Gramsci
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Antonio Gramsci was an Italian communist philosopher who wrote extensively about cultural hegemony while imprisoned by Mussolini's fascist government in the 1920s-1930s. In his Prison Notebooks, published posthumously, Gramsci argued that the ruling class maintains power not just through economic means but also by promoting their worldview as common sense through cultural institutions. He believed constant struggle occurred in the cultural realm between different ideologies, and that political change could emerge during times of crisis when the authority of the dominant ideology is challenged.
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Gramsci was an Italian Marxist philosopher who developed the theory of cultural hegemony while imprisoned under Mussolini. He argued that the ruling class maintains control through both force (the state) and consent manufactured using civil society institutions. Intellectuals play a key role in producing and disseminating the ideologies that create this consent. Gramsci believed the working class could challenge capitalist hegemony by developing counter-hegemonic ideologies that appeal to broader segments of society and present an alternative vision of the social order.Marxism
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Antonio Gramsci was an Italian Marxist thinker in the early 20th century. He developed the concept of hegemony to describe how the dominant social class maintains control through political, economic, and ideological means. This involves projecting their worldview as common sense to gain willing consent from subordinate classes. However, Gramsci noted that common sense is not static and subordinate classes will challenge hegemony based on their social experiences, making ideology a site of constant struggle between classes. He rejected the idea that the economy alone determines society and emphasized the independence of ideology and importance of struggle over ideas.
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Postcolonialism refers to intellectual works and theories that emerged in the mid-20th century in response to colonialism. It focuses on regions that were formerly colonized, including parts of Africa, Asia, and India. Postcolonial theory examines the cultural legacy of colonialism and the conflicts between colonizers and indigenous populations. Important theorists include Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Spivak. Postcolonial criticism seeks to challenge Eurocentric perspectives and address how colonial powers represented foreign cultures.
World system theory; Wallerstein
World systems theory argues that underdeveloped countries are poor not due to their own histories or characteristics, but because of their position in the global capitalist system. Core developed countries exploit peripheral poorer nations by maintaining economic and military dominance over them. This allows core nations to extract resources and profits from peripheries while preventing their industrial development. World systems theorists claim international organizations do not challenge this global power structure and peripheries should pursue policies like import substitution and cooperation to resist exploitation by the core. However, critics argue world systems theory's claims are not always supported by evidence and the causes of global inequality may be more complex.
Post colonialism
The document discusses several concepts related to imperialism and post-colonialism in media, including cultural imperialism, orientalism, and representations of non-Western cultures. It explains that dominant Western cultures have historically tried to control developing countries by imposing their lifestyle and values through exported media. Even after colonies gained independence, Western influence lingered through imposed languages and ongoing economic dominance. The media often portrayed colonized peoples through stereotypes that reinforced Western superiority.
Postcolonialism Introduction - Background
The document discusses key concepts related to postcolonial literature and theory. It defines colonialism, imperialism, and postcolonialism and discusses their historical contexts. It notes that colonialism involved violence and the marginalization of non-European cultures and literatures. Postcolonial literature seeks to address this and find ways of resistance, retrieval, and reversing the erasure of pre-colonial pasts. It is a literature of protest that aims to understand history to plan for the future.
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Antonio Gramsci PPT.pdf
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The document discusses key concepts from Antonio Gramsci's Prison Notebooks, including:
1. Gramsci used the term "subaltern" to refer to social groups that are subordinate to the ruling classes and excluded from power.
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2) In Montesquieu, Rousseau, Marx Politics and History, Althusser examines Montesquieu's The Spirit of Laws and Rousseau's The Social Contract, finding they fell short of being truly "radical" thinkers.
3) Althusser also analyzes Marx's divergence from Hegel's ideas in this publication.
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Modernism was an international literary and cultural movement in the early 20th century marked by experimentation with form and a rejection of absolute knowledge. It arose amidst significant historical events like World Wars and social changes like women gaining the right to vote. Major influences included Einstein's theory of relativity and Freud's work in psychology. Themes in modern literature explored disillusionment, violence, and the breakdown of social norms. Characteristics included open and experimental forms, discontinuity, and intertextuality. Major modernist writers included Virginia Woolf, T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, and D.H. Lawrence.
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Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher and economist who is considered the founder of modern communism. Some of his major works included The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. He predicted that the poor working classes would inevitably overthrow the wealthy bourgeoisie and establish a permanent global communist system. The cartoon depicts wealthy capitalists sitting above a crowd of poor workers and could be considered Marxist as it illustrates Marx's view that society is divided along class lines between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
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The document provides an overview of key figures in the development of sociology. It discusses early theorists like Comte, Spencer, Marx, Durkheim, Weber, and Merton and their major contributions to understanding society. It notes that early sociology was dominated by European men and did not recognize important work done by women sociologists during this time period. The document also profiles some influential female sociologists from the 1800s as well as W.E.B. Du Bois, Jane Addams, Talcott Parsons, and C. Wright Mills and their significant impacts on the field.
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The moderns power point
Modernism refers to the bold new experimental styles in art during the early 20th century that challenged traditional values like the American Dream. Events like World War I and the Great Depression caused disillusionment with traditions. Modernist writers experimented with new literary forms like stream of consciousness and introduced flawed, disillusioned heroes while questioning social structures, yet they still retained some ideals of self-reliance and envisioned America as Eden-like.
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Marxism12[1]
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This document discusses several key theoretical approaches to understanding concepts of race and ethnicity, including primordialism, instrumentalism, plural society theories, and Marxist approaches. It also critiques sociobiological explanations of race as promoting biological predestination. Marxism views race as a social construct used to divide the working class and obscure class-based power relations, rather than a primary category of analysis. Neo-Marxist theorists examine how class and race intersect and influence each other. Overall, the document analyzes how race has been used as a tool by capitalist systems to exploit and divide labor.
Mapping Theories
This document discusses several key theoretical approaches to understanding concepts of race and ethnicity, including primordialism, instrumentalism, plural society theories, and Marxist approaches. It also critiques sociobiological explanations of race and analyzes how racism has been used to divide and exploit the working class. Racism and racial divisions are seen as developing out of and being used strategically under capitalism to prevent worker solidarity and maximize profit through greater exploitation of labor. Race and class are viewed as inextricably linked in structuring social relations and experiences.
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21. postmodernism
Postmodernism rejects universal theories and meta-narratives in favor of local and contextual explanations. It is skeptical of ideas of progress, scientific truth, and cultural unity. Postmodernism sees identity as fragmented and emphasizes subcultures, image, and surface appearance over depth and originality. Postmodern art mixes styles, rejects notions of artistic purity, and blurs distinctions between high and popular culture. Postmodern thinkers deconstruct power structures and essentialist ideas of gender, sexuality, and race.
20. butler
Judith Butler is an American philosopher known for her work in feminism, queer theory, and political theory. Some of her major works examine gender and sexuality, challenging essentialist views. In Gender Trouble, she argues that gender is a social construct and performative, rather than determined by sex or biology. She asserts that there is no innate gender identity and that gender is formed through citational acts over time. Butler seeks to deconstruct notions of fixed gender and sexuality, viewing them as cultural rather than natural categories.
19. said
Edward Said's book Orientalism argues that the Orient has been imagined and constructed by the West through a discourse called Orientalism. This discourse involves producing knowledge about the Orient through academic and artistic works that help dominate and exert authority over it. Said defines Orientalism as a Western style and corporate institution for dealing with the Orient by making statements, authorizing views, describing, teaching, settling, and ruling over it. This discourse helped European culture gain strength by defining itself against an imagined Orient. Orientalism continues to circulate and construct ideas about the East in various cultural forms today.
17 and 18. foucault, parts 1 & 2
Michel Foucault was a 20th century French philosopher known for his works analyzing the relationship between power and knowledge and how they are deployed in society. Some of his major works examined how concepts like madness, medicine, and sexuality are socially constructed. In his work The History of Sexuality, Foucault argued that sexuality became a central part of personal identity in modern Western societies as it became medically categorized and regulated through various institutions seeking to define normalcy and deviance. He analyzed how power operates through subtle controls and surveillance rather than direct force, using the metaphor of the panopticon prison to represent modern disciplinary society.
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This document provides an overview of cultural theorists Stuart Hall and Roland Barthes. It discusses Stuart Hall's work on encoding and decoding messages in media and how audiences do not passively receive information. It also outlines Roland Barthes' work on how dominant ideologies present themselves as natural through images and myth-making. Specifically, it explains Barthes' view of myth as a communication system that removes the reader from an active role and constructs ideas as inherent truths.
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This document discusses identity politics and intersectionality. It provides historical context around the development of identity politics movements in the 1950s-1970s such as civil rights, women's rights, and gay rights. It then discusses the concepts of intersectionality and how multiple overlapping identities interact. The document presents several artworks and excerpts to illustrate these concepts of identity and the experiences of marginalized groups.
13. de beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and philosopher who was heavily influenced by existentialism and Jean-Paul Sartre. She wrote The Second Sex in 1949, which argued that women are socially constructed as the "other" in a patriarchal society, and that this socialization is the root cause of women's oppression, not their biology. De Beauvoir asserted that one is not born a woman but becomes one, and that both individual and social change are needed for women's liberation.
12. adorno
The Frankfurt School was an institute founded in Germany in the 1920s that included thinkers like Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, and others. They critiqued concepts from the Enlightenment like rationality, progress, and domination of nature. They argued that the Enlightenment created its own "myths" and that modern society lives in an era of unfreedom and violence due to "instrumental rationality." They also critiqued mass culture and the culture industry, arguing it led to increasing uniformity and standardization of products that created artificial needs and passivity in individuals in order to reinforce the capitalist system.
11. benjamin
1) You are shocked and overwhelmed by the beauty and skill of Botticelli's The Birth of Venus as a chambermaid from a peasant family serving the wealthy de Medici's.
2) As a young shop assistant from a small village seeing the Mona Lisa for the first time at the Louvre in 1910, you are in awe of da Vinci's masterpiece and the prestige and sophistication of Paris.
3) In 2018 as a new graphic designer, you feel uncomfortable with your colleague's poster of Klimt's The Kiss hanging over your shared desk as intimate artwork in a professional workspace.
10.5 age of progress & anxiety
The late 1800s and early 1900s saw unprecedented changes across Western societies including mass production, mass consumption enabled by new industries, widespread mass education to fuel these new economies, the rise of mass politics as more groups gained the right to vote, and new forms of mass leisure activities. However, this period of rapid economic and social progress also coincided with growing anxieties about these changes and their effects on individuals and traditional ways of life.
10. freud
In his work Civilization and its Discontents, Sigmund Freud applies his psychoanalytic theories about individual psychology to whole societies. He questions why human beings are so miserable in modern civilization and argues that the central problem is maintaining a balance between individual desires and the demands of society. Freud proposes that civilization arises from two drives in human nature: Eros, the life drive, and Thanatos, the death drive. Society controls the individual through internalized discipline and fear of losing love from the community.
9. nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a German philosopher who is known for proclaiming the death of God and developing the concepts of master morality, slave morality, and ressentiment. In his "Parable of the Madman," Nietzsche describes a madman who declares that God is dead and laments who will wipe away this blood from humanity as the murderers of God. Nietzsche analyzed the development of morality from master morality defined by the powerful to slave morality defined in reaction and resentment against the masters. He argued that each person must develop their own moral code through rational reflection and affirmation of life rather than adopting universal morality.
7. marx, part 2
Marx analyzed history and society through the lens of class struggle. He believed that throughout history, society has been divided into opposing classes such as slave and master, peasant and aristocrat, and most currently, bourgeoisie and proletariat. Marx argued that the capitalist system established by the bourgeoisie, while advancing technology and industry, has created new forms of oppression and inequality. He predicted that recurring economic crises under capitalism would grow increasingly severe and ultimately lead to its demise, to be replaced by a socialist and communist society without classes.
6. marx, part 1
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Karl Marx's critique of capitalism. It discusses Marx's view that the industrial revolution led to alienating forms of labor under capitalism where workers are estranged from their work and its products. Marx argued that under capitalism, labor becomes a means to survival rather than a means of self-affirmation. The document also summarizes Marx's views on commodity fetishism and how the capitalist system obscures the actual human labor that goes into producing commodities.
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This document discusses the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and his ideas about history and dialectic. It examines how Hegel viewed history as being driven by ideas and the dialectic process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. It also analyzes Susan Buck-Morss's work connecting Hegel's philosophy to the Haitian Revolution and how slavery and the Enlightenment ideals of freedom were in tension.
4. rousseau
Rousseau believed that humans in a state of nature were solitary yet inherently good and driven by instincts of survival. In civilization, humans become competitive, greedy, and power-hungry due to political inequalities. While walking in the forest, Rousseau contemplated stripping away pretenses to see humanity's true nature, and how civilization has distorted it for the worse. In his work "Confessions", Rousseau resolved to present himself truthfully to show his fellow man an example of natural humanity, claiming he was unlike anyone else in the world.
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This document discusses the views of Immanuel Kant, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Sojourner Truth on education and reason. It examines Kant's definition of enlightenment and his views on how individuals can use reason. It also looks at Wollstonecraft's views on how women were socialized and educated at the time, and how this was harmful. Finally, it considers Truth's perspectives on gender, race, and the connection between reason and rights.
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The document discusses several key aspects of the Enlightenment period in Europe including the questioning of religious and political authorities, the spread of scientific revolution and rationalism, and the emergence of skepticism and emphasis on human reason. It also notes tensions around the universal application of reason and whether it applied equally to all groups of people.
Japanese interment; Atomic Bomb Culture
- In the early 1940s, over 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast of the US were forcibly relocated to internment camps by the US government due to fears following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
- Photographer Dorothea Lange documented the forced removal and internment of Japanese Americans through a series of photographs showing families registering for evacuation, awaiting transport to assembly centers and internment camps, and daily life inside the camps.
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Gramsci
- 1. GRAMSCI HTH 1002 History of Thought II Kara Heitz
- 2. Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) • Italian Communist • Prison Notebooks (1926-1935 • Not published until 1960s & 1970s • Contra economic determinism • Role of Cultural Institutions in capitalist domination
- 3. Cultural Hegemony • Domination through consent not coercion • Ideology of ruling classes seen as “common sense” • Role of cultural institutions • Historic Bloc
- 4. Cultural Hegemony • Lots of different ideologies circulate (not just ones of ruling classes) • Cultural realm as site of constant struggle • Political change? • Crisis of authority
- 5. Gramsci and Intellectuals • Traditional Intellectuals • Organic Intellectuals “The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it.” - Marx, Theses on Feuerbach (1845)
- 7. Hegemonic Myths in America • Who is the “common” person or “real” American? • The “American Dream”? • White Working class shift from Democratic to Republican Party
- 8. Shepard Fairey posters (2017)