The Green Revolution significantly increased agricultural production through the introduction of high-yielding varieties of cereals, especially dwarf wheat and rice. Key aspects included the development and adoption of improved seeds, use of fertilizers and agrochemicals, irrigation infrastructure, and increased mechanization. However, the Green Revolution also led to environmental and socioeconomic problems over time, such as soil degradation, increased dependency on external inputs, and a concentration of the benefits among wealthy landowners rather than poor farmers.

2. GREEN REVOLUTION

3. Introduction of new technology in agriculture sector,
in order to increase its production through different
measures

4. Increase in production was made by different
ways
1. Introduction of new high yield varieties of
wheat, rice, and maize.
2. Improvement in per acre yield through quality
fertilizers to compensate for land deficiencies in
many less developed countries

5. 3. Pesticides and insecticides have expanded the
acreage a single farmer can tend by reducing the time
required to disinfect the crop.
4. Irrigation has made double cropping feasible in
many countries where formerly one harvest a year was
standard.
5. New methods of rotating crops were developed
which increased land productivity.

6. 6. New shorter plants have
been discovered that are more
responsive to fertilizer.
Similarly, some sturdier types
are mo.re disease-resistant.
7. Botanists have been able to
breed the photosensitive genes
out of plants . Making planting
possible at any time of the year.

10.  Green Revolution occured between the 1940s
and the late 1970s, that increased agriculture
production around the world, beginning most
markedly in the late 1960s.
 The term "Green Revolution" was first used in
1968 by former United States Agency for
International Development (USAID)
director William Gaud.

11. Norman Borlaug
 Joined Rockefeller Foundation
team in Mexico 1944
 Increased yield, rust resistance
in wheat
 Biggest contributor to Green
Revolution
 Won Nobel Peace Prize in
1970

12. The green revolution can be divided into four
different stages
 Scientific Breakthrough
 Technological Breakthrough
 Production Breakthrough
 Agricultural Breakthrough

13.  The discovery of high yield varieties of seeds;
 Mexican wheat varieties ( Mexi -Pak) developed in
the international corn and wheat improvement
center .
 high yielding rice verities in the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI) in Philippines.

14.  To achieve optimal level of output from above
HYVs.
 Technological developments were made in the field
of mechanization .
 water resource utilization.

15.  Excess supply of inputs such as fertilizers,
chemicals, machinery and HYVs of seeds
 The government made facilitating policies
pertaining to easy and cheap availability of inputs
and prices stability of outputs etc

16.  The efforts made in earlier phases helped a lot to
give enormous output
 It covered all the main crops and also the various
enterprises of animal production
 This agriculture produce directly and indirectly
benefited the small as well as large-scale farmers

17.  High yield varieties were introduced which gave
more production.
 Progress in fertilizer manufacturing was
observed.
 Better quality pesticides and insecticides
increased acreage of land.
 Better management of human resources and
induction of newly trained laborers.

18.  Water availability was ensured, keeping in view its
quantity required.
 Pakistan Government policies to provide subsidies
and credit to the producers.
 Incentive prices were offered to the farmers
through the price support program.
 Manufacturing and installation of tube wells and
machinery and allied equipments.

19.  The annual increase in 1963-64 and 1964-65 was
around 35 percent.
 Transmission of the improved technology to the
farmers through Extension Service Programs.

20. Reasons for yield increase
 Increased inputs
 Labor
 Fertilizer
 Machinery
 increased output
 Using technology
 without increasing inputs
 Increased efficiency

21. Inputs
 Fertilizer
 Can improve yields
dramatically: 20-1000%
 Diminished response if keep
adding
 Reduces growth at high
levels
 Effectiveness depends on
 Water/Irrigation
 Timing of application
 Biggest increase will be in
Africa
 Dem. Rep. Congo uses 1%
fertilizer used in South
Africa

22. Tractors
 Poorest farmers will consider
moving from hand tools to
animals
 Farmers using animals will
consider using machinery
 May not be efficient choice:
 Credit limited
 Gas expensive
 Maintenance expensive
 But labor cheap

23. Land Reforms
 World Bank: productivity
would be increased if land
distribution more equitable
 Land reform (redistribution)
successful after WWII:
 South Korea,
 Taiwan
 China
 Recent success
 Japan
 Zimbabwe
 Kerala, India

24. Criticisms of the Green Revolution
 Green Revolution hasn’t
alleviated hunger
 Economic power, land
controlled by few
 Technology benefits wealthy
 Therefore Green Revolution
increases inequity
 More hunger AND more food
at same time

25. Cont…..
 Food Insecurity of poor not
addressed
 Cash Crops: food flows from
the poor and hungry nations
to the rich and well-fed
nations
 Green Revolution not
sustainable
 destroys resource base on
which agriculture depends

26. Cont….
 Early, poor had little access
to credit
 Could not buy seeds,
fertilizer, irrigation to make
Green Revolution work
 Wealthy invested, got richer,
drove out poor
 Now, more emphasis on
loans for poor

27. Example: India
 Self-sufficient in grain due
to Green Revolution
 But 1/3 of people poor
 5,000 children die each
day
 Poor cannot afford to
BUY the food

28. There are still problems
 Need good land (wealthy own)
 Agrochemicals bad for health,
environment
 Expensive inputs: profits to global
chemical companies
 Rural people displaced from land
 Mechanization reduces agricultural
jobs
 Not ecologically sustainable:
depletes soil, pesticide race

29. Soil Depletion Worldwide
 Dramatic increases in
yields during 1970s,
1980s
 Soil now depleted,
resulting in leveling off
or dropping yields
 6% of Ag land in India
now useless

30. Profits
 Profits from Green
Revolution go to
 Middlemen
 Banks
 Chemical companies
 Biggest growers
 Grain prices fall
 Farms get bigger

31. Increased Dependency
 Poor countries must
import:
 Seeds
 Fertilizer
 Pesticides
 Herbicides
 Cost to India increased
600% 1960-1980
 Biotechnology leads to
more dependency

32. Unsustainable Agriculture
 Industrial agriculture
 mining land to extract maximum
output
 “War” between humans and
weeds, insects and disease
 Market dictates weapons:
 pesticides and chemical
fertilizers
 We are destroying our food-
producing resources

33. Destruction of Agricultural Resources
 Desertification
 Soil erosion
 Pesticide contamination
 Groundwater depletion
 Salinization
 Urban sprawl
 Genetic resources
shrinking
 Fossil fuels depleting

34. Sustainable Agriculture Goals
 Environmental Health
 Economic Profitability
 Social and Economic
Equity

35. Questions and suggestions