Antonio Gramsci discusses politics and culture. He argues that the working class needs to develop its own culture to overcome the notion that bourgeois values are natural. This includes cultural organizations for workers to discuss politics, economics, philosophy and more. Gramsci also stresses the importance of education and developing proletarian culture through economic and political organization, as well as cultural means. He theorizes that ruling classes maintain control not just through force but also ideologically by making their values seem like common sense through hegemonic culture.

1. POLITICS AND CULTURE
Antonio Gramsci
1836410 Ceren Köktürk

2. Content
• Important points
• Cultural association and organization
• A single language
• Culture and class struggle
• Communism and art
• The problem of school
• Questions of culture
• Party art
• Hegemony

3. Keywords
proletariat, bourgeois, hegamony, association,
organization,culture,class struglgle,communism
Important Points
• Hegemony is a concept to show the political leadership of the working-class
in a democratic revolution
• Maintained control not just through violence and political and economic
coercion, but also ideologically, through a hegemonic culture in which the
values of the bourgeoisie became the 'common sense' values of all.
• Working class needed to develop a culture of its own, which would overthrow
the notion that bourgeois values represented 'natural' or 'normal' values for
society

4. Cultural association and organization
• Cultural association is a proletarian institution seeking definite goals
• Proletariat : working-class people regarded collectively (often used
with reference to Marxism)
• The association is the right place to discuss political and economic
actions, religious and philosophical problems
• an organization that sufficient to create proletarian soul.
• exercise of thought, acquisition of general ideas habit of connecting
causes and effects.

5. A single language
• cosmopolitan not an international anxiety.
• the language for beauty more than means of
communication
• language is a thing formed itself and only by sharing life of
the nation, relations, it spreads due to productive activities
like writings, trade and commerce of the people who
speaks same language

6. Culture and class strugle
• The proletariat is a practical construct; the individual proletariats are more or
less educated, equipped by class struggle to understand the most refined
socialist concepts
• They try to adapt themselves the average level of social strata they address
but their articles and propaganda always above this average level
• Turin has proletarian class which continues to absorb new individuals who
are not intellectually developed , not able to understand the full signification of
exploitation to which they are subjected.

7. Communism and art
• Intellectuals held prejudice that the workers movement and communism are
enemies of beauty and art
• proletariats tends to establish the reign of beauty and grace
The problem of school
• Not even claimed that bourgeois class molds the school; even though they
are control the state they have no interest in school.
• School represent the most important and essential public activities,
• Education of practice of the social discipline necessary for realization of
communist society

8. Question of culture
• New modes of labour, new modes of production, a new psychology, new
ways of feeling
• Organizing economically and politically but also culturally itself.
• Proletarian culture, proletarian forces of production of cultural values

9. Hegemony
• In capitalist societies there are two fundamental class which are
bourgeois(the class controls capital) an proletariat (working class)
• Marx’s theory of society refers to infrastructure and superstructure, they are
always in relation and he states that infrastructure determines superstructure.
Infrastructure
(economic relations, modes of productions)
Superstructure
( religion, art, science, politics, morality, culture)
• Gramsci superstructure theory: He formalize superstructure as a combination
of politic and civil society.

10. Hegemony
• Politic society: Hegemony is forced to society( police, prison, military, laws)
• Civil society: Hegemony acquired by ideology or consent of
society(family, education, church,media)
• Ruling class control hegemony by force or consent . But he states that
hegemony cannot ruled by only force.
• According to him, ideology is needed to provide, maintain and reproduce the
hegemony of ruling class

11. Hegemony