This document provides an introduction to the topics of water supply and sanitary engineering. It discusses key terminology like water supply engineering, sanitary engineering, and public health engineering. It also covers important concepts like sources of water, including surface water sources like rivers and lakes as well as groundwater sources like wells and springs. The document emphasizes the importance of water and discusses factors to consider for water quality, quantity, and selection of sources. It provides an overview of the components of a water supply scheme and the benefits they provide. Finally, it outlines the duties of public health engineers in planning, designing, operating, and maintaining water and sanitary systems.

1. WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITARY
ENGINEERING
Prepared by
Prof. Kajol Panchal
Diwaliba Polytechnic
7/6/2020 1
INTRODUCTION

2. TOPICS(4 HOURS)
 Terminology
 Importance and necessity
 Sources of water
 Suitability of water
 Choice of sources.
7/6/2020 2

3. BEFORE THIS SUBJECT WHAT
YOU LEARNED RELATED TO
WATER?
Basics of Civil engineering
Hydrology
Water resource engineering
7/6/2020 3

4. TERMINOLOGY
Water supply engineering: A branch
of engineering concerned with the development
of sources of supply, transmission, distribution, and
treatment of water. The term is used most frequently for
municipal water works, but applies also to water systems
for industry, irrigation, wastewater reuse, and other
purposes.
Sanitary engineering: It is the branch of public health
engineering which deals with the prevention and
maintenance of health of the individual and the
community, by preventing communicable diseases.
Public health engineering: Combination of “Water supply
engineering” and “Sanitation engineering”. Deals with
general and well being of people.
7/6/2020 4

5. Public health engineering:
Water supply engineering:
•Quality of water
•Quantity of water
•Water treatment
•Conveyance of water
•Valves and fittings
•Maintenance of water distribution system
Sanitary engineering:
•Collection of sewage
•Conveyance of sewage
•Sewage treatment
•Sewage disposal
•Maintenance of sewage system
7/6/2020 5

6. IMPORTANCE AND
NECESSITY
Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many
other uses for water. These include:
•cooking
•washing their bodies
•washing clothes
•washing cooking and eating utensils
•keeping houses and communities clean
•recreation; such as swimming pools
•keeping plants alive in gardens and parks
7/6/2020 6

7. What is Source of water ???
Place or thing from which water originates or can
be obtained.
The available fresh water is continuously collected ,
purified and distributed through the Hydrological Cycle.
Thus water which is available as fresh water comes from
inland surface water sources (rivers, streams, lakes and
reservoir) and ground water sources.
7/6/2020 7

8. 7/6/2020 8
SOURCES OF WATER

9. A)Surface water :
Surface water is any body of water above ground, including sea water, streams,
rivers, ponds, lakes and reservoirs.
Most surface water originates directly from precipitation in the form of rainfall or
snow. The various surface water sources are described as under ;
(I) Sea water :
(II)Ponds And Lakes :
7/6/2020 9
 As per earth resources distribution, the oceans contain about 97% of the
total water in world.
 As oceans water contain high concentration of salts in solution it become
uneconomical to make water potable.
 If the size of the depression is comparatively small,it may be termed as a
“Pond” & when the size is large it may be termed as a “Lake”.
 The quality of water in a lake is generally good and does not required much
purification.
 The quantity of water available from lakes is however, generally small.

10. (III) Streams And Rivers:
(IV) Impounding Reservoirs :
7/6/2020 10
 Rainfall that does not evaporate or infiltrate , runs off the surface
to sea , in the form of streams and rivers.
 a small, narrow river called stream.
 Larger streams may however , be used as sources of water by
providing storage reservoirs , barrages etc.
 A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater,
flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river.
 Rivers are the most important sources of water for public water
supply schemes.
 A barrier in the form of a dam is
constructed across the river , so as to form
a pool of water on the upstream side of the
barrier .
 This pool or artificial lake formed on the
upstream side in know as a Impounding
reservoirs.
 The quality of this reservoir water is not
much different from that of a natural lake.

11. (B)Groundwater:
The main source of ground water is precipitation(rainfall) .
A portion of rainfall falling on the earth’s surface
infiltraces into ground , travels down and when checked by
impervious layer to travel further down, from ground water.
Study of subsurface flow is equally important since about
30% of the world’s fresh water resources exist in the form
of ground water.
Water bearing formations of the earth’s crust act as
conduits for transmission and as reservoirs of storage of
Ground water.
7/6/2020 11

12. GROUND WATER SOURCES
INFILTRATION WELL
INFILTRATION GALLERY
SPRINGS
WELLS
7/6/2020 12

13. INFILTERATION WELL
FOR TAPPING WATER FROM SANDY
RIVER BEDS THE INFILTRATION
WELLS ARE SUNK IN SERIES IN
SANDY RIVER BEDS.
THESE ARE CONSTRUCTED OF BRICK
MASONRY WITH OPEN JOINTS.
THE WATER PERCOLATES THROUGH
THESE JOINTS AND GET COLLECTED
IN THE WELLS.
THE TOP OF THE WELLS ARE
COVERED WITH R.C.C. SLAB HAVING
MANHOLE FOR INSPECTION.
7/6/2020 13

14. 7/6/2020 14
THE WATER FROM
INFILTRATION WELLS GETS
COLLECTED IN A JACK WELL.
THEN THE WATER FROM JACK
WELL IS PUMPED OUT AND
STORED IN A STORAGE
RESERVIOUR.
THE QUALITY OF WATER
OBTAINED IS GOOD AND IT
REQUIRE NO TREATMENT.
THE QUANTITY OF WATER
FROM THIS SOURCE IS
SUITABLE FOR SMALL WATER
SUPPLY SCHEME.

15. INFILTERATION GALLERY
FOR TAPPING WATER FROM SANDY
RIVER BEDS SOMETIMES
HORIZONTAL TUNNELS ARE
CONSTRUCTED IN THE RIVER BEDS
AT SHALLOW DEPTH ALONG THE
BANK OF RIVER.
THE WALLS OF TUNNEL ARE
CONSTRUCTED OF BRICK MASONRY
AND ITS TOP IS COVERED WITH
R.C.C. SLAB HAVING MANHOLES AT
SOME INTERVALS.
THE PERFORATED PIPES ARE
CONNECTED TO THE TUNNELS
THROUGH WHICH WATER GETS
COLLECTED INSIDE TUNNEL.THIS
TUNNEL IS KNOWN AS INFILTRATION
GALLERY.
7/6/2020 15

16. 7/6/2020 16
THE SLOPE OF THE GALLERY IS SUCH THAT THE WATER INSIDE THE GALLERY
FLOWS TOWARDS A SUMP WELL.THEN THE WATER FROM THE SUMP WELL IS
PUMPED OUT AND STORED IN A STORAGE RESERVIOUR.
THE QUALITY OF WATER IS GOOD AND IT REQUIRE NO TREATMENT.THE
QUANTITY OF WATER FROM THIS SOURCE IS SUITABLE FOR SMALL WATER
SUPPLY SCHEME.

17. SPRINGS
A NATURAL OUTFLOW OF GROUND WATER AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE IS
CALLED SPRING.
A PERVIOUS LAYER SANDWITCHED BETWEEN TWO IMPERVIOUS LAYERS
GIVE RISE TO A NATURAL SPRING.
THE WATER OF THE SPRING MAY CONTAIN SOME TYPE OF SALTS AND
MINERALS SO IF REQUIRE, THE WATER SHOULD BE TREATED TO MAKE IT
SUITABLE FOR DRINKING.
7/6/2020 17

18. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPRINGS:
1. ARTESIAN SPRING:
When a pervious layer is sandwich between two
impervious layers in the form of Valley then the ARTESIAN SPRING
come into existence. If a spring discharges hot water it is known as
hot spring the water of hot spring is suitable to care skin disease.
7/6/2020 18

19. 2. GRAVITY SPRINGS:
It is formed when the water table rises
along the hill slope and water finds a path
on the slope through which it flows under
gravity.
3. SURFACE SPRING:
It comes into existence when subsoil water
forms a storage due to the presence of
impervious layer in the form of valley.
7/6/2020 19

20. WELLS
A water well is a hole or shaft, usually vertical, excavated in the
earth for bringing ground water to the surface.
It may be classified as:
1. Open wells
2. Tube wells
7/6/2020 20

21. OPEN WELLS
Open wells are the wells which have comparatively large diameters
but low yields and are not very deep.
Diameter: 1 m to 10 m
DEPTH: 2 m to 20 m
Yield of such wells in most cases is about 20m3/hour or less.
7/6/2020 21

22. TUBE WELLS
•A tube well is a long pipe sunk into the ground intercepting one or
more water bearing strata.
•As compared to open wells the diameter of the tube wells are
much less and usually range from 80 mm to 600 mm.
Tube wells may be classified as:
a. Shallow tube wells: depth- about 20 m
Yield- about 20 m3/hour
B. Deep tube wells: depth-about 600 m
Yield-about 800 m3/hour
7/6/2020 22

23. 7/6/2020 23
The tube wells may also be classified as:
1. STRAINER TYPE TUBE WELLS:
•A strainer type tube well may draw water
either from an unconfined aquifer of
unlimited extent or from one or more
confined aquifers lying one over the other.
•At the bottom a short blind pipe is provided
so as to permit settlement of any sand
particles if passed through the strainer.
•Most common type and widely used
2. CAVITY TYPE TUBE WELLS :
• A cavity type tube well draws water
from bottom of the well and not
from the sides and is drilled in
alluvial formation.

24. 7/6/2020 24
3. SLOTTED TYPE TUBE WELLS:
• A slotted type tube well consists of
a pipe which is slotted for part of its
length at one end and for the rest of
the length it is plain pipe.
• The slotted portion of the pipe is
usually about 5 m long and it
penetrates the confined aquifer.

25. 7/6/2020 25

26. 7/6/2020 26
Suitability
of water
For surface
water
With regard
to quality
With regard
to quantity
For ground
water
With regard
to quality
With regard
to quantity

27. SELECTION OF SOURCE OF
WATER SUPPLY
The following points should be considered while
selecting the site for the source of water
for a water supply scheme.
Location
Elevation of intake point
Quality of available water
Quantity of available water
Topography of the intervention area
Cost
7/6/2020 27

28. CRITERIA CONSIDERED FOR WATER
SUPPLY SCHEME
The water supply schemes are prepared by the combination of
field observations and office work.
The following points should be considered while planning a
Water supply scheme:
Financial aspect.
Population
Quality of water.
Rate of consumption.
7/6/2020 28
Source of water supply.
Sanitary survey of area.
Topography of area.
Trends of town development.

29. WATER SUPPLY
SCHEME
7/6/2020 29

30. COMPONENT OF WATER
SUPPLY SCHEME
7/6/2020 30
I. Collection work
II. Transmission Work
III. Purification Work
IV. Distribution Work

31. BENEFITS OF WATER SUPPLY
SCHEME
Availability Of Sufficient Quantity Of Water.
Availability Of Good Quality Water.
Decrease In Water Borne Disease Like Cholera Typhoid Etc.
The Sanitation Of The Area Is Considerable Be Improved By
The Adequate Water Supply.
Water Is Used Economically And Losses And Wastage Are
Reduced.
Growth In Industries Due To Availability Of Sufficient Quantity
Of Water.
Increase In Opportunities Of Employment To The Local
People.
The Growth Of New Industries For Various Pipe
Appurtenances Such As Valves, bib Cocks Etc. take Place In
The Locality Granting Employment Opportunities.
7/6/2020 31

32. DUTIES OF PUBLIC HEALTH
ENGINEERS
1. The engineer Should have perfect knowledge about
planning designing construction and maintenance of water
works and sanitary works
2. He must be capable to operate the water works without fail
and should supply the safe Portable water to the public at
desired pressure
3. He should be able to detect the possible cause of
contamination of water source sources and should take
necessary measures to prevent such a contamination
4. He should know the various water treatment methods
5. He should know the laboratory test which may be required
for the treatment works
6. He should be aware of latest techniques and methods of
water purification7/6/2020 32
Continue…

33. 7. He Should have a knowledge of water distribution
networks
8. We should take the water samples at certain time
intervals to maintain the quality of water
9. He design sewage and from water drainage network
for proper disposal of sewage
10. He do design construction and operation of sewage
treatment plants
11. Design various treatment Technologies for the
municipal solid waste management
12. They deal with the concept of recycling and reuse of
wastewater
7/6/2020 33

34. 7/6/2020 34
Any question???