The document summarizes the properties and potential applications of graphene. Graphene is a one-atom thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It is the strongest material known, more conductive than silver, and highly transparent. Researchers at the University of Manchester were awarded the Nobel Prize for first isolating graphene sheets. Graphene's unique properties make it promising for applications like faster electronics, stronger and lighter composite materials, better solar cells and displays. However, challenges remain in controlling its conductivity for transistors.

1. The 2-D material That Can Change
Everything
Presented By: Zaahir Salam
M.TECH NST .

2.  The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded to
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the
University of Manchester.
Andre Geim Konstantin Novoselov

3. INTRODUCTION
Graphene can be synthesized from Graphite to
create the thinnest, strongest and most conductive
material know today.
Graphite flakes are actually made of many layers
of graphene stacked on top of each other with
weak bonds holding them together.

4.  2-dimensional  Electrons in p-orbitals
hexagonal lattice of above and below plane.
carbon  p-orbitals become
conjugated across the
plane.
 Electrons free to move
across plane in
delocalized orbitals.
 sp2 hybridized carbon
atoms  Extremely high tensile
strength.
 Among strongest
bonds in nature
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticity

5. Mother of all graphitic forms
0D buckyballs 1D nanotubes 3D graphite.
A. K. Geim & K. S. Novoselov. The rise of graphene. Nature Materials Vol 6 183-191 (March 2007)

6. Graphene Visualized Under Various Available Microscopes
AFM Image TEM Image SEM Image
A. K. Geim & K. S. Novoselov. The rise of graphene. Nature Materials Vol 6 183-191 (March 2007)

7. Graphene production
 Graphene sheets in solid form (e.g.
density > 1g/cc) is presently one of
the most expensive materials on
Earth.
 Researchers obtained relatively
large graphene sheets (eventually,
up to 100 micrometers in size and
visible through a magnifying glass)
by mechanical exfoliation (repeated
peeling) of 3D graphite crystals.
 Another method is to heat silicon
carbide to high temperatures
(1100°C) to reduce it to graphene.

8.  Graphene can be isolated in 1 atom thick sheets of
carbon atoms arranged in honey comb Structure.
 Length Of a Hexagon side is 0.142 nanometers.
 3 million sheets of graphene stacked on one
another are 1 millimeter thick..

9. Graphene Unique properties
 STRENGTH:
 It is 200 X more STRONGER than Structural Steel.
 Its Young's modulus is 0.5 TPa
 CONDUCTIVE:
 The resistivity of the graphene sheet is 10−6 Ω·cm, less than the
resistivity of silver, the lowest resistivity substance known at room
temperature.
 It can Conduct 1000 X density of current in copper.
 Conducts 10 X heat better than Copper.

10.  FLEXIBLE:
 Can Flex 20% without damage.
 2-D IN STRUCTURE:
 Each layer is 1 atom thick which gives unique electrical
and computing properties.
 TRANSPARENT:
 Its 97.3 % Transparent.

11. Potential Applications:
 Graphene is being currently being tested by
researchers and the following applications are
considered:
 COMPUTING:
 Graphene may be able to replace semiconductor in
computer chips and electronics.
 No need of cooling fans as it functions at room
temperature.

12.  MIT has developed at 1000+ GHZ graphene
microchip that is 300 times faster than
commercially available chips today.
 This all could mean smaller and more
powerful chips.
 CHALLENGE :
 The Graphene transistors cannot be switched
on to off. This is a challenge researchers are
currently taking ON.

13. Materials:
 Graphene can be added in small
amounts to metal and plastics to make
stronger and lighter composite
materials.
 Vehicles and airplanes could be lighter
and stronger, increasing fuel efficiency
and safety.
 By seeding plastics with just 1%
Graphene they can become conductive
while remaining transparent.

14. Energy + Optics
 Graphene Could replace indium to
make better solar cells which are
flexible, cheaper and suited for mass
production.
 Graphene could make better
touchscreens, LCD’s and LED’s.
 Graphene may revolutionize data
transfer it can make smaller optical
modulators that transfer data at
speeds upto 10X faster than current
technology.

15. References
 Graphene http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheneaccessed
on March, 29 2009
 Graphene Confirmed the World’s Stronged Known Material
http://gizmodo.com/5026404/graphene-confirmed-as-the-
worlds-strongest-known-material accessed on March, 29
2009
 Nanotechnology Reserchers go Ballistic Over Graphene
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=2340.php accessed on
March 29, 2009
 TR10: Graphene Transistors
http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?ch=specialse
ctions&sc=emerging08&id=20242 accessed on March 29, 2009
 Graphene: Charged Up http://www.natureasia.com/asia-
materials/highlight.php?id=77 accessed on March 29, 2009

16. THANK YOU