, in Rabi -
rape seed, mustard, gram, lentil,rape seed, mustard, gram, lentil,
linseed, barley under rainfedlinseed, barley under rainfed
 HarvestHarvest
 After ear heads fully maturedAfter ear heads fully matured
 Two times cutting is also goodTwo times cutting is also good
 Ear heads are dried and threshedEar heads are dried and threshed
 Only after husking used for consumptionOnly after husking used for consumption
(Pounding)(Pounding)
Hand pounding
of little millet