The document discusses cellular respiration and the human respiratory system. It describes how terrestrial organisms have an advantage over aquatic ones in obtaining oxygen from the air. It explains that in humans, air is brought into the lungs through the nostrils and trachea, and then passes through increasingly smaller bronchioles and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported throughout the body, while carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs and exhaled. The process of aerobic cellular respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose, producing much more energy than anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen.
Students will able to clear their concepts easily. pictures are added from different places to enhance the learning procedure. based on ncert mainly. will help teachers too to use it as an teaching aid in classrooms. it will surely make learning easy and helpful.
Students will able to clear their concepts easily. pictures are added from different places to enhance the learning procedure. based on ncert mainly. will help teachers too to use it as an teaching aid in classrooms. it will surely make learning easy and helpful.
Why do animals need to breathe?
Breathing is important to organisms because cells require energy (oxygen) to move, reproduce and function. Breath also expels carbon dioxide, which is a by-product of cellular processes within the bodies of animals.
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food and this takes place inside the cells of the body.
The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen (of air) into cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food, and then eliminating the waste products (carbon dioxide and water) from the body.
Respiration is essential for life because it provides energy for carrying out all the life processes which are necessary to keep the organisms alive.
The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri- Phosphate) molecules in the cells of the body and used by the organism as when required.
KEY POINTS
Life started in an anaerobic environment in the so called ‘primodial broth’ (a mixture of organic molecules.
Subsequently, oxygen strangely enough became an crucial factor for aerobic metabolism especially in the higher life forms.
The rise of an oxygenic environment was an important event in the diversification of life.
It evoked a dramatic shift from inefficient to sophisticated oxygen dependent oxidizing ecosystems.
Anaerobic fermentation, the metabolic process that prevailed for the first about 2 billion years of the evolution of life, was a very inefficient way of extracting energy from organic molecules. Ex: A molecule of glucose, e.g., produces only two molecules of ATP (≈ 15 kCal) compared with 36 ATP molecules (≈ 263 kCal) in oxygenic respiration.
Aerobic metabolism must have developed at a critical point when the partial pressure of oxygen rose from an initial level to one adequately high to drive it passively across the cell membrane.
Respiration is a complex and highly integrated biomechanical, physiological, and behavioral processes.
The transfer of O2 occurs through a flow of tissue barriers and compartments by diffusion down a partial pressure gradient, which drops to about zero at the mitochondrial level.
Acquisition of molecular oxygen (O2) from the external fluid media (water and air) and the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the same milieu is the primary role of respiration.
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures.
Chapter 10 of Science of class 1th, Very nice animated and the best powerpoint for the children, it made by me; Abhishek Bhartee, not downloaded from any other website.
It is Awesome
Why do animals need to breathe?
Breathing is important to organisms because cells require energy (oxygen) to move, reproduce and function. Breath also expels carbon dioxide, which is a by-product of cellular processes within the bodies of animals.
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food and this takes place inside the cells of the body.
The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen (of air) into cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food, and then eliminating the waste products (carbon dioxide and water) from the body.
Respiration is essential for life because it provides energy for carrying out all the life processes which are necessary to keep the organisms alive.
The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri- Phosphate) molecules in the cells of the body and used by the organism as when required.
KEY POINTS
Life started in an anaerobic environment in the so called ‘primodial broth’ (a mixture of organic molecules.
Subsequently, oxygen strangely enough became an crucial factor for aerobic metabolism especially in the higher life forms.
The rise of an oxygenic environment was an important event in the diversification of life.
It evoked a dramatic shift from inefficient to sophisticated oxygen dependent oxidizing ecosystems.
Anaerobic fermentation, the metabolic process that prevailed for the first about 2 billion years of the evolution of life, was a very inefficient way of extracting energy from organic molecules. Ex: A molecule of glucose, e.g., produces only two molecules of ATP (≈ 15 kCal) compared with 36 ATP molecules (≈ 263 kCal) in oxygenic respiration.
Aerobic metabolism must have developed at a critical point when the partial pressure of oxygen rose from an initial level to one adequately high to drive it passively across the cell membrane.
Respiration is a complex and highly integrated biomechanical, physiological, and behavioral processes.
The transfer of O2 occurs through a flow of tissue barriers and compartments by diffusion down a partial pressure gradient, which drops to about zero at the mitochondrial level.
Acquisition of molecular oxygen (O2) from the external fluid media (water and air) and the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the same milieu is the primary role of respiration.
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures.
Chapter 10 of Science of class 1th, Very nice animated and the best powerpoint for the children, it made by me; Abhishek Bhartee, not downloaded from any other website.
It is Awesome
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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2. Take some freshly prepared lime water in a
test tube.
Blow air through this lime water.
Note how long it takes for the lime water to
turn milky.
Use a syringe or pichkari to pass air through
some fresh lime water taken in another test
tube.
Note how long it takes for this lime water
to turn milky.
ACTIVITY-1
(a) Air being passed into lime water
with a pichkari/ syringe, (b) air being
exhaled into lime water
What does this tell us about the amount of carbon dioxide in the air
that we breathe out?
3. ACTIVITY-2
Take some fruit juice or sugar solution
and add some yeast to this.
Take this mixture in a test tube fitted
with a one-holed cork.
Fit the cork with a bent glass tube. Dip
the free end of the glass tube into a test
tube containing freshly prepared lime
water.
What change is observed in the lime water and how long does it take
for this change to occur?
What does this tell us about the products of fermentation?
4. The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in
cells to provide energy for various life processes. Diverse organisms do
this in different ways – some use oxygen to break-down glucose
completely into carbon dioxide and water, some use other pathways
that do not involve oxygen. In all cases, the first step is the break-down
of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule called
pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm. Further, the
pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This
process takes place in yeast during fermentation. Since this process
takes place in the absence of air (oxygen), it is called anaerobic
respiration.
Respiration: Breakdown of Glucose
Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration
5. Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in the mitochondria.
This process breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate molecule to give
three molecules of carbon dioxide. The other product is water. Since
this process takes place in the presence of air (oxygen), it is called
aerobic respiration. The release of energy in this aerobic process is a
lot greater than in the anaerobic process. Sometimes, when there is a
lack of oxygen in our muscle cells, another pathway for the break-
down of pyruvate is taken. Here the pyruvate is converted into lactic
acid which is also a three-carbon molecule. This build-up of lactic acid
in our muscles during sudden activity causes cramps.
Respiration: Breakdown of Glucose
Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration
7. The energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to
synthesise a molecule called ATP which is used to fuel all other activities
in the cell. In these processes, ATP is broken down giving rise to a fixed
amount of energy which can drive the endothermic reactions taking place
in the cell.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE
8. ATP
ATP is the energy currency for most cellular processes. The energy
released during the process of respiration is used to make an ATP
molecule from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Endothermic processes in the cell then use this ATP to drive the reactions.
When the terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is broken using water, the
energy equivalent to 30.5 kJ/mol is released. Think of how a battery can
provide energy for many different kinds of uses. It can be used to obtain
mechanical energy, light energy, electrical energy and so on. Similarly,
ATP can be used in the cells for the contraction of muscles, protein
synthesis, conduction of nervous impulses and many other activities.
More to know
9. Since the aerobic respiration pathway depends on oxygen, aerobic
organisms need to ensure that there is sufficient intake of oxygen.
Plants exchange gases through stomata, and the large inter-cellular
spaces ensure that all cells are in contact with air. Carbon dioxide and
oxygen are exchanged by diffusion here. They can go into cells, or
away from them and out into the air. The direction of diffusion
depends upon the environmental conditions and the requirements of
the plant.
At night, when there is no photosynthesis occurring, CO2 elimination
is the major exchange activity going on. During the day, CO2 generated
during respiration is used up for photosynthesis, hence there is no
CO2 release. Instead, oxygen release is the major event at this time.
Aerobic Respiration Pathway
10. Animals have evolved
different organs for the
uptake of oxygen from the
environment and for getting
rid of the carbon dioxide
produced. Terrestrial animals
can breathe the oxygen in the
atmosphere, but animals that
live in water need to use the
oxygen dissolved in water.
ACTIVITY-3
Observe fish in an aquarium. They open
and close their mouths and the gill-slits
(or the operculum which covers the gill-
slits) behind their eyes also open and
close.
Are the timings of the opening and
closing of the mouth and gill-slits
coordinated in some manner?
Count the number of times the fish
opens and closes its mouth in a minute.
Compare this to the number of times you
breathe in and out in a minute.
11. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the
amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is
much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms. Fishes take in water
through their mouths and force it past the gills where the dissolved
oxygen is taken up by blood. Terrestrial organisms use the oxygen in the
atmosphere for respiration. This oxygen is absorbed by different organs in
different animals.
All these organs have a structure that increases the surface area which is
in contact with the oxygen-rich atmosphere. Since the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide has to take place across this surface, this surface is
very fine and delicate. In order to protect this surface, it is usually placed
within the body, so there have to be passages that will take air to this
area. In addition, there is a mechanism for moving the air in and out of
this area where the oxygen is absorbed.
Aerobic Respiration & breathing Rate
12. MORE TO KNOW
Using tobacco directly or any
product of tobacco in the form of
cigar, cigarettes, bidis, hookah,
gutkha, etc., is harmful. Use of
tobacco most commonly affects
the tongue, lungs, heart and liver.
Smokeless tobacco is also a major
risk factor for heart attacks,
strokes, pulmonary diseases and
several forms of cancers.
There is a high incidence of oral
cancer in India due to the chewing
of tobacco in the form of gutkha.
Stay healthy; just say NO to
tobacco and its products!
TO KNOW MORE
Smoking is injurious to
health. Lung cancer is one of
common causes of deaths in
the world. The upper part of
respiratory tract is provided
with small hair-like structures
called cilia. These cilia help to
remove germs, dust and other
harmful particles from inhaled
air.
Smoking destroys these hair
due to which germs, dust,
smoke and other harmful
chemicals enter lungs and
cause infection, cough and
even lung cancer.
14. From here, the air
passes through the
throat and into the
lungs. Rings of
cartilage are present
in the throat. These
ensure that the air-
passage does not
collapse
In human beings, air is taken into the body through the nostrils. The
air passing through the nostrils is filtered by fine hairs that line the
passage. The passage is also lined with mucus which helps in this
process.
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
15. Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller
tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are
called alveoli (singular– alveolus). The alveoli provide a surface
where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli
contain an extensive network of blood-vessels. When we breathe
in (inhale), we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm, and the
chest cavity becomes larger as a result.
Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded
alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body
for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is
taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to
all the cells in the body.
ALVEOLI
18. During the breathing (respiratory) cycle, when air is taken in and let
out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is
sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to
be released.
When the body size of animals is large, the diffusion pressure alone
cannot take care of oxygen delivery to all parts of the body. Instead,
respiratory pigments take up oxygen from the air in the lungs and carry
it to tissues which are deficient in oxygen before releasing it. In human
beings, the respiratory pigment is haemoglobin which has a very high
affinity for oxygen. This pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles.
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is and hence is
mostly transported in the dissolved form in our blood.
RESPIRATORY PIGMENT
Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration.
Breathing (Respiratory) Cycle is the process of breathing in and out.
The process of breathing in is called inhalation (inspiration), where you inhale air and the process of
breathing out is called exhalation, or expiration.
19. If the alveolar surface were spread out, it would cover about 80 m2.
How much do you think the surface area of your body is?
Consider how efficient exchange of gases becomes because of the
large surface available for the exchange to take place.
If diffusion were to move oxygen in our body, it is estimated that it
would take 3 years for a molecule of oxygen to get to our toes from our
lungs. Aren’t you glad that we have haemoglobin.
DO YOU KNOW?
20. 1. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have
with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
2. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in
various organisms?
3. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
4. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for
exchange of gases?
5. Name the respiratory pigment in human being. What is its role?
6. What do you mean by breathing cycle and residual volume?
7. What are alveoli and their function?
8. What do you mean by cilia present in the respiratory tract? Describe their role
cilia and mucus in the tract.
9. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
10. What is known as energy currency of cell and why?
11. What are the end products when break down of glucose takes place a) in
absence of oxygen, b) there is lack of oxygen in muscle cells and c) in presence
of oxygen?
QUESTIONS
