13. de beauvoir
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Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and philosopher who was heavily influenced by existentialism and Jean-Paul Sartre. She wrote The Second Sex in 1949, which argued that women are socially constructed as the "other" in a patriarchal society, and that this socialization is the root cause of women's oppression, not their biology. De Beauvoir asserted that one is not born a woman but becomes one, and that both individual and social change are needed for women's liberation.
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Humanism
Jean-Paul Sartre was a prominent 20th century French philosopher who popularized existentialism. Some key ideas of existentialism are that human existence precedes essence, meaning what we are is defined by our own free choices rather than a predetermined human nature, and that we are radically free and responsible for our actions. Existentialism emphasizes the subjective experience and viewpoint of the individual. It argues that without God, humans must invent their own values and ethics through free will. While criticized for being too pessimistic, existentialism maintains an optimistic view of human freedom and possibility for change.
Existentialism sartre etc.-
Existentialism was concerned with radical freedom, the nature of being, and responsibility. Key figures included Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Martin Heidegger, and Edmund Husserl. Sartre believed that existence precedes essence, meaning humans define themselves through their actions rather than having a predetermined nature. For Sartre, people are condemned to be free without excuses or God, resulting in anguish over absolute responsibility. De Beauvoir applied existentialist thought to feminism, arguing that womanhood is a social construct used to oppress women. Phenomenology focused on investigating conscious experiences without assumptions, while Heidegger explored the question of being and our tendency to get lost
Existentialism and Humanism
This is the book of Jean-Paul Sarte talking about the concept of Existentialism - the three-word sentence 'existence precedes essence'.
Existentialism is a Humanism - Sartre
My preferred book of him so far, although there are some parts I don't understand yet and it's in English version.
Female existentialists world congress may 2015
These women made important contributions to existential philosophy but were often overlooked. Lou Salome criticized notions of male purity and penetration in her work on eroticism. Edith Stein's work on intersubjectivity explored how relationships can give life meaning or lead to dread. Simone de Beauvoir advocated for creating situations where people can support each other's freedom and growth. Overall they demonstrated how existential themes like ambiguity and commitment are relevant to understanding female experience.
Key difference between Existentialism vs Absurdism
This document provides an overview of the key differences between existentialism and absurdism. Existentialism believes that individuals can create their own subjective meaning through free will and awareness, since the world has no inherent objective meaning. Absurdism holds that humans seek meaning in a universe that is inherently meaningless, creating an absurd contradiction. Examples of existentialist works include Waiting for Godot, while Albert Camus was a founder of the absurdist philosophy. The document also cites sources for further information.
Presentation1 - Thesis 1
This document presents two hypotheses:
1) That people are made up of multiple personalities and tend to express only one, repressing others, leading to frustration.
2) That exploring one's selves in less constrained environments allows people to experience different perspectives and identities, leading to greater self-understanding, acceptance of others, and a less frustrating life.
The document outlines research on this topic, including the history of theater and role playing, benefits of expressing different personalities in therapy, education, and moral development, and how virtual worlds can serve as platforms for publicly expressing multiple identities.
20. butler
Judith Butler is an American philosopher known for her work in feminism, queer theory, and political theory. Some of her major works examine gender and sexuality, challenging essentialist views. In Gender Trouble, she argues that gender is a social construct and performative, rather than determined by sex or biology. She asserts that there is no innate gender identity and that gender is formed through citational acts over time. Butler seeks to deconstruct notions of fixed gender and sexuality, viewing them as cultural rather than natural categories.
Recommended
Humanism
Jean-Paul Sartre was a prominent 20th century French philosopher who popularized existentialism. Some key ideas of existentialism are that human existence precedes essence, meaning what we are is defined by our own free choices rather than a predetermined human nature, and that we are radically free and responsible for our actions. Existentialism emphasizes the subjective experience and viewpoint of the individual. It argues that without God, humans must invent their own values and ethics through free will. While criticized for being too pessimistic, existentialism maintains an optimistic view of human freedom and possibility for change.
Existentialism sartre etc.-
Existentialism was concerned with radical freedom, the nature of being, and responsibility. Key figures included Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Martin Heidegger, and Edmund Husserl. Sartre believed that existence precedes essence, meaning humans define themselves through their actions rather than having a predetermined nature. For Sartre, people are condemned to be free without excuses or God, resulting in anguish over absolute responsibility. De Beauvoir applied existentialist thought to feminism, arguing that womanhood is a social construct used to oppress women. Phenomenology focused on investigating conscious experiences without assumptions, while Heidegger explored the question of being and our tendency to get lost
Existentialism and Humanism
This is the book of Jean-Paul Sarte talking about the concept of Existentialism - the three-word sentence 'existence precedes essence'.
Existentialism is a Humanism - Sartre
My preferred book of him so far, although there are some parts I don't understand yet and it's in English version.
Female existentialists world congress may 2015
These women made important contributions to existential philosophy but were often overlooked. Lou Salome criticized notions of male purity and penetration in her work on eroticism. Edith Stein's work on intersubjectivity explored how relationships can give life meaning or lead to dread. Simone de Beauvoir advocated for creating situations where people can support each other's freedom and growth. Overall they demonstrated how existential themes like ambiguity and commitment are relevant to understanding female experience.
Key difference between Existentialism vs Absurdism
This document provides an overview of the key differences between existentialism and absurdism. Existentialism believes that individuals can create their own subjective meaning through free will and awareness, since the world has no inherent objective meaning. Absurdism holds that humans seek meaning in a universe that is inherently meaningless, creating an absurd contradiction. Examples of existentialist works include Waiting for Godot, while Albert Camus was a founder of the absurdist philosophy. The document also cites sources for further information.
Presentation1 - Thesis 1
This document presents two hypotheses:
1) That people are made up of multiple personalities and tend to express only one, repressing others, leading to frustration.
2) That exploring one's selves in less constrained environments allows people to experience different perspectives and identities, leading to greater self-understanding, acceptance of others, and a less frustrating life.
The document outlines research on this topic, including the history of theater and role playing, benefits of expressing different personalities in therapy, education, and moral development, and how virtual worlds can serve as platforms for publicly expressing multiple identities.
20. butler
Judith Butler is an American philosopher known for her work in feminism, queer theory, and political theory. Some of her major works examine gender and sexuality, challenging essentialist views. In Gender Trouble, she argues that gender is a social construct and performative, rather than determined by sex or biology. She asserts that there is no innate gender identity and that gender is formed through citational acts over time. Butler seeks to deconstruct notions of fixed gender and sexuality, viewing them as cultural rather than natural categories.
Existentialism
This document provides an overview of existentialism. It discusses some of the key philosophers who contributed to the development of existentialism such as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Sartre. It also examines how existentialism influenced literature and how existential concepts are still relevant today in fields like education, psychology, and film. The document concludes by exploring how existentialism relates to Christianity and Islam from philosophical and theological perspectives.
Existentialism
This document provides an overview and analysis of existentialist ideas and themes in the play "Foot Hold" by Taufiq Rafat. It defines key existentialist concepts like angst, despair, responsibility, and the absurd. It analyzes how these themes are presented in characters and events in the play, such as the protagonist Saleem's angst over finding meaning in life. The document also discusses other existentialist ideas depicted in the play, including the themes of the Other, alienation, freedom and value, and the responsibility of individuals to define their own essence. It concludes that Foot Hold effectively brings forth the essential elements of existentialism through its story and characters.
TURNESSAYINHEREWHENFINISHED-TiffaniShorter
The document discusses queer theory and its application to the novel Bad Boy by Walter Dean Myers. Queer theory examines sexuality and gender identity as social constructs. In the novel, the author hints that the main character Walter may be questioning his sexuality or identity, though it is never explicitly stated. Walter lies about having had sex, which could indicate he is afraid to come out or discuss his sexuality. Society often enforces essential traits of masculinity and femininity, though queer theory challenges these predefined roles and identities.
Focault
Focault analyzed how society had become "panopticized" with constant surveillance creating self-policing behaviors. Reality TV reflects this, as participants know they are constantly watched, changing their natural behaviors. Social media further extends surveillance, with idealized online profiles reflecting the desire to control one's observed image. As audiences watch curated online lives, a dependence on observing others emerges, making the viewers the controllers in a postmodern voyeuristic society.
Existentialslides11
This document provides diagrams and explanations related to structural existential analysis (SEA). It includes diagrams mapping existential philosophers, practitioners, emotions, dimensions of life, and concepts like Minkowski's zones of time. It discusses phenomenological concepts like intentionality, assumptions and prejudice, the phenomenological method including phenomenological, eidetic and transcendental reduction, and working with bias. The document serves as a reference tool for understanding key ideas in existential philosophy and analysis.
Nihilism
Nihilism is a philosophy that denies all existence and meaning. It involves a rejection of all religious and moral values. Historically, some revolutionary groups in 19th century Russia took on the label of "Nihilists" as they scorned tradition and authority. While Nietzsche is often seen as a philosophical nihilist, he actually believed in free will and art's ability to communicate free will. However, his views did have a basis in nihilism's view that reality is ultimately meaningless and existence is aimless suffering. A nihilistic view is that things like abortion, politics, religion, and immigration do not matter because reality does not truly exist.
Existentialism
- Relativism holds that points of view have no absolute truth and that knowledge, morality, and truth are relative to factors like culture or historical context rather than being absolute.
- There are two main forms of moral relativism - individual relativism where individuals create their own moral standards, and cultural relativism where morality is grounded in societal approval rather than individual preferences.
- The first expression of relativism was from Protagoras, who said that how things appear to each individual is true for that individual and there is no objective truth apart from individual perspectives.
Queer theory
Queer theory examines non-normative expressions of gender and sexuality. It rejects the idea that identities fit into fixed categories like male/female or gay/straight. Key theorists include Judith Butler, who argued that gender and other identities are fluid and performed rather than expressing an inner essence. Queer theory looks at ambiguity and fluidity in representations, describing spaces outside of binary categories as "queer spaces." It also defines "queer texts" as those dealing with queer themes or allowing queer readings that identify subtext.
Media representation presentation
Stuart Hall developed reception theory and the theory of encoding and decoding. He argues that audiences do not passively accept media texts, but actively negotiate meaning. Hall believes that culture is a site of social action and intervention where power relations can be established or challenged. He views identity as an ongoing cultural production rather than a fixed attribute, and has discussed how notions of race and ethnicity are socially constructed. Hall's influential work examines how institutions like the media can manipulate representations of issues like crime statistics for political purposes and ignite moral panics.
Queer theory
Queer Theory rejects conventional notions of identity, including sexual, gender, racial, and ability-based identities. It argues that identities exist on a fluid spectrum rather than rigid binary categories like male/female or gay/straight. Judith Butler's work suggests that gender is a social construct rather than a biological essence, and is performed through behaviors and expressions that are culturally defined as masculine or feminine. Queer Theory challenges dominant assumptions about identity and normalization, seeking to expand representation and understanding of identity beyond limited mainstream portrayals.
Judith Butler - Resource Pack
Judith Butler is an influential American philosopher and gender theorist. She earned her PhD from Yale University in 1984 and is currently a professor at UC Berkeley. Butler is known for her work on gender performativity and queer theory. She argues that gender is a social construct rather than a biological fact, and is performed through repetitive acts over time. Her books Gender Trouble and Bodies That Matter were influential in establishing these ideas.
existentialism in "The Flies" by Jean Paul Sarte
This presentation brings out Jean Paul Sarte's existential philosophy illustrated in the play The Flies, an original work based on the understanding of the text and Sarte's philosophy.
Dare to Dream and Live those Dreams. Naima Minhas!
Liam Metcalfe - Unit 4: theorists and theories
Laura Mulvey and John Berger developed theories about how the media objectifies women for the male gaze. Bell Hooks argues that media underrepresents and stereotypes black women. Stuart Hall examined how black subjects are portrayed in different historical stages. Uses and gratification theory explores how audiences actively engage with media differently. Propp's and Todorov's narrative theories analyzed common story structures. Levi-Strauss examined how opposing themes like good vs evil drive narratives.
Judith Butler
Judith Butler is a theorist of power, gender, sexuality and identity who is a professor at UC Berkeley. In her influential book Gender Trouble, she argued that feminism reinforced a binary view of gender that limited choices. She suggested gender should be seen as fluid and changing based on context, rather than fixed, and that it is performed rather than expressing an inner essence. This perspective has implications for how gender is represented in media, which can disseminate alternative images and influence norms through symbols.
Butler
Judith Butler is an American philosopher known for her work in feminism, queer theory, and political theory. Some of her major works examine gender and identity, challenging traditional understandings. She argues that gender is performative and constructed through repetitive acts rather than being a stable and innate property. Butler also questions the categorization of "woman" and deconstructs notions of a fixed biological sex or natural body.
Baudrillard for visrhet
This document discusses Jean Baudrillard's theories on simulation and the lack of meaning in a hyper-real world. It presents several quotes from Baudrillard on topics like the proliferation of information without meaning, the nonexistence of truth, and the evacuation of qualities like depth and authenticity in postmodern culture. The document provides context for Baudrillard's sometimes provocative views and examines what his work means for design and visual rhetoric.
Final Book Review
1) The document discusses breaking down social constructs like the "man box" and gender codes that influence how people see themselves and each other. It focuses on how these constructs impact society in negative ways.
2) It summarizes key points from Laurie Penny's book "Unspeakable Things", which critiques narrow beauty standards and expectations placed on women. Penny argues these standards lead to oppression and lack of opportunity.
3) The main takeaway is that capitalism and neoliberalism prioritize business and money over human happiness. They influence society to view everything, including people, in market terms. Breaking down restrictive social codes is important for creating greater equity.
Victor frankl
Viktor Frankl was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded logotherapy. Some key points about him:
- He survived Nazi concentration camps and drew upon his experiences to develop logotherapy, which focuses on a person's will to find meaning.
- His most influential work, Man's Search for Meaning, analyzed how even in terrible circumstances like concentration camps, finding meaning in life allows one to endure suffering.
- Logotherapy contends that the primary human motivation is to search for meaning rather than pleasure or power. The therapist helps clients discover meaning rather than prescribe it.
- Frankl made major contributions to existential philosophy and psychotherapy through his emphasis on meaning and fulfillment as central to
Storyline
1) Three friends go camping in the woods near Peaslake.
2) While two friends pitch the tent, the third goes to collect firewood.
3) He sees a figure in the woods and runs back to camp screaming, having tripped over a dead body.
Light to the Nations - Week 10
This document summarizes the philosophies of Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and their influence on modern culture. It discusses how Sartre rejected God and his father, viewing man as having absolute freedom. De Beauvoir built on this to argue that femininity is inferior and the maternal instinct must be destroyed. Together they attacked the union of man and woman. This document argues their philosophy was synthesized into the birth control pill, allowing women to approximate men's freedom, leading to profound cultural changes. It traces the pill's development and testing on women. The conclusion is that thought shapes culture in deeper ways than realized.
Second Sex Intro Powerpoint.pptx
The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir from 1949 argues that one is not born, but rather becomes a woman. De Beauvoir establishes a distinction between biological sex and the social/historical construction of gender. She rejects the traditional view that women have a fixed feminine essence, arguing instead that femininity is a historical and social situation. De Beauvoir analyzes how women have traditionally been viewed as the "Other" in a patriarchal society, where men are defined as the positive subjects and women are the negative objects. She explores how this affects women's access to power and autonomy in their lives.
Sartre presentatIN wESTERN pHILOSOPHICAL AND pOLITICAL THOUGHT
Jean-Paul Sartre was a French philosopher who was a key figure in the philosophy of existentialism. Some of his major ideas included that humans have radical freedom and are condemned to be free. People are responsible for their own actions and cannot blame external factors like their upbringing or environment. Sartre also argued that through our choices we create our own essence rather than having a predetermined purpose or nature. His works such as Being and Nothingness and Existentialism is a Humanism explored these concepts of individual freedom, responsibility, and the need to create our own meaning in life.
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This document provides an overview of existentialism. It discusses some of the key philosophers who contributed to the development of existentialism such as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Sartre. It also examines how existentialism influenced literature and how existential concepts are still relevant today in fields like education, psychology, and film. The document concludes by exploring how existentialism relates to Christianity and Islam from philosophical and theological perspectives.
Existentialism
This document provides an overview and analysis of existentialist ideas and themes in the play "Foot Hold" by Taufiq Rafat. It defines key existentialist concepts like angst, despair, responsibility, and the absurd. It analyzes how these themes are presented in characters and events in the play, such as the protagonist Saleem's angst over finding meaning in life. The document also discusses other existentialist ideas depicted in the play, including the themes of the Other, alienation, freedom and value, and the responsibility of individuals to define their own essence. It concludes that Foot Hold effectively brings forth the essential elements of existentialism through its story and characters.
TURNESSAYINHEREWHENFINISHED-TiffaniShorter
The document discusses queer theory and its application to the novel Bad Boy by Walter Dean Myers. Queer theory examines sexuality and gender identity as social constructs. In the novel, the author hints that the main character Walter may be questioning his sexuality or identity, though it is never explicitly stated. Walter lies about having had sex, which could indicate he is afraid to come out or discuss his sexuality. Society often enforces essential traits of masculinity and femininity, though queer theory challenges these predefined roles and identities.
Focault
Focault analyzed how society had become "panopticized" with constant surveillance creating self-policing behaviors. Reality TV reflects this, as participants know they are constantly watched, changing their natural behaviors. Social media further extends surveillance, with idealized online profiles reflecting the desire to control one's observed image. As audiences watch curated online lives, a dependence on observing others emerges, making the viewers the controllers in a postmodern voyeuristic society.
Existentialslides11
This document provides diagrams and explanations related to structural existential analysis (SEA). It includes diagrams mapping existential philosophers, practitioners, emotions, dimensions of life, and concepts like Minkowski's zones of time. It discusses phenomenological concepts like intentionality, assumptions and prejudice, the phenomenological method including phenomenological, eidetic and transcendental reduction, and working with bias. The document serves as a reference tool for understanding key ideas in existential philosophy and analysis.
Nihilism
Nihilism is a philosophy that denies all existence and meaning. It involves a rejection of all religious and moral values. Historically, some revolutionary groups in 19th century Russia took on the label of "Nihilists" as they scorned tradition and authority. While Nietzsche is often seen as a philosophical nihilist, he actually believed in free will and art's ability to communicate free will. However, his views did have a basis in nihilism's view that reality is ultimately meaningless and existence is aimless suffering. A nihilistic view is that things like abortion, politics, religion, and immigration do not matter because reality does not truly exist.
Existentialism
- Relativism holds that points of view have no absolute truth and that knowledge, morality, and truth are relative to factors like culture or historical context rather than being absolute.
- There are two main forms of moral relativism - individual relativism where individuals create their own moral standards, and cultural relativism where morality is grounded in societal approval rather than individual preferences.
- The first expression of relativism was from Protagoras, who said that how things appear to each individual is true for that individual and there is no objective truth apart from individual perspectives.
Queer theory
Queer theory examines non-normative expressions of gender and sexuality. It rejects the idea that identities fit into fixed categories like male/female or gay/straight. Key theorists include Judith Butler, who argued that gender and other identities are fluid and performed rather than expressing an inner essence. Queer theory looks at ambiguity and fluidity in representations, describing spaces outside of binary categories as "queer spaces." It also defines "queer texts" as those dealing with queer themes or allowing queer readings that identify subtext.
Media representation presentation
Stuart Hall developed reception theory and the theory of encoding and decoding. He argues that audiences do not passively accept media texts, but actively negotiate meaning. Hall believes that culture is a site of social action and intervention where power relations can be established or challenged. He views identity as an ongoing cultural production rather than a fixed attribute, and has discussed how notions of race and ethnicity are socially constructed. Hall's influential work examines how institutions like the media can manipulate representations of issues like crime statistics for political purposes and ignite moral panics.
Queer theory
Queer Theory rejects conventional notions of identity, including sexual, gender, racial, and ability-based identities. It argues that identities exist on a fluid spectrum rather than rigid binary categories like male/female or gay/straight. Judith Butler's work suggests that gender is a social construct rather than a biological essence, and is performed through behaviors and expressions that are culturally defined as masculine or feminine. Queer Theory challenges dominant assumptions about identity and normalization, seeking to expand representation and understanding of identity beyond limited mainstream portrayals.
Judith Butler - Resource Pack
Judith Butler is an influential American philosopher and gender theorist. She earned her PhD from Yale University in 1984 and is currently a professor at UC Berkeley. Butler is known for her work on gender performativity and queer theory. She argues that gender is a social construct rather than a biological fact, and is performed through repetitive acts over time. Her books Gender Trouble and Bodies That Matter were influential in establishing these ideas.
existentialism in "The Flies" by Jean Paul Sarte
This presentation brings out Jean Paul Sarte's existential philosophy illustrated in the play The Flies, an original work based on the understanding of the text and Sarte's philosophy.
Dare to Dream and Live those Dreams. Naima Minhas!
Liam Metcalfe - Unit 4: theorists and theories
Laura Mulvey and John Berger developed theories about how the media objectifies women for the male gaze. Bell Hooks argues that media underrepresents and stereotypes black women. Stuart Hall examined how black subjects are portrayed in different historical stages. Uses and gratification theory explores how audiences actively engage with media differently. Propp's and Todorov's narrative theories analyzed common story structures. Levi-Strauss examined how opposing themes like good vs evil drive narratives.
Judith Butler
Judith Butler is a theorist of power, gender, sexuality and identity who is a professor at UC Berkeley. In her influential book Gender Trouble, she argued that feminism reinforced a binary view of gender that limited choices. She suggested gender should be seen as fluid and changing based on context, rather than fixed, and that it is performed rather than expressing an inner essence. This perspective has implications for how gender is represented in media, which can disseminate alternative images and influence norms through symbols.
Butler
Judith Butler is an American philosopher known for her work in feminism, queer theory, and political theory. Some of her major works examine gender and identity, challenging traditional understandings. She argues that gender is performative and constructed through repetitive acts rather than being a stable and innate property. Butler also questions the categorization of "woman" and deconstructs notions of a fixed biological sex or natural body.
Baudrillard for visrhet
This document discusses Jean Baudrillard's theories on simulation and the lack of meaning in a hyper-real world. It presents several quotes from Baudrillard on topics like the proliferation of information without meaning, the nonexistence of truth, and the evacuation of qualities like depth and authenticity in postmodern culture. The document provides context for Baudrillard's sometimes provocative views and examines what his work means for design and visual rhetoric.
Final Book Review
1) The document discusses breaking down social constructs like the "man box" and gender codes that influence how people see themselves and each other. It focuses on how these constructs impact society in negative ways.
2) It summarizes key points from Laurie Penny's book "Unspeakable Things", which critiques narrow beauty standards and expectations placed on women. Penny argues these standards lead to oppression and lack of opportunity.
3) The main takeaway is that capitalism and neoliberalism prioritize business and money over human happiness. They influence society to view everything, including people, in market terms. Breaking down restrictive social codes is important for creating greater equity.
Victor frankl
Viktor Frankl was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded logotherapy. Some key points about him:
- He survived Nazi concentration camps and drew upon his experiences to develop logotherapy, which focuses on a person's will to find meaning.
- His most influential work, Man's Search for Meaning, analyzed how even in terrible circumstances like concentration camps, finding meaning in life allows one to endure suffering.
- Logotherapy contends that the primary human motivation is to search for meaning rather than pleasure or power. The therapist helps clients discover meaning rather than prescribe it.
- Frankl made major contributions to existential philosophy and psychotherapy through his emphasis on meaning and fulfillment as central to
Storyline
1) Three friends go camping in the woods near Peaslake.
2) While two friends pitch the tent, the third goes to collect firewood.
3) He sees a figure in the woods and runs back to camp screaming, having tripped over a dead body.
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This document summarizes the philosophies of Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and their influence on modern culture. It discusses how Sartre rejected God and his father, viewing man as having absolute freedom. De Beauvoir built on this to argue that femininity is inferior and the maternal instinct must be destroyed. Together they attacked the union of man and woman. This document argues their philosophy was synthesized into the birth control pill, allowing women to approximate men's freedom, leading to profound cultural changes. It traces the pill's development and testing on women. The conclusion is that thought shapes culture in deeper ways than realized.
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This document provides an overview of existentialist philosophy through key concepts and thinkers. It discusses how existentialism emphasizes existence over essence, and that humans define themselves through their actions and choices in a world with no inherent meaning or purpose. Individuals have radical freedom and are solely responsible for determining right and wrong. The document also examines concepts of absurdity, nothingness, anxiety, and authenticity in existentialist thought using examples from philosophers like Sartre, Camus, and Nietzsche.
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The document discusses several key aspects of existentialist philosophy:
1. Existentialism emphasizes individual freedom and responsibility - people have complete freedom to determine their own fate through conscious choices. This means the self is always becoming rather than a fixed essence.
2. With no inherent meaning, the individual must create their own meaning and purpose in life. Morality is also subjective rather than imposed from outside authorities.
3. Existentialist thinkers like Sartre, Camus, and Heidegger explored themes of absurdity, anxiety, authenticity, and finding meaning in a world without inherent purpose or design. They rejected religious and ideological authorities in favor of personal responsibility.
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21. postmodernism
Postmodernism rejects universal theories and meta-narratives in favor of local and contextual explanations. It is skeptical of ideas of progress, scientific truth, and cultural unity. Postmodernism sees identity as fragmented and emphasizes subcultures, image, and surface appearance over depth and originality. Postmodern art mixes styles, rejects notions of artistic purity, and blurs distinctions between high and popular culture. Postmodern thinkers deconstruct power structures and essentialist ideas of gender, sexuality, and race.
19. said
Edward Said's book Orientalism argues that the Orient has been imagined and constructed by the West through a discourse called Orientalism. This discourse involves producing knowledge about the Orient through academic and artistic works that help dominate and exert authority over it. Said defines Orientalism as a Western style and corporate institution for dealing with the Orient by making statements, authorizing views, describing, teaching, settling, and ruling over it. This discourse helped European culture gain strength by defining itself against an imagined Orient. Orientalism continues to circulate and construct ideas about the East in various cultural forms today.
17 and 18. foucault, parts 1 & 2
Michel Foucault was a 20th century French philosopher known for his works analyzing the relationship between power and knowledge and how they are deployed in society. Some of his major works examined how concepts like madness, medicine, and sexuality are socially constructed. In his work The History of Sexuality, Foucault argued that sexuality became a central part of personal identity in modern Western societies as it became medically categorized and regulated through various institutions seeking to define normalcy and deviance. He analyzed how power operates through subtle controls and surveillance rather than direct force, using the metaphor of the panopticon prison to represent modern disciplinary society.
16. barthes & hall
This document provides an overview of cultural theorists Stuart Hall and Roland Barthes. It discusses Stuart Hall's work on encoding and decoding messages in media and how audiences do not passively receive information. It also outlines Roland Barthes' work on how dominant ideologies present themselves as natural through images and myth-making. Specifically, it explains Barthes' view of myth as a communication system that removes the reader from an active role and constructs ideas as inherent truths.
15. combahee, anzaldua
This document discusses identity politics and intersectionality. It provides historical context around the development of identity politics movements in the 1950s-1970s such as civil rights, women's rights, and gay rights. It then discusses the concepts of intersectionality and how multiple overlapping identities interact. The document presents several artworks and excerpts to illustrate these concepts of identity and the experiences of marginalized groups.
14. fanon & baldwin
This document discusses black existentialism through the works of Frantz Fanon and James Baldwin. It summarizes that black existentialism shares similarities with existentialist philosophers like Sartre but focuses on the liberation of all people of color rather than individual freedom. It provides biographical context of Fanon and Baldwin, outlining their major works and influences. Both writers examined issues of colonialism, racism, and identity from the perspective of being black in a white-dominated world.
12. adorno
The Frankfurt School was an institute founded in Germany in the 1920s that included thinkers like Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, and others. They critiqued concepts from the Enlightenment like rationality, progress, and domination of nature. They argued that the Enlightenment created its own "myths" and that modern society lives in an era of unfreedom and violence due to "instrumental rationality." They also critiqued mass culture and the culture industry, arguing it led to increasing uniformity and standardization of products that created artificial needs and passivity in individuals in order to reinforce the capitalist system.
11. benjamin
1) You are shocked and overwhelmed by the beauty and skill of Botticelli's The Birth of Venus as a chambermaid from a peasant family serving the wealthy de Medici's.
2) As a young shop assistant from a small village seeing the Mona Lisa for the first time at the Louvre in 1910, you are in awe of da Vinci's masterpiece and the prestige and sophistication of Paris.
3) In 2018 as a new graphic designer, you feel uncomfortable with your colleague's poster of Klimt's The Kiss hanging over your shared desk as intimate artwork in a professional workspace.
10.5 age of progress & anxiety
The late 1800s and early 1900s saw unprecedented changes across Western societies including mass production, mass consumption enabled by new industries, widespread mass education to fuel these new economies, the rise of mass politics as more groups gained the right to vote, and new forms of mass leisure activities. However, this period of rapid economic and social progress also coincided with growing anxieties about these changes and their effects on individuals and traditional ways of life.
10. freud
In his work Civilization and its Discontents, Sigmund Freud applies his psychoanalytic theories about individual psychology to whole societies. He questions why human beings are so miserable in modern civilization and argues that the central problem is maintaining a balance between individual desires and the demands of society. Freud proposes that civilization arises from two drives in human nature: Eros, the life drive, and Thanatos, the death drive. Society controls the individual through internalized discipline and fear of losing love from the community.
9. nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a German philosopher who is known for proclaiming the death of God and developing the concepts of master morality, slave morality, and ressentiment. In his "Parable of the Madman," Nietzsche describes a madman who declares that God is dead and laments who will wipe away this blood from humanity as the murderers of God. Nietzsche analyzed the development of morality from master morality defined by the powerful to slave morality defined in reaction and resentment against the masters. He argued that each person must develop their own moral code through rational reflection and affirmation of life rather than adopting universal morality.
7. marx, part 2
Marx analyzed history and society through the lens of class struggle. He believed that throughout history, society has been divided into opposing classes such as slave and master, peasant and aristocrat, and most currently, bourgeoisie and proletariat. Marx argued that the capitalist system established by the bourgeoisie, while advancing technology and industry, has created new forms of oppression and inequality. He predicted that recurring economic crises under capitalism would grow increasingly severe and ultimately lead to its demise, to be replaced by a socialist and communist society without classes.
6. marx, part 1
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Karl Marx's critique of capitalism. It discusses Marx's view that the industrial revolution led to alienating forms of labor under capitalism where workers are estranged from their work and its products. Marx argued that under capitalism, labor becomes a means to survival rather than a means of self-affirmation. The document also summarizes Marx's views on commodity fetishism and how the capitalist system obscures the actual human labor that goes into producing commodities.
5. hegel
This document discusses the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and his ideas about history and dialectic. It examines how Hegel viewed history as being driven by ideas and the dialectic process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. It also analyzes Susan Buck-Morss's work connecting Hegel's philosophy to the Haitian Revolution and how slavery and the Enlightenment ideals of freedom were in tension.
4. rousseau
Rousseau believed that humans in a state of nature were solitary yet inherently good and driven by instincts of survival. In civilization, humans become competitive, greedy, and power-hungry due to political inequalities. While walking in the forest, Rousseau contemplated stripping away pretenses to see humanity's true nature, and how civilization has distorted it for the worse. In his work "Confessions", Rousseau resolved to present himself truthfully to show his fellow man an example of natural humanity, claiming he was unlike anyone else in the world.
3. kant, wollstonecraft, truth
This document discusses the views of Immanuel Kant, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Sojourner Truth on education and reason. It examines Kant's definition of enlightenment and his views on how individuals can use reason. It also looks at Wollstonecraft's views on how women were socialized and educated at the time, and how this was harmful. Finally, it considers Truth's perspectives on gender, race, and the connection between reason and rights.
Course Introduction: 1930s America & Hollywood
This document provides an introduction to a course on art and history during the "Long 1930s." It discusses the context of the 1920s in America, including prosperity, new consumer goods, and a culture of exuberance. It then outlines how the 1930s was defined by the Great Depression and explores mass culture during this period, focusing on radio and the movie-going experience. It includes a quote that describes the split personality of Depression culture between grappling with economic disaster and creating entertainment as a form of escapism and coming to terms with hard times.
Enlightenment review; Descartes & Locke
The document discusses several key aspects of the Enlightenment period in Europe including the questioning of religious and political authorities, the spread of scientific revolution and rationalism, and the emergence of skepticism and emphasis on human reason. It also notes tensions around the universal application of reason and whether it applied equally to all groups of people.
Jameson
Fredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist cultural theorist known for his analyses of cultural production through a Marxist lens. Some of his major works examine postmodernism and its relationship to late stage capitalism. He argues that postmodernism rejects grand narratives and totalizing theories in favor of local and contingent perspectives. It also reflects a weakening of connections to history, a focus on surface level images and signifiers over depth, and the fragmentation of identity. Jameson analyzes how postmodern culture in late capitalism reflects features like the breakdown of high and low culture, a weakening of our ties to history through nostalgia, and a sense of superficiality and depthlessness in popular culture.
Japanese interment; Atomic Bomb Culture
- In the early 1940s, over 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast of the US were forcibly relocated to internment camps by the US government due to fears following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
- Photographer Dorothea Lange documented the forced removal and internment of Japanese Americans through a series of photographs showing families registering for evacuation, awaiting transport to assembly centers and internment camps, and daily life inside the camps.
- The internment camps were run by the War Relocation Authority and held people of Japanese ancestry for the duration of World War II, from 1942 to 1945, despite them posing no security threat to the United States.
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13. de beauvoir
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- 2. Simone De Beauvoir (1908-1986) • Writer, feminist, philosopher, existentialist • Family background • Zaza’s death • Education • Relationship with Sartre • Lifelong career as public intellectual
- 3. Existentialism • Nietzsche’s parable of the madman – is nihilism the only response? • Human freedom as central • Anguish of existence • Bad faith • Free will, individual choice, responsibility • Existence precedes essence • De Beauvoir’s existentialism “… man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world – and defines himself afterwards. If man as the existentialist sees him is not definable, it is because to begin with he is nothing. He will not be anything until later, and then he will be what he makes of himself.” - Jean-Paul Sartre
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- 5. The Second Sex (1949) • Man as “self”, women as “other” • Self = standard, norm, subject • “Self” needs other for its identity • “Self” defined in relation to “other” • Binaries in Western thought • Masculine/feminine, nature/culture, reason/emotion, mind/body, etc. • Oppression stems from recognition of this co-dependence by the “self”
- 6. The Second Sex (1949) • Women often complicit in their own oppression • Liberation is both an individual and social transformation • Universality of female oppression • Critiques?