The green revolution is the significant increase in agricultural productivity resulting from the introduction of high - yield varieties of grains, use of pesticides , and improved management techniques.
The return of high food prices and the need to adapt to climate change have revived interest in agricultural technologies adapted to smallholders, in particular women. Sustainable intensification of smallholder production will require a shift to knowledge-intensive agriculture that combines local knowledge and the latest sustainability science to adapt practices to local ecosystems and increase resilience to climate change, price and other shocks. Poor farmers, often women, usually cultivate in more extreme environments in addition to being less connected to markets. A radical change in the focus of national agricultural plans and substantial investment are needed to unleash smallholder production potential, contributing to achieving MDGs and boosting food production to meet the 70% increase needed by 2050. A holistic approach is needed to raise productivity and resilience of agriculture and supporting ecosystems as well as the efficient and equitable functioning of agricultural supply chains.
Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Green Revolution
History of Green Revolution
Methods used in Green Revolution
Basic Elements in Method of Green Revolution
Causes of Green Revolution
Effects of Green Revolution
Result/ Evaluation of Green Revolution
Advantages of Green Revolution
Limitations of Green Revolution
The return of high food prices and the need to adapt to climate change have revived interest in agricultural technologies adapted to smallholders, in particular women. Sustainable intensification of smallholder production will require a shift to knowledge-intensive agriculture that combines local knowledge and the latest sustainability science to adapt practices to local ecosystems and increase resilience to climate change, price and other shocks. Poor farmers, often women, usually cultivate in more extreme environments in addition to being less connected to markets. A radical change in the focus of national agricultural plans and substantial investment are needed to unleash smallholder production potential, contributing to achieving MDGs and boosting food production to meet the 70% increase needed by 2050. A holistic approach is needed to raise productivity and resilience of agriculture and supporting ecosystems as well as the efficient and equitable functioning of agricultural supply chains.
Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Green Revolution
History of Green Revolution
Methods used in Green Revolution
Basic Elements in Method of Green Revolution
Causes of Green Revolution
Effects of Green Revolution
Result/ Evaluation of Green Revolution
Advantages of Green Revolution
Limitations of Green Revolution
The Green Revolution: Lessons for the FutureCIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Sir Gordon Conway (Imperial College London, UK) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
I have discussed about the green revolution in india very briefly in this slideshow. This will give you a basic understanding about green revolution in india. If you want it in details please comment.
India is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Agriculture is the mother of any economy, whether it is rich or poor. Much of its influence is on the other sectors of economy - industry and service. India is the second largest in farm output. Hence, India’s economic security continues to be predicated upon the agriculture sector, and the situation is not likely to change in the near future. Even today, the share of agriculture in employment is about 49% of the population, as against around 75% at the time of independence. In the same period, the contribution of agriculture and allied sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has fallen from 61% to 17% in 2015-16. Around 51% of India’s geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average. China with lesser cultivable land produces double the food grains, i.e. 607 million tons in 2015 -16 as compared with India’s 252 million tons in 2015-16. The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rain fed dry lands constitute 65% of the total net sown area. There is also an unprecedented degradation of land (107 million ha) and groundwater resource, and also fall in the rate of growth of total factor productivity. This deceleration needs to be arrested and agricultural productivity has to be doubled to meet growing demands of the population by 2050. Natural resource base of agriculture, which provides for sustainable production, is shrinking and degrading, and is adversely affecting production capacity of the ecosystem. However, demand for agriculture is rising rapidly with increase in population and per capita income and growing demand from industry sector. There is, thus, an urgent need to identify severity of problem confronting agriculture sector to restore its vitality and put it back on higher growth trajectory. The problems, however, are surmountable, particularly when new tools of science and technology have started offering tremendous opportunities for application in agriculture. However, the country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self-sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation, however, started turning adverse for the sector around mid-nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers’ income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and turning more and more serious. This Paper attempts to focus attention on Issues, Challenges and Government policies of Indian Agriculture in the context of Globalization.
Green Revolution is a face used to describe spectacular increase in the production of food. A large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.
This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
The Green Revolution: Lessons for the FutureCIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Sir Gordon Conway (Imperial College London, UK) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
I have discussed about the green revolution in india very briefly in this slideshow. This will give you a basic understanding about green revolution in india. If you want it in details please comment.
India is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Agriculture is the mother of any economy, whether it is rich or poor. Much of its influence is on the other sectors of economy - industry and service. India is the second largest in farm output. Hence, India’s economic security continues to be predicated upon the agriculture sector, and the situation is not likely to change in the near future. Even today, the share of agriculture in employment is about 49% of the population, as against around 75% at the time of independence. In the same period, the contribution of agriculture and allied sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has fallen from 61% to 17% in 2015-16. Around 51% of India’s geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average. China with lesser cultivable land produces double the food grains, i.e. 607 million tons in 2015 -16 as compared with India’s 252 million tons in 2015-16. The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rain fed dry lands constitute 65% of the total net sown area. There is also an unprecedented degradation of land (107 million ha) and groundwater resource, and also fall in the rate of growth of total factor productivity. This deceleration needs to be arrested and agricultural productivity has to be doubled to meet growing demands of the population by 2050. Natural resource base of agriculture, which provides for sustainable production, is shrinking and degrading, and is adversely affecting production capacity of the ecosystem. However, demand for agriculture is rising rapidly with increase in population and per capita income and growing demand from industry sector. There is, thus, an urgent need to identify severity of problem confronting agriculture sector to restore its vitality and put it back on higher growth trajectory. The problems, however, are surmountable, particularly when new tools of science and technology have started offering tremendous opportunities for application in agriculture. However, the country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self-sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation, however, started turning adverse for the sector around mid-nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers’ income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and turning more and more serious. This Paper attempts to focus attention on Issues, Challenges and Government policies of Indian Agriculture in the context of Globalization.
Green Revolution is a face used to describe spectacular increase in the production of food. A large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.
This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
Breeding rice for sustainable agricultureDhanuja Kumar
Rice is the major cereal crop in Asia where 90% of the world’s rice is produced and consumed. Rice production and productivity need to keep pace with a growing global population likely to reach 9 billion by 2050 in order to have a hunger-free world and to ensure sustainable production in the face of depleting resources such as land, water and nutrients as well as changing climatic conditions.
what is association mapping, how LD is useful, how association mapping is useful in crop improvement. how to represent a association mapping analysis data, generalized model of association mapping
QTL is a gene or the chromosomal region that affects a quantitative trait, which should be polymorphic (have allelic variation) to have an effect in a population, must be linked to a polymorphic marker allele to be detected. The QTL mapping consists of 4 steps, like the development of mapping population, generation of polymorphic marker data set among the parents, construction of linkage map, and finally the QTL analysis
All the above steps are described in these slides very briefly along with two case studies.
Genomic conflict-It arises when genes inside a genome are not transmitted by the same rules
Genes that cause such genomic conflict are called selfish genetic elements (also selfish DNA, ultra-selfish genes, genetic parasites) and can be harmful to the individual.
So selfish gene can be defined as stretches of DNA (genes, fragments of genes, noncoding DNA, portions of chromosomes, whole chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes) that act narrowly to advance their own interests—in other words, replication at the expense of the larger organism.
Here it also presented about what is genomic conflict, types of it, cytoplasmic inheritance, its relation with genomic conflict, ABC model, Molecular mechanism of CMS, Pollen hypothesis, ATP hypothesis, etc.
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
This presentation contains the Reproduction system of angiospermic plant, along with the production of the 2 gamets and it's fertilization and different pathways of the fertilization and factors affecting it(and much more).
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
2. :-is the significant increase in agricultural
productivity resulting from the introduction
of high - yield varieties of grains , use of
pesticides , and improved management
techniques.
Dr.NORMAN BORLAUG
With the support of the United Nations, the (FAO),
and the Rockefeller Foundation, Mexico made a
concerted effort to transform agricultural
productivity, and considered as father of green
revolution.
3. Why was a revolution needed?
India promoted heavy industrialization,
especially after the second Five Year Plan
(1956-57 to 1960-61), leaving the agricultural
sector relatively neglected.
Famine had ripped though parts of India in the
past.Severe two years‟ consecutive droughts
attacked India in the mid-1960s.
Agriculture recorded a large negative growth
and India faced a serious food problem. India
was obliged to import as much as 10 million tons
of food (mainly wheat) for the two years.
4. Green Revolution In India:
• In 1965 the government of Mrs. Indira Gandhi decided to
major steps on agriculture conditions.
•Thus Green Revolution was applied to the period
from 1967 to 1978 basically in the parts or Haryana
and Punjab.
• At this stage concern was on Wheat and Rice.
•Dr. MS Swaminathan invited Norman borlaug to
india ,and led Green Revolution as a Project.
SMT.INDIRA GANDHI
M.S. SWAMINATHAN
5. Seed selection – How was it done ?
.
In wheat: A Japanese variety of wheat Norin-10 ,source of dwarfing genes
for wheat improvement were used to develop - Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo at
CIMMYT. In 1963, IARI received one-quintal seed of Lerma Rojo 64, Sonora 63, Sonora 64, and Mayo 64 from Dr
Norman E. Borlaug of CIMMYT to conduct multilocation test and assess the yield potential. The variety Kalyan Sona
and Sonalika were modified form of the imported dwarf varieties integrated to Indian agriculture. It paved the way
for Green revolution through the efforts of Dr. M. S. Swaminathan .
In Rice :
In 1966 Ir8 (DEE-GEO-WOO-GEN x Peta) was developed at IRRI. 2 Kg of this rice var. was
introduced to India & later scientist developed a superior semi-dwarf var (IR 36= JAYA) using IR8
,that was suitable at Indian condition. This var. yielded up to 10 ton per annum ,where as IR8 gave only
6 ton per annum.With IR 36 India become self sufficient to meet its food demands & also could
maintain a buffer stock of rice.so IR 36 called as “MIRACLE RICE ” of India.
6. Methods used in Green Revolution
Double/Multiple cropping system
Seeds with superior genetics
Proper irrigation system
HYV seed
Use of pesticides and fertilizers
Use of modern machinery(tractor , harvestor etc)
10. Impacts Of The Green Revolution
(i) Increase in Production and Productivity:
o Increase in –Food grains output: 81.0 MT to 203 MT and further to 212. 0 MT in 2003-04.
o Wheat :11.1 MT to 71.3 MT.
o Rice: 35.1MT to 87.3MT
(ii) Scientific Cultivation:
o Traditional agricultural inputs and practices have given way to new and scientific practices.
o Farm seeds were replaced by HYV seeds.
o Traditional fertilizers are replaced by chemical fertilizers.
(iii) Change in Cropping Pattern:
o The proportion of cereals in the food grains output has increased and the proportion of pulses
has declined.
o Second, the proportion of wheat cereals has increased while that of coarse grains has declined.
(iv) Development of Industries.
o Many industries producing agriculture, machinery, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides
etc., have come up to meet the growing demand for these commodities.
(vi) Change in Attitudes:
o Farmers have now begun to think that they can change their misfortunes by adopting new
technology.
11.
12. Limitation of green revolution
The Green Revolution, howsoever impressive, but NOT a 100% success.
Only Punjab and Haryana states showed best results of Green Revolution.
The new farming techniques, has given birth to the serious pollution of
drinking water causing cancer and other diseases.
A recent Punjabi University study found a high rate of genetic damage
among farmers, which was attributed to pesticides use.
The new organic fertilizer, pesticides and chemicals are running the soil.
Lead to unemployment and Rural-Urban Immigration
13.
14.
15. Evergreen Revolution
o Agrees cannot maintain crop yields through green revolution
o So India needs THE SUSTAINABLE GREEN REVOLUTION
o Success Of Green Revolution Lies In Sustainable Green
Revolution i.e. EVERGREEN REVOLUTION.
M.S. Swaminathan
World Food Prize 1987
Some Practice Of Ever Green Revolution
Sustainable double cropping by using ZERO TILLAGE:-
Straw left behind by combine is burnt to quickly
sow wheat.
Zero tillage cum fertilizer drill in operation in a field vacated by rice. Next
is the wheat crop in the same field after 25 days.
16. Roving combined harvester harvest wheat quickly
to vacate the field for rice
Gene Deployment Against Wheat Rusts:-
“Puccinia path”
Combating the Shifting Enemy:-
Marker Aided Wheat Improvement :-
Validations of lines possessing Lr32 and Lr28 using SCAR marker SCS421640.
Lines 1 – 10 for Lr32 and 12 – 22 for Lr 28 presence of band
shows presence of the resgene
17. Conclusion:-
Green revolution in India has led to substantial increase in food grain production but has
created threatening problems of deforestation, soil erosion, soil salinity, environmental
degradation, loss of crop diversity, pest resurgence, increased incidence of mosquito borne
diseases etc.
Therefore, the advantages of the Green revolution have been masked by the problems posed by
it.
The world needs green Revolution 2, which promises to feed a growing world population
sustainably –without compromising the needs of future generations.
The world need another revolution like green revolution not only in cereals but also in pulses oil
seed & other crops.