The document provides an overview of various grammar topics in Dutch including: 1. The present perfect tense and how it is used to indicate that something happened in the past without specifying time. 2. The past simple tense and how it is used to indicate that something happened in the past and time is important. 3. The differences between the past simple and present perfect tenses. 4. How to form tags and their meanings. 5. The present, past, and continuous tenses and how to distinguish between them. 6. Forming comparisons and superlatives.

1. Grammatica Unit 4

2. 4.1 Present Perfect Vorm: have/has (bij he/she/it) + voltooid deelwoord Voltooid deelwoord: of ww + ed of eigen vorm (3 e rijtje) Gebruik: Om aan te geven dat iets in het verleden is gebeurd Tijd is NIET belangrijk (het gaat erom dat het gebeurt is!) Signaalwoorden always, ever, never, just, (not) yet, already I have never walked more than 25 kilometres

3. 4.2 Past Simple Vorm: Regelmatig werkwoord: werkwoord + ed Onregelmatig werkwoord: eigen vorm (2 e rijtje) Gebruik: Om aan te geven dat iets in het verleden is gebeurd Tijd is belangrijk (vaak tijdsaanduiding in de zin!) Signaalwoorden Yesterday, in 1876, a week ago, last week/month/year Yesterday I walk ed to school

4. Past Simple <-> Present Perfect Vorm: werkwoord + ed of 2 e rijtje Gebruik: Verleden Tijd is belangrijk (vaak tijdsaanduiding in de zin!) Signaalwoorden: Tijdsaanduiding als: Yesterday, in 1876, a week ago, last week/month/year I saw her three days ago Vorm: Have/has + voltooid deelwoord (ww + ed of 3 e rijtje) Gebruik: Verleden Tijd is NIET belangrijk (wel dat het gebeurt is!) Signaalwoorden: Always, ever, never, just, (not) yet, already I have always been in love with him

5. Past Simple <-> Present Perfect Bevestigende zin: I saw a lion yesterday Vragend (gebruik DID + hele werkwoord!): Did I see a lion yesterday? Ontkenning (gebruik DIDN’T + hele werkwoord) I didn’t see a lion yesterday Je moet ‘did’ toevoegen in vragende en ontkennende zinnen! Bevestigende zin: I have seen one lion already! Vragend (gebruik HAVE): Have I seen one lion already? Ontkenning (gebruik HAVEN’T) I haven’t seen one lion yet! Je hebt ‘have’ uit de zin nodig om vragende en ontkennende zinnen te maken

6. Examples! 1. I … (be) to England twice already! 2. Yesterday John … (drive) his father’s car. 3. Eliza … (visit) her Granny two days ago. 4. I … (not walk) to school when I was a teenager. 5. … James already … (pick up) the car? 6. Maaike … always … (not want) to marry a rich guy!

7. Examples! 1. I have been to England twice already! 2. Yesterday John drove his father’s car. 3. Eliza visited her Granny two days ago. 4. I didn’t walk (not walk) to school when I was a teenager. 5. Has James already picked up (pick up) the car? 6. Maaike hasn’t always wanted (not want) to marry a rich guy!

8. 4.3 Present and Past Present Simple => Altijd/nooit/regelmatig (feit/gewoonte) Present Continuous => Nu bezig/aan de gang Present Perfect => Het is gebeurd (niet belangrijk wanneer!) Past Simple => Het is gebeurd (WEL belangrijk wanneer) Past Continuous => Toen aan de gang

9. Present Simple Vorm Hele werkwoord Hele werkwoord + (e)s (he/she/it) Vraagzinnen/ontkenningen : do / don’t en does / doesn’t (he/she/it). + HELE WERKWOORD!! Gebruik Iets is altijd zo / gebeurt regelmatig (feit/gewoonte) Signaalwoorden Always, never, usually, often, etc. She always go es to school by bike

10. Present Continuous Vorm To be (am/is/are) + werkwoord + -ing Vraagzinnen/ontkenningen : gebruik de vorm van ‘to be’ Gebruik Iets is nu bezig / aan de gang Signaalwoorden At the moment, (right) now, look, listen, etc. She is jumping right now

11. Past Continuous Vorm: To be (was/were) + werkwoord + -ing Vraagzinnen/ontkenningen : gebruik de vorm van ‘to be’ Gebruik: Iets was bezig / aan de gang op een moment in het verleden I was driving in my car when a creature suddenly crossed the road

12. Aanpak: 1. Andere werkwoorden in de zin: ‘present’ of ‘past’ ? 2. Signaalwoorden!! 3. Denk na over het gebruik in de zin!

13. Examples! Fill in: Present Simple – Present Continuous – Past Continuous 1. I ... to Victoria when Linda came up to us. ( to talk ) 2. Wesley never ... any homework on Sundays. ( to do ) 3. Please don’t disturb me now, Sue. I ... to your father. ( to talk ) 4. What on earth … you … ? Stop it immediately! ( to do ) 5. Susan always … (brush) her hair twice a day.

14. Examples! Fill in: Present Simple – Present Continuous – Past Continuous 1. I was talking to Victoria when Linda came up to us. ( to talk ) 2. Wesley never does any homework on Sundays. ( to do ) 3. Please don’t disturb me now, Sue. I am talking to your father. ( to talk ) 4. What on earth are you doing ? Stop it immediately! ( to do ) 5. Susan always brushes (brush) her hair twice a day.

15. 4.4 Tags Betekenis: toch/hè? Vind je ook niet? Zin: Tag: Bevestigend (+) Ontekennend (-) He has got an attractive smile has n’t he? Ontkenned (-) Bevestigend (+) We should n’t tell anyone should we?

16. Let op: 1. NOT in de tag of de zin 2. Werkwoord (vaak uit de zin, anders do/does/did )  Maak een vraagzin om dit zeker te weten! 3. Juiste onderwerp He likes candy a lot, does n’t he? Mees walked away from home, did n’t he?

17. Examples! 1. You didn’t go to that party, … 2. That blond boy in Class 3B is really cute, … ? 3. I was still awake when you came into my room, … ? 4. You’re not still sleeping, … ?

18. Examples! 1. You didn’t go to that party, did you ? 2. That blond boy in Class 3B is really cute, isn’t he ? 3. I was still awake when you came into my room, wasn’t I ? 4. You’re not still sleeping, are you ?

19. 4.5 Comparisons Gebruik: vergrotende / overtreffende trap Woorden van 1 of 2 lettergrepen Fast – fast er than – the fast est Great – great er than – the great est Woorden van 3 of meer lettergrepen More beautiful – the most beautiful

20. Maar ook: You are ( not ) as pretty as Shelley is! Ken ook de uitzonderingen en onregelmatige vormen!  zie boek!

21. Examples! 1. Who do you think is ... teacher in the school? ( boring ) 2. What is ... animal on earth? ( slow ) 3. A Coke in a pub is ... a bottle of Coke from the supermarket. ( expensive ) 4. Jacob’s room is ... mine. ( big )

22. Examples! 1. Who do you think is the most boring teacher in the school? ( boring ) 2. What is the slowest animal on earth? ( slow ) 3. A Coke in a pub is more expensive than a bottle of Coke from the supermarket. ( expensive ) 4. Jacob’s room is bigger than mine. ( big )