3. kant, wollstonecraft, truth
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This document discusses the views of Immanuel Kant, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Sojourner Truth on education and reason. It examines Kant's definition of enlightenment and his views on how individuals can use reason. It also looks at Wollstonecraft's views on how women were socialized and educated at the time, and how this was harmful. Finally, it considers Truth's perspectives on gender, race, and the connection between reason and rights.
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- True learning happens through real-world experiences and connections, not by compartmentalizing knowledge.
- Society would benefit by moving away from the idea that everyone must earn a living through traditional work, and instead support more learning and problem-solving.
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2) The three waves of feminism - first wave in the 19th-early 20th century focused on rights like voting, second wave from 1960s-1990s addressed issues like reproductive rights and equality, and third wave from 1990s aims for social and economic equality.
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20. butler
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19. said
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13. de beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and philosopher who was heavily influenced by existentialism and Jean-Paul Sartre. She wrote The Second Sex in 1949, which argued that women are socially constructed as the "other" in a patriarchal society, and that this socialization is the root cause of women's oppression, not their biology. De Beauvoir asserted that one is not born a woman but becomes one, and that both individual and social change are needed for women's liberation.
12. adorno
The Frankfurt School was an institute founded in Germany in the 1920s that included thinkers like Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, and others. They critiqued concepts from the Enlightenment like rationality, progress, and domination of nature. They argued that the Enlightenment created its own "myths" and that modern society lives in an era of unfreedom and violence due to "instrumental rationality." They also critiqued mass culture and the culture industry, arguing it led to increasing uniformity and standardization of products that created artificial needs and passivity in individuals in order to reinforce the capitalist system.
11. benjamin
1) You are shocked and overwhelmed by the beauty and skill of Botticelli's The Birth of Venus as a chambermaid from a peasant family serving the wealthy de Medici's.
2) As a young shop assistant from a small village seeing the Mona Lisa for the first time at the Louvre in 1910, you are in awe of da Vinci's masterpiece and the prestige and sophistication of Paris.
3) In 2018 as a new graphic designer, you feel uncomfortable with your colleague's poster of Klimt's The Kiss hanging over your shared desk as intimate artwork in a professional workspace.
10.5 age of progress & anxiety
The late 1800s and early 1900s saw unprecedented changes across Western societies including mass production, mass consumption enabled by new industries, widespread mass education to fuel these new economies, the rise of mass politics as more groups gained the right to vote, and new forms of mass leisure activities. However, this period of rapid economic and social progress also coincided with growing anxieties about these changes and their effects on individuals and traditional ways of life.
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- Formal education does not always support learning and can undermine local values and ways of living.
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- Society would benefit by moving away from the idea that everyone must earn a living through traditional work, and instead support more learning and problem-solving.
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20. butler
Judith Butler is an American philosopher known for her work in feminism, queer theory, and political theory. Some of her major works examine gender and sexuality, challenging essentialist views. In Gender Trouble, she argues that gender is a social construct and performative, rather than determined by sex or biology. She asserts that there is no innate gender identity and that gender is formed through citational acts over time. Butler seeks to deconstruct notions of fixed gender and sexuality, viewing them as cultural rather than natural categories.
19. said
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14. fanon & baldwin
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13. de beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and philosopher who was heavily influenced by existentialism and Jean-Paul Sartre. She wrote The Second Sex in 1949, which argued that women are socially constructed as the "other" in a patriarchal society, and that this socialization is the root cause of women's oppression, not their biology. De Beauvoir asserted that one is not born a woman but becomes one, and that both individual and social change are needed for women's liberation.
12. adorno
The Frankfurt School was an institute founded in Germany in the 1920s that included thinkers like Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, and others. They critiqued concepts from the Enlightenment like rationality, progress, and domination of nature. They argued that the Enlightenment created its own "myths" and that modern society lives in an era of unfreedom and violence due to "instrumental rationality." They also critiqued mass culture and the culture industry, arguing it led to increasing uniformity and standardization of products that created artificial needs and passivity in individuals in order to reinforce the capitalist system.
11. benjamin
1) You are shocked and overwhelmed by the beauty and skill of Botticelli's The Birth of Venus as a chambermaid from a peasant family serving the wealthy de Medici's.
2) As a young shop assistant from a small village seeing the Mona Lisa for the first time at the Louvre in 1910, you are in awe of da Vinci's masterpiece and the prestige and sophistication of Paris.
3) In 2018 as a new graphic designer, you feel uncomfortable with your colleague's poster of Klimt's The Kiss hanging over your shared desk as intimate artwork in a professional workspace.
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The late 1800s and early 1900s saw unprecedented changes across Western societies including mass production, mass consumption enabled by new industries, widespread mass education to fuel these new economies, the rise of mass politics as more groups gained the right to vote, and new forms of mass leisure activities. However, this period of rapid economic and social progress also coincided with growing anxieties about these changes and their effects on individuals and traditional ways of life.
10. freud
In his work Civilization and its Discontents, Sigmund Freud applies his psychoanalytic theories about individual psychology to whole societies. He questions why human beings are so miserable in modern civilization and argues that the central problem is maintaining a balance between individual desires and the demands of society. Freud proposes that civilization arises from two drives in human nature: Eros, the life drive, and Thanatos, the death drive. Society controls the individual through internalized discipline and fear of losing love from the community.
9. nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a German philosopher who is known for proclaiming the death of God and developing the concepts of master morality, slave morality, and ressentiment. In his "Parable of the Madman," Nietzsche describes a madman who declares that God is dead and laments who will wipe away this blood from humanity as the murderers of God. Nietzsche analyzed the development of morality from master morality defined by the powerful to slave morality defined in reaction and resentment against the masters. He argued that each person must develop their own moral code through rational reflection and affirmation of life rather than adopting universal morality.
7. marx, part 2
Marx analyzed history and society through the lens of class struggle. He believed that throughout history, society has been divided into opposing classes such as slave and master, peasant and aristocrat, and most currently, bourgeoisie and proletariat. Marx argued that the capitalist system established by the bourgeoisie, while advancing technology and industry, has created new forms of oppression and inequality. He predicted that recurring economic crises under capitalism would grow increasingly severe and ultimately lead to its demise, to be replaced by a socialist and communist society without classes.
6. marx, part 1
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Karl Marx's critique of capitalism. It discusses Marx's view that the industrial revolution led to alienating forms of labor under capitalism where workers are estranged from their work and its products. Marx argued that under capitalism, labor becomes a means to survival rather than a means of self-affirmation. The document also summarizes Marx's views on commodity fetishism and how the capitalist system obscures the actual human labor that goes into producing commodities.
5. hegel
This document discusses the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and his ideas about history and dialectic. It examines how Hegel viewed history as being driven by ideas and the dialectic process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. It also analyzes Susan Buck-Morss's work connecting Hegel's philosophy to the Haitian Revolution and how slavery and the Enlightenment ideals of freedom were in tension.
4. rousseau
Rousseau believed that humans in a state of nature were solitary yet inherently good and driven by instincts of survival. In civilization, humans become competitive, greedy, and power-hungry due to political inequalities. While walking in the forest, Rousseau contemplated stripping away pretenses to see humanity's true nature, and how civilization has distorted it for the worse. In his work "Confessions", Rousseau resolved to present himself truthfully to show his fellow man an example of natural humanity, claiming he was unlike anyone else in the world.
Course Introduction: 1930s America & Hollywood
This document provides an introduction to a course on art and history during the "Long 1930s." It discusses the context of the 1920s in America, including prosperity, new consumer goods, and a culture of exuberance. It then outlines how the 1930s was defined by the Great Depression and explores mass culture during this period, focusing on radio and the movie-going experience. It includes a quote that describes the split personality of Depression culture between grappling with economic disaster and creating entertainment as a form of escapism and coming to terms with hard times.
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Fredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist cultural theorist known for his analyses of cultural production through a Marxist lens. Some of his major works examine postmodernism and its relationship to late stage capitalism. He argues that postmodernism rejects grand narratives and totalizing theories in favor of local and contingent perspectives. It also reflects a weakening of connections to history, a focus on surface level images and signifiers over depth, and the fragmentation of identity. Jameson analyzes how postmodern culture in late capitalism reflects features like the breakdown of high and low culture, a weakening of our ties to history through nostalgia, and a sense of superficiality and depthlessness in popular culture.
Japanese interment; Atomic Bomb Culture
- In the early 1940s, over 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast of the US were forcibly relocated to internment camps by the US government due to fears following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
- Photographer Dorothea Lange documented the forced removal and internment of Japanese Americans through a series of photographs showing families registering for evacuation, awaiting transport to assembly centers and internment camps, and daily life inside the camps.
- The internment camps were run by the War Relocation Authority and held people of Japanese ancestry for the duration of World War II, from 1942 to 1945, despite them posing no security threat to the United States.
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During WWII, various organizations and the federal government promoted cultural pluralism and tolerance to link these ideals to national unity. They aimed to address perceived dangers from recent white immigrant groups, and potential disloyalty, through strategies like the Double V Campaign. However, linking tolerance to unity also had conservative implications, discounting other issues in the emphasis on brotherhood. Specifically, independent groups and the government promoted messages of unity through examples like the Double V Campaign, which called for victory over fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home. Meanwhile, the federal government addressed concerns about recent white immigrants through assimilation strategies.
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