The document discusses the history and impact of the Green Revolution. It describes three major agricultural revolutions: 1) the Neolithic Revolution involving the transition to farming, 2) the British Agricultural Revolution involving increases in labor and land productivity, and 3) the Green Revolution involving the development and adoption of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice in developing countries between the 1950s-1960s. Key organizations involved in the Green Revolution included the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation. Norman Borlaug was a leading agricultural scientist who developed disease-resistant wheat varieties, increasing yields and saving over a billion people from starvation. The Green Revolution spread to India in the 1960s and significantly increased food grain production through the adoption of new seeds, fertilizers,

1. GREEN REVOLUTION

2. FIRST AGRICULTURE REVOLUTION

3. HUNTING
FARMING

4. First Agriculture Revolution
• It is also known as the Neolithic Revolution, is
the transformation of human societies from
hunting and gathering to farming. This
transition occurred worldwide between
10,000 BC and 2000 BC, with the earliest
known developments taking place in the
Middle East.

5. SECOND AGRICULTURE REVOLUTION

6. Traditional Farming
Use of Labour
and Machines

7. Second Agriculture Revolution
• The British Agricultural Revolution, or Second Agricultural
Revolution, was the unprecedented increase in agricultural
production in Britain due to increases in labour and land
productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.
• Agricultural output grew faster than the population over the
century to 1770, and thereafter productivity remained among the
highest in the world. This increase in the food supply contributed to
the rapid growth of population in England and Wales, from 5.5
million in 1700 to over 9 million by 1801, though domestic
production gave way increasingly to food imports in the nineteenth
century as the population more than tripled to over 32 million.
• The rise in productivity accelerated the decline of the agricultural
share of the labour force, adding to the urban workforce on which
industrialization depended: the Agricultural Revolution has
therefore been cited as a cause of the Industrial Revolution

8. Third Agriculture Revolution

9. Green Revolution / Third Agriculture
Revolution
• It was the Third Agricultural Revolution which
was set for research technology transfer
initiatives occurring between 1950 and the
late 1960s.

10. Organization which were involved in
the initiative of Green Revolution
1. The Ford Foundation
2. The Rockefeller Foundation

11. • The Ford Foundation is an
American private foundation with
the mission of advancing human
welfare. It was Created in
1936 by Edsel Ford and Henry Ford,
it was originally funded by a
US$25,000 gift from Edsel Ford.

12. • The Foundation was started by Standard
Oil owner John D. Rockefeller ("Senior"), along
with his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. ("Junior"),
and Senior's principal oil and gas business and
philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates,
in New York State on May 14, 1913, when its
charter was formally accepted by the New
York State Legislature.

13. Norman Ernest Borlaug

14. Father of Green Revolution
Borlaug received his B.S. in forestry in 1937 and Ph.D. in plant
pathology and genetics from the University of Minnesota in
1942. He took up an agricultural research position in Mexico,
where he developed semi-dwarf, high-yield, disease-
resistant wheat varieties.

15. • One key leader was Norman Borlaug, the "Father
of the Green Revolution", who received
the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.
• He is credited with saving over a billion people
from starvation.
• The basic approach was the development of high-
yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of
irrigation infrastructure, modernization of
management techniques, distribution
of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers,
and pesticides to farmers.

16. Green Revolution in India
• In 1961, India was on the brink of mass famine

17. Norman Borlaug was invited to India
by the adviser to the Indian minister of
agriculture Dr. M. S. Swaminathan.
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan.

18. • Despite bureaucratic hurdles imposed by
India's grain monopolies, the Ford Foundation
and Indian government collaborated to import
wheat seed from the International Maize and
Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT).

20. • India soon adopted IR8 – a semi-dwarf rice variety
developed by the International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) that could produce more grains of rice per plant
when grown with certain fertilizers and irrigation.
• In 1968, Indian agronomist S.K. De Datta published his
findings that IR8 rice yielded about 5 tons per hectare
with no fertilizer, and almost 10 tons per hectare under
optimal conditions. This was 10 times the yield of
traditional rice.
• IR8 was a success throughout Asia, and dubbed the
"Miracle Rice". IR8 was also developed into Semi-dwarf
IR36

22. • Punjab was selected by the Indian
government to be the first site to try the
new crops because of its reliable water
supply and a history of agricultural
success. India began its own Green
Revolution program of plant breeding,
irrigation development, and financing of
agrochemicals.

23. GREEN
REVOLUTION
ADOPTTING
NEW
TECHNOLOGY
USE OF HYV
SEEDS
USE OF
CHEMICAL
AND AGRO
CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS
CONTROLLED
WATER
SUPPLY
MECHANIZA
TION OF
FARMING
PRICE
INCENTIVES
BETTER
FINANCIAL
ASSISTANCE

24. Impact of Green Revolution
• The green revolution resulted quantitative and
qualitative development in the agriculture in
India.
1. The quantitative improvement occurs as a
result of steep increase in the production of
agriculture output.
2. The qualitative improvement resulted into
adoption of modernized technology in the
agriculture

25. 1. Spectacular increase in agriculture
production
• The dependence on food imports is eliminated
with the increase in agriculture production.
• The country becomes self-sufficient in
foodgrains. In fact India was the second largest
importer in 1966 and it imported no foodgrain in
subsequent decades except during late 80’s and
early 90’s mainly due to failure of monsoons or
untimely rains or floods in different regions.
• However, it may be noted that in recent years
annual growth in the food grain production is
losing its momentum.

26. 2. Improvement in productivity
• The tremendous increase in agriculture
production occurred as a result of
improvements in productivity.
• The productivity was quite low in the pre-
green revolution period. The substantial
increase in the productivity occurred in wheat
and rice in the earlier periods but later on it
spread to other crops also.

27. 3. Increase in Employment
• Green revolution generated employment
opportunities into diverse activities which
were created as a result of multiple cropping
and mechanization of farming.
• It helped to stimulate non-farm economy
that generated newer employment in various
services such as milling, marketing,
warehousing etc.

28. 4. Food grain Price Stability
• The adoption of new agricultural technology
has led to the increased production and
marketable surplus of crops especially food
grains that have resulted into price stability of
food items.

29. 5. Strengthening of forward and
backward linkages with industry
• The increase in agriculture production has
strengthened the forward linkage of
agriculture sector with industry in the sense of
supplying inputs to the industry.
• The backward linkage with the industry has
also received a boost as agricultural
modernization created larger demand for
inputs produced by industry.

30. Problems with Green Revolution

31. (1) Increase in personal inequalities
in rural areas
The income inequality between rich and poor increases due to:
(i) The owners of large farms were the main adopters’ of new technology because of
their better access to irrigation water, fertilizers, seeds and credit. In other words,
given the need for complex agricultural techniques and inputs, the green
revolution benefits the large farmers. The small farmers lagged behind the larger
farmer as small farmers had to depend upon traditional production method. Since
the rich farmers were already better equipped, the green revolution accentuate
the income inequalities between rich and poor.
(ii) Green revolution resulted into lower product price and higher input prices which
also encouraged landlords to increase rents or force tenants to evict the land.
(iii) The mechanization pushed down the wages of and employment opportunities for
unskilled labor in the rural areas thereby further widening the income disparities.

32. (2) Increased Regional disparities
Green revolution spread only in irrigated and high-
potential rain fed areas. The villages or regions without the
access of sufficient water were left out that widened the
regional disparities between adopters and non-adopters.
Since, the HYV seeds technically can be applied only in land
with assured water supply and availability of other inputs
like chemicals, fertilizers etc. The application of the new
technology in the dry-land areas is simply ruled out.
The states like Punjab, Haryana, Western UP etc. having
good irrigation and other infrastructure facilities were able
to derive the benefits of green revolution and achieve
faster economic development while other states have
recorded slow growth in agriculture production.

33. (3) Environmental Damage
Excessive and inappropriate use of fertilizers
and pesticides has polluted waterway, killed
beneficial insects and wild life. It has caused over-
use of soil and rapidly depleted its nutrients. The
rampant irrigation practices have led to
eventually soil degradation. Groundwater
practices have fallen dramatically. Further, heavy
dependence on few major crops has led to loss of
biodiversity of farmers. These problems were
aggravated due to absence of training to use
modern technology and vast illiteracy leading to
excessive use of chemicals.

34. (4) Restrictive Crop Coverage
The new agriculture strategy involving use of HYV seeds was initially
limited to wheat, maize and bajra. The other major crop i.e. rice
responded much later. The progress of developing and application of HYV
seeds in other crops especially commercial crops like oilseeds, jute etc has
been very slow. In fact, in certain period a decline in the output of
commercial crops is witnessed because of diversion of area under
commercial crop to food crop production. The basic factor for non-spread
of green revolution to many crops was that in the early 1960’s the severe
shortage in food grains existed and imports were resorted to overcame
the shortage. Government initiated green revolution to increase food
grain productivity and non-food grain crops were not covered. The
substantial rise in one or two food grain crop cannot make big difference
in the total agricultural production. Thus new technology contributed
insignificantly in raising the overall agricultural production due to limited
crop coverage. So it is important that the revolutionary efforts should be
made in all major crops.

35. Presented By: Mr. Shahab Ud Din
Asst. Professor,
D.C.B.M.,
Integral University,
Lucknow.
Contact Info: sudin@iul.ac.in
958624322