Global warming is the rise in average global temperatures since the late 19th century caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions. Temperatures have increased by about 0.8°C overall and two-thirds of the increase has occurred since 1980. Global warming causes problems like loss of polar bear habitat, rising sea levels, and more frequent extreme heat waves. The greenhouse effect traps heat in the lower atmosphere through absorption and emission of infrared radiation by greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide. While some solar energy is reflected by the Earth, most is absorbed and keeps the Earth warm through essential physical and chemical processes.