The document discusses different sources of surface water and groundwater. It states that surface water sources like rivers, lakes, ponds receive water from glaciers and evaporation from the sea. These secondary sources can be used for water supply after purification. Rivers have less pollution as they are moving water and can be used for drinking after mild filtration. Ponds and lakes contain stagnant water and require harsher treatment before use. Reservoirs provide a regulated supply of more pure water collected and stored behind dams. The quality and quantity of surface water is impacted by wet and dry periods with quality improving when quantities rise and worsening when they decrease.

1. BSW Module 1
GROUND WATER SOURCES

2. Surface water is water on the surface of the planet such as in a
river, lake, wetland, pond, reservoir or ocean. It can be
contrasted with groundwater and atmospheric water.
Pond, river and lakes are secondary sources, they receive
water from glaciers in mountain and evaporation from sea.
 They can used for water supply only after purification.
GLACIERS
RAIN

3. River
A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually
freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another
river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and
becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching
another body of water
Pollution level is less as its moving water.
Can be used for drinking after mild filtration.
Water could be collected by pumps by placing it upstream
or infiltration gallery etc.

4. Pond
A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or
artificial, that is usually smaller than a lake. They may
arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or
they may be somewhat isolated depressions Usually they
contain shallow water with marsh and aquatic plants and
animals.
Stagnant water and impure. Cannot be used for drinking
Need harsh filtration to be fit for water supply.

5. Lake
A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in
a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or
other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Water
quantity is more than pond.
Also stagnant water but pollution is less compared to pond
as water quantity is more.
Can be used for water supply after treatment.

6. Reservoir
A reservoir is a man-made lake or large freshwater body of water.
Reservoirs are a better option because they provide a supply of water for when naturally occurring
bodies of water, like lakes or rivers, run dry.
Placed at the source of river or in its course.
 They are much more pure as it is maintained
artificially with boundaries etc.
 The quantity of water is regulated by dams
and further supplied via pipes and canals.

7. Quantity and Quality
Wet and dry periods have major impacts on the water quantity and water quality of both surface
water.
Water quantities go up during wet spells and down during dry spells.
Climate change will also affect water quality.
Surface water quality will generally improve as streams and lakes fill and dilute their pollutants.
When available surface water decreases, pollutants will concentrate and water quality will go down.
In those areas where water quantities go up dramatically water quality will deteriorate substantially
as more pollutants are washed into water supplies.
Overloaded sewage systems will spill into streams and water supplies, producing health hazards

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