- The document outlines the basic concepts of government that influenced the development of government in the American colonies, including ordered government, limited government, and representative government as outlined in landmark English documents like the Magna Carta. - It then discusses the different types of colonial governments and growing calls for unity among the colonies, culminating in the First and Second Continental Congresses. This led to the Declaration of Independence and establishment of new state governments with principles like popular sovereignty, limited government, and separation of powers. - However, the Articles of Confederation that followed had many weaknesses, leading to compromises at the Constitutional Convention and the drafting of the U.S. Constitution, which was then ratified despite opposition from Anti-Federal

1. American Government Chapter 2

2. Basic Concepts of Government Ordered Government The first English colonists saw a need for orderly regulation Many offices needed then are still in existence today Sheriff Juries Townships Justice of the Peace

3. Basic Concepts of Government Limited Government Government is limited; each individual has rights the government cannot take away Representative Government Government should serve the will of the people People should have a voice We elect our representatives

4. Landmark English Documents Magna Carta (1215) “ The Great Charter” signed by King John Protected against the arbitrary taking of life, liberty, or property Petition of right (1628) Limited the king’s power Kings could not imprison political critics without a trial by jury Challenged the “divine right” of kings

5. Landmark English Documents English Bill of Rights (1688) Prohibited a standing army in peacetime, except with the consent of Parliament Must be fair and have a speedy trial

6. Government in Colonies Royal Colonies (8) Bicameral legislature (2 houses) New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

7. Government in Colonies Proprietary Colonies (3) Unicameral (1 House) legislature Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

8. Government in Colonies Charter Colonies (2) Governors elected by the white, male property owners in each colony Connecticut and Rhode Island became charter colonies in 1662 and 1663, respectively.

9. Royal Control All 13 colonies were separately controlled under the king Objected to taxes they had no part in levying French and Indian War (1754-1763)

10. Growing Colonial Unity Several attempts to unity occurred in the early 1770s Early attempts 1643 “League of Friendship” between Plymouth Bay, Mass and New Haven, CT 1696 William Penn and his inter-colonial coop.

11. Growing Colonial Unity Albany Plan (1754) Included the colonies of Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island

12. The Stamp Act Congress 1765- Stamp Act passed by the British Required the use of tax stamps on all legal documents, business arrangements, and newspapers Nine colonies sent delegates to the SA Congress in New York, except for (Georgia, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Virginia Boycott- refusal to buy or sell English goods

13. First Continental Congress 1774- 55 delegates from every colony except Georgia Met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774

14. Second Continental Congress 1774-75 (winter) British government refused to compromise its political policies 13 colonies sent reps to congress John Hancock was chosen President 2 nd Continental Congress became the nations first national government

15. Declaration of Independence A group of five men were selected to prepare a Proclamation for Independence July 4, 1776 Ben Franklin John Adams Roger Sherman Robert Livingston Thomas Jefferson

16. The First State Governments January 1776 New Hampshire adopted a constitution to replace its royal charter Constitutions- bodies of fundamentals

17. Common Features of New States Popular Sovereignty Government can exist and function only with the consent of the governed Limited Government The powers delegated to the government were

18. Common Features of New States Civil Rights and Liberties Separation of Powers/Checks & Balances Executive branch Legislative branch Judicial branch

19. The Critical Period

20. The First National Constitution ratification- formal approval Articles of Confederation Established “a firm league of friendship” Government Structure Unicameral- made up of delegates chosen yearly by the states No judicial or executive branches (it was handled by congressional committees

21. Powers of Congress Make war and peace Send & receive ambassadors Make treaties Borrow money Set up monetary system Build a navy Raise an army by asking the states for troops Fix uniform standards of weights and measures Settle disputes among the states

22. State Obligations Submit their disputes Allow open travel and trade

23. Weaknesses No power to tax Could not regulate trade between states Had no power to make states obey

24. Critical Period- 1780s Revolutionary War ended October 19, 1781 (Treaty of Paris-1783) They refused to support the new central government financially States printed their own money and banned some trade

25. Meetings at Mount Vernon and Annapolis Maryland and Virginia took the first step for change Representatives from the two states met on March of 1785 and January of 1786 Compromises in the Constitution Great Compromise (Conn) 3/5 compromise Slave Trade compromise

26. The Framers 12 of 13 states sent delegates to Philadelphia (Rhode Island did not) Main “framers” George Washington James Madison Edmund Randolph George Mason

27. Organization and Procedure Meeting to establish rules on May 25 and May 28 Secretary William Jackson kept the convention’s journal The framers met on 89 of the 116 days from May 25 to Sept 27 The decision to write a new constitution was made at the Philadelphia condition

28. The Virginia Plan Bicameral government Congress- Legislative Branch President- Executive Branch Courts- Judicial Branch

29. The New Jersey Plan Keep unicameral Congress States should be equally represented

30. The Connecticut Compromise Congress compromised of two houses Senate- equal representation House- based on population

31. 3/5 Compromise “free persons” be counted Slaves and “non citizens” be counted 3/5

32. Sources of Constitution William Blackstone’s- Commentaries on the Laws of England John Locke

33. Convention Completes It’s Work September 8, 1787 Revising of articles were agreed upon. September 17, 1787 39 names were placed on the finished document

34. Ratification The new document was sent to the states on September 28, 1787

35. Federalists and Anti-Federalists Federalists- favored ratification James Madison, Alexander Hamilton Anti-federalists- opposed ratification Patrick Henry, Richard Lee, Samuel Adams, John Hancock They thought the articles were too weak Greatly increased powers of the central government Lack of a bill or rights

36. Success June 21, 1788- nine states ratified the new constitution Inauguration of new government September 13, 1788 Convened on March 5, 1789 in Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York