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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Unit 2: Origins of  American Government
Section 1 at a Glance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1.  Limited Government * There is a limit to what government can do  because individuals have rights.  *First seen as far back as 1215 in the English  Magna Charta.  *Taken directly from Magna Charta –  a.  trial by jury of peers  (6 th  amendment)   b.  limits on taxation   c.  some aspects of religious freedom  (1 st   amendment) 2.  Representative Government 3.  Individual Liberty 4.  Rule by Law
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Main Idea American democracy was shaped by our English political heritage, colonial experiments in self-government, and a range of intellectual influences. The Roots of American Democracy
Cradle of American Democracy
Colonial government would never be an exact copy of the British system. Colonial leaders adapted old ideas, based on English traditions, to a new environment. English Political Heritage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Representative Government ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Limited Government
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],English Political Heritage (cont’d.)
 
Summarizing How did limited government develop in England? Answer(s):   through the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights
English colonists began to settle parts of North America in the early 1600s, bringing English political theories and methods of governance. The English Colonies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Experiments in Early Governance   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Types of English Colonies
 
Contrasting How were charter colonies and royal colonies different? Answer(s):   charter colonies—largely self-governing; royal colonies—directly controlled by the Crown through an appointed governor
Intellectual Influences In addition to English traditions,  ideas  were key to transforming loyal English colonists first into revolutionaries and then into founders of a new nation. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Intellectual Influences (cont’d.)
Summarizing What intellectual influences shaped the Framers’ views on republicanism? Answer(s):   Greece and Rome; Machiavelli’s  Discourses on Livy ; Montesquieu’s  Spirit of the Laws
Section 2 at a Glance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Main Idea The British imposed new policies on their American colonies, sparking rebellion and, in time, the American Revolution. American Independence
The Colonies Become States
The road that led the American colonies to unite with one another and break with Great Britain was long and fraught with conflict. The Road to Independence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Early Attempts at Unity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Growing Tensions
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Summarizing What forms of protest did the colonists use to oppose British policies? Answer(s):   boycotts, rallies, pamphlets, letter-writing campaigns
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Continental Congress
Making Inferences According to Paine, why was independence “common sense”? Answer(s):   It was “common sense” to break away from the abuse of English rule.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Declaration of Independence
 
Summarizing How did John Locke’s ideas inspire the Declaration of Independence? Answer(s):   Locke’s beliefs in natural rights and that a government must have the consent of the people
By 1780, each of the 13 newly independent states had adopted its own written constitution. Each tested ideas about how to design a republican government that protected individual rights. The State Constitutions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Self-Government ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Separation of Powers
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The State Constitutions (cont’d.)
Summarizing What ideas about government did state constitutions experiment with? Answer(s):   Self-government, limiting the power of the executive branch, separation of powers, and individual rights
Section 3 at a Glance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Main Idea The states’ first attempt to build a national government, the Articles of Confederation, proved too weak to last. Articles of Confederation
States Become Nation
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],First National Government
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],First National Government (cont’d.)
 
Summarizing How did national and state powers differ under the Articles? Answer(s):   National powers were limited and specifically cited in the Articles of Confederation. State powers were all the other powers that were not specifically cited.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Weaknesses of the Articles
Summarizing What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? Answer(s):   It had no executive or judicial branch; the Confederation could not levy taxes, enforce its laws, or regulate commerce between states; all states had to agree before the Articles could be changed.
Its independence secured with the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the United States faced a range of challenges that the national government was ill-equipped to meet.  The shortcomings of the government created by the Articles of Confederation would lead to calls for a new plan of government. Pressures for Stronger Government ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Northwest Ordinance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Dangers and Unrest
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pressures for Stronger Government (cont’d.)
Identifying Cause and Effect What events caused leaders to want to revise the Articles of Confederation? Answer(s):   Shays’s Rebellion; interstate trade disputes; inability to levy taxes and pay war debts
Section 4 at a Glance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Main Idea Delegates at the Constitutional Convention compromised on key issues to create a plan for a strong national government. The Constitutional Convention
Crafting a More Perfect Union
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Drafting a New Constitution Delegates gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation, but ended up with an entirely new plan for government.
 
Drawing Conclusions Why did the delegates want to keep the proceedings quiet? Answer(s):   so delegates would be able to speak their minds freely
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Rival Plans
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Rival Plans
 
Contrasting How did the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan differ? Answer(s):   Representation in both houses in the Virginia Plan’s legislature was based on population, whereas each state received one vote in the New Jersey Plan’s unicameral legislature.
For weeks after the rejection of the New Jersey Plan, the Convention was deadlocked.  Tempers flared, and at times it seemed the Convention would fall apart.  In the end, a series of compromises saved the Convention. Conflict and Compromise ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Great Compromise ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Compromise Over Slavery
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Conflict and Compromise (cont’d.)
Summarizing What compromises made the Constitution possible? Answer(s):   Compromises included the Three-fifths Compromise, the Great Compromise, compromises over the Atlantic slave trade, and the election of the president.
 
Section 5 at a Glance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Main Idea Before the Constitution could take effect, a heated debate between those in favor of the Constitution and those who opposed it took place in all the states. Ratification and the Bill of Rights
The Fight for Ratification
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Antifederalists versus Federalists
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Contrasting Over what issues did Antifederalists and Federalists disagree? Answer(s):   strength of federal government; restructuring of Congress; power of executive branch; necessity of bill of rights
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Federalist Papers
 
Making Inferences Why were the Federalist Papers written? Answer(s):   to win public support for ratification of the Constitution
Because they did not trust government, the Antifederalists wanted the basic rights of the people spelled out in the Constitution. The struggle over the Bill of Rights became a key focus in the fight over ratification. The Fight for Ratification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Winning Over the States ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Bill of Rights
 
Making Inferences How did the promise to add a bill of rights to the Constitution influence the ratification process? Answer(s):   Some states would not agree to ratification without the promise of a bill of rights.
Landmark Supreme Court Cases Schenck  v.  United States  (1919) Why It Matters:  Are the rights outlined in the Bill of Rights guaranteed absolutely? The Supreme Court’s decision in  Schenck  v.  United States  considered what limits, if any, could be set on free speech without violating the individual freedoms outlined in the First Amendment.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution

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POD Chapter 2

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  • 3. 1. Limited Government * There is a limit to what government can do because individuals have rights. *First seen as far back as 1215 in the English Magna Charta. *Taken directly from Magna Charta – a. trial by jury of peers (6 th amendment) b. limits on taxation c. some aspects of religious freedom (1 st amendment) 2. Representative Government 3. Individual Liberty 4. Rule by Law
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  • 5. Cradle of American Democracy
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  • 9. Summarizing How did limited government develop in England? Answer(s): through the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights
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  • 12. Contrasting How were charter colonies and royal colonies different? Answer(s): charter colonies—largely self-governing; royal colonies—directly controlled by the Crown through an appointed governor
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  • 15. Summarizing What intellectual influences shaped the Framers’ views on republicanism? Answer(s): Greece and Rome; Machiavelli’s Discourses on Livy ; Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws
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  • 23. Summarizing What forms of protest did the colonists use to oppose British policies? Answer(s): boycotts, rallies, pamphlets, letter-writing campaigns
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  • 25. Making Inferences According to Paine, why was independence “common sense”? Answer(s): It was “common sense” to break away from the abuse of English rule.
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  • 28. Summarizing How did John Locke’s ideas inspire the Declaration of Independence? Answer(s): Locke’s beliefs in natural rights and that a government must have the consent of the people
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  • 31. Summarizing What ideas about government did state constitutions experiment with? Answer(s): Self-government, limiting the power of the executive branch, separation of powers, and individual rights
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  • 38. Summarizing How did national and state powers differ under the Articles? Answer(s): National powers were limited and specifically cited in the Articles of Confederation. State powers were all the other powers that were not specifically cited.
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  • 40. Summarizing What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? Answer(s): It had no executive or judicial branch; the Confederation could not levy taxes, enforce its laws, or regulate commerce between states; all states had to agree before the Articles could be changed.
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  • 44. Identifying Cause and Effect What events caused leaders to want to revise the Articles of Confederation? Answer(s): Shays’s Rebellion; interstate trade disputes; inability to levy taxes and pay war debts
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  • 47. Crafting a More Perfect Union
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  • 50. Drawing Conclusions Why did the delegates want to keep the proceedings quiet? Answer(s): so delegates would be able to speak their minds freely
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  • 54. Contrasting How did the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan differ? Answer(s): Representation in both houses in the Virginia Plan’s legislature was based on population, whereas each state received one vote in the New Jersey Plan’s unicameral legislature.
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  • 58. Summarizing What compromises made the Constitution possible? Answer(s): Compromises included the Three-fifths Compromise, the Great Compromise, compromises over the Atlantic slave trade, and the election of the president.
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  • 62. The Fight for Ratification
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  • 66. Contrasting Over what issues did Antifederalists and Federalists disagree? Answer(s): strength of federal government; restructuring of Congress; power of executive branch; necessity of bill of rights
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  • 69. Making Inferences Why were the Federalist Papers written? Answer(s): to win public support for ratification of the Constitution
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  • 72. Making Inferences How did the promise to add a bill of rights to the Constitution influence the ratification process? Answer(s): Some states would not agree to ratification without the promise of a bill of rights.
  • 73. Landmark Supreme Court Cases Schenck v. United States (1919) Why It Matters: Are the rights outlined in the Bill of Rights guaranteed absolutely? The Supreme Court’s decision in Schenck v. United States considered what limits, if any, could be set on free speech without violating the individual freedoms outlined in the First Amendment.
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