The document discusses the history and impacts of the Green Revolution. It began in the 1940s-1970s with Norman Borlaug's development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice that responded well to fertilizers and irrigation. This dramatically increased food production worldwide. The impacts included increased farming outputs, changes to farming practices, socioeconomic changes, and criticisms around overpopulation, lack of benefits in Africa, and environmental issues from fertilizers. The document outlines the technologies and methods used in the Green Revolution like irrigation, mechanization, and seeds with superior genetics.

2. CREDIT SEMINAR
ON
HISTORY OF GREEN REVOLUTION
PRESENTED BY:
RAHUL
MSC(F)
DEPT: -ENERGY&ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
C.D.L.U SIRSA

3.  A green revolution is a movement for a period of increased
agricultural harvesting, which is facilitated through the use
of more efficient agricultural technology, pesticides and
genetically modified plants. Using these methods
agricultural output can be increased by up to 90% with a
year.
 The idea to increase the amount of food harvested to
avoid the inevitable food crisis that we are soon to see as
well as giving third world countries resources that can put
them on the path to self-sufficiency.
WHAT IS MEANING OF GREEN REVOLUTION

5.  Green revolution refers to a series of research,
development, and technology transfer initiatives
occurring between the 1940s and the late 1970s, that
increased agriculture production around the world,
beginning most markedly in the 1960s.
 The initiatives led by Norman Borlaug. The “father of
the green revolution” credited with saving over a
billion people from starvation, involved the
development of high-yielding varieties of cereal
grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure,
modernization of management techniques,
distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers
and pesticide to farmers.
WHAT IS GREEN REVOLUTION REASON FOR GREEN
REVOLUTION AND FOUNDER

6.  The term “green revolution” was first used in 1968 by
former united states agency for International
Development (USAID) director William gaud, who
noted the spread of the new technologies and said,
CONT.

7.  The crop developed during the green revolution were high yield
varieties meaning they were domesticated plants bred
specifically to respond to fertilizers
 The terms often used with these plants that make them
successful are harvest index. Photosynthetic allocation and
insensitivity to day length. The harvest index refers to the above
ground weight of the plant. During the green revolution, plants
that had the largest seeds were selected to create the most
production possible. After selectively breeding these plants.
They evolved to all have the characteristic of larger seeds. These
larger seeds then created more grain yield and a heavier above
ground weight.
PLANT TECHNOLOGIES OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

8.  Since fertilizers are largely what made the green revolution
possible they forever changed agricultural practices
because the high yield varieties developed during this time
cannot grow successfully without the help of fertilizers
 Irrigation also played a large role in the green revolution
and this forever changed the areas where various crops
can be grown. For instance before the green revolution
agriculture was severely limited to areas with a significant
amount of rainfall but by using irrigation water can be
stored and sent to drier areas putting more land into
agricultural production thus increasing nationwide crop
yields.
IMPACTS OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

9.  Political impact:
 Socioeconomic impacts:
 Globalization:
 Biodiversity:
 Health impact:
IMPACTS OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

10.  Along with the benefits gained from the green revolution there
have been several criticisms the first is that the increased
amount of food production has led to overpopulation
worldwide.
 The second major criticism is that places like Africa have not
significantly from the green revolution the major problems
surrounding the use of these technologies here though are a
lack of infrastructure governmental corruption and insecurity in
nations.
 Despite these criticisms though the green revolution has forever
changed the way agriculture is conducted worldwide benefiting
the people of many nations in need of increased food
production.
CRITICISM OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

11.  Double/multiple cropping system
 Seeds with superior genetics
 Proper irrigation system
 High yielding variety(HYV) of seeds
 Use of pesticides and fertilizers
 Use of modern machinery(Tractor, Harvester,
Thrasher)
 Expansion of farming areas
METHODS USED IN GREEN REVOLUTION

13.  In the 1960s. there was concern from the Indian
government that the country would not be able to grow
enough food to support the ever increasing population, so
they put into place what was called the ‘Green revolution’
The idea of the ‘Green revolution’ was too use technology
to increase food output and as a result, over the last 50
years a series of changes have taken place in farming in
India with the introduction of more ‘western-type’ farming
techniques what changes in farming in India did the green
revolution bring about?
INDIA’S GREEN REVOLUTION: SUCCESSES, FAILURES
AND SECOND GREEN REVOLUTION

15.  LAND REFORM
 Efficient farming was difficult in India due to the many small
farms (75%less than 3ha) which had become a product of
the laws of divided inheritance (with farms being split b/w
the sons of the farmer on his death) many of the poor didn’t
even own land whereas large amounts of land were owned
by a few rich land owners the solution was land reform
aimed to increase farm size setting a limit on the amount of
land the more wealthy could own and redistributing surplus
land to those without.
 HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES
 The problem existing rice varieties grew rapidly but very tall
so fell over easily and had to be grown quite far apart the
solution was development of new high yielding varieties of
rice resulting in the development of new rice plant known
as IR8. This was shorter and stronger could be planted much
closer to gather enabling more crop per area had a shorter
growing season and produced almost 3-4 times as much
yield per hectare.

16.  MECHANISATION
 Irrigation schemes including the introducing of
electric/diesel pumps to help ensure a more steady and
reliable source of water for the new IR8 HYVs and large
scale projects such as the Narmada river project.
 As the introduction and other ‘western’ style technology
was not as successful as first hoped Alternative Appropriate
technology has been introduced which is suited to the local
people s wealth skills and knowledge for example low cost
irrigation schemes etc. What were the successes of the
green revolution? (1) hybrid seeds technology etc.(2)
increase in food production

17.  Failures of the green revolution:
 Many farmers the cost of machinery was too much and they
simply couldn’t afford it as well as the high initial outlay
money was also required for fuel and repair.
 Many very poor farmers were tenant farmers with little
money to buy even the new seeds or fertilizer that was
required.
 New irrigation schemes were required to provide the
reliable source of water required by the HYVs (High yielding
varieties of rice).
 Fertilizers and pesticides required by the HYVs also led to
serious environmental problems.

19.  SECOND GREEN REVOLUTION
 The first green revolution was launched to ensure food
security as there was severe scarcity of food in the country
today our food supply is well secure meeting the growing
needs is within reach Therefore the second green revolution
should aim at promoting sustainable livelihood enabling the
poor to come out of poverty by generating gainful self-
employment while the first green revolution aimed at
undertaking mass agricultural production the second green
revolution should be to promote agricultural production by
the masses.
 This can be adopted by the farmers in arid and semi-arid
regions and those who are dependent on rainfall for crop
production.

20.  Agroforestry on degraded lands:
 Sustainable livelihood being the major concern the second
green revolution should focus on generation of employment
for small and marginal farmers, while enhancing agricultural
production in unirrigated areas. Tree-based farming can also
provide year round employment while protecting the soil
from erosion and runoff of rain water promotion of tree
based farming will also enrich soil fertility and increase the
water table while absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide all-
round the year.

21.  The time is now ripe for second green revolution.
 India has tremendous export potential in agriculture in
present era of globalization.
 In second green revolution emphasis should be laid on:
 Nonfood grains
 Improving global market opportunities
 Improving rural infrastructure
 Improving irrigation, rural roads and rural electrification.
NEED FOR SECOND GREEN REVOLUTION:

22.  Continued expansion of farming areas:
 Green revolution continued with quantitative
expansion of farmlands.
 Double-cropping existing farmland:
 Instead of one crop season per year, the decision was
made to have two crop season per year.
 There had to be two “monsoons “per year.one would
be the natural ‘monsoons’ per year.one would be the
natural ‘monsoon ‘and the other an artificial
‘monsoon’.
 Using seeds with superior genetics:
 This was the scientific aspect of the green revolution
to use High yielding variety (HVY) of seeds.
BASIC ELEMENTS IN GREEN REVOLUTION

23.  High yielding varieties of seed
 Chemical fertilizers
 Irrigation
 Multiple cropping
 Modern agricultural machinery
 Credit facilities
 Agricultural research
 Plant protection
 Rural electrification
 Soil testing and soil conservation
CAUSES OF GREEN REVOLUTION:

24.  Increase in production
 Capitalistic farming
 Effect on rural employment
 Reduction in imports of food grains
 Development of industries
 Effects on prices
 Base for economic growth
 Effect on consumers
 Effect on planning
 Increase in trade
 Change in thinking of farmers
EFFECTS OF GREEN REVOLUTION:

25.  Yields increased three times.
 Multiple cropping.
 Other crops grown which varied the diet.
 Surplus to sell in cities creating a profit improving the
standard of living.
 Allows purchase of fertilizers, machinery etc.
 India becomes self-sufficient in food grains
ADVANTAGES OF GREEN REVOLUTION:

26.  The green revolution, howsoever impressive, but not a 100%
success.
 Only Punjab and Haryana states showed best results of green
revolution.
 The new farming techniques, has given birth to the Serious
pollution of drinking water causing cancer and other diseases.
 A recent Punjabi university study found a high rate of genetic
damage among farmers, which was attributed to pesticide use.
 The new organic fertilizers, pesticides and chemicals are ruining
the soil.
 Lead to unemployment and rural-urban Immigration.
LIMITATIONS OF GREEN REVOLUTION:

27.  As a technological innovation the green revolution replaced
“one way of life in another in short span of two decades”.
 The topic learned from this green revolution should enable
policy makers to reduce the adverse effects of the coming
bio revolution based on genetic engineering.
CONCLUSION:

28. REFERENCE:
Hazell, Peter B.R. (2009). The Asian
Green Revolution. IFPRI Discussion Paper (Intl Food Policy Res Inst).
Image source:
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