The document outlines the presentation of Dr. Preetam Kumar Kar on measles elimination. It discusses:
1. The global burden of measles in 2000 with over 500,000 deaths annually, mostly in developing countries.
2. The goals of the 2012 Global Measles Elimination Strategic Plan to reduce measles mortality by 95% by 2015 and achieve regional elimination in 5 WHO regions by 2020.
3. India's strategy to strengthen routine immunization, conduct supplemental immunization activities, and enhance surveillance to reduce measles cases and meet regional elimination targets.
Part 1 of the Epidemiology Exercises for the Practical Exam in the subject of Social and Preventive Medicine at Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences
Covering Questions 1 to 10 along with their detailed answers
Part 1 of the Epidemiology Exercises for the Practical Exam in the subject of Social and Preventive Medicine at Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences
Covering Questions 1 to 10 along with their detailed answers
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
Hypertension is a silent, invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms. Increasing public awareness is key, as is access .Raised blood pressure is a warning sign that significant lifestyle changes are urgently needed. People need to know why raised blood pressure is dangerous, and how to take steps to control it.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
Hypertension is a silent, invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms. Increasing public awareness is key, as is access .Raised blood pressure is a warning sign that significant lifestyle changes are urgently needed. People need to know why raised blood pressure is dangerous, and how to take steps to control it.
measles is a important vaccine preventable disease in children and carries a high mortality in undernourishment children.it is also a candidate for eradication. proper diagnosis will go a long way in the control and eradication of measles
Turning Data into People: Perspectives on game addiction (Rune K. L. Nielsen)Karel Van Isacker
Turning Data into People: Perspectives on game addiction (Rune K. L. Nielsen)
Interactive Technologies and Games (ITAG) Conference 2015
Health, Disability and EducationDates: Thursday 22 October 2015 - Friday 23 October 2015 Location: The Council House, NG1 2DT
M. Tildeslay - Real-time decision making - Appropriate use of infectious dise...EuFMD
Session V
In the event of an outbreak of infectious disease, models can be used to assist policy makers to establish the risks associated with the disease and the potential role of interventions in reducing the future impact of the outbreak. However, during outbreaks there is often significant uncertainty regarding the true nature of disease spread, with not all data available that may be required to parameterise disease models. It is therefore crucial to explore the accuracy of models and the underlying uncertainty in predictions when utilised during ongoing outbreaks. In this presentation we will present findings from research carried out on both Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and from the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Presented by Nedret Emiroglu, Deputy Director, Division of Communicable Diseases, Health Security and Environment, WHO/Europe, at the 64th session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe.
The PPT gives overview of PEI, global updates on PEI, Polio end game strategy and eradication timelines, polio legacy and link with Health Systems strengthening and relevant health programes etc. The PPT was presented at National Annual Review Meeting held for 2 days in Mussoorie for Core Group of Polio Project (CGPP) -a USAID funded polio eradication initiatives. ADRA India is one of the lead implementing agency for CGPP since 2004 and it has worked for nearly 15 years in polio across states in India.
Similar to GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR MEASLES ELIMINATION (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR MEASLES ELIMINATION
1. Presented By: Dr.Preetam Kumar Kar
Facilitators: Dr.Dipanweeta Routray
Dr.Manoj Kumar Dash
Department of COMMUNITY MEDICINE
S.C.B MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL
CUTTACK.
2. LAYOUT OF PRESENTATION
Introduction
Background
Vision & Goals of Global Measles elimination Strategic
Plan 2012
Guiding Principles to Eliminate Measles
Strategy to Eliminate Measles
Initiatives in India
Challenges in Implementing the Strategic Plan
Conclusion
Bibliography
2
5. GLOBAL SCENARIO
Measles is endemic virtually in all parts of the world.
In 2000: 5.35 lakh children died of measles, the
majority in developing countries (WHO report).
Burden accounted for 5% of all under- five mortality.
Epidemics occur when proportion of susceptible children
reaches about 40 percent.
5
6. GLOBAL SCENARIO
All 35 countries in the Americas eliminated measles
in 2002.
The Western Pacific Region
European and
Eastern Mediterranean
African
SE Asian countries
reduced measles cases between 2009
and 2012 and is now on the verge of
measles elimination.
focusses on measles control i.e
reduction of measles morbidity and
mortality in accordance with the target.
6
8. Number of estimated measles deaths (in thousands) globally
2000-2010
8
535.3 528.8 373.8 484.3 331.4 384.8 227.7
Source: who global measles & rubella strategic plan 11
177.9
139.3
130.1
137.5
9. INDIAN SCENARIO
In India 2011- 33,634 cases with 56 deaths.
Leading cause of child deaths.
The national routine measles vaccination coverage is
69% (DLHS-3).
Draft Comprehensive Multi Year Strategic Plan
(2010-17) for immunisation of India the country
with an objective of reducing measles related
mortality by 90% by 2013 compared to 2000.
9
11. MEASLES AS AN ELIMINABLE DISEASE
1. Humans are the only reservoir for measles virus.
2. Accurate diagnostic tests for measles.
3. Effective interventions.
4. Life long immunity.
5. Sustained interruption of measles virus transmission.
11
13. VISION
Achieve and maintain a world without measles .
GOALS
A. By end 2015
Reduce global measles mortality by at least 95%
compared with 2000 estimates.
Achieve regional measles elimination goals.
B. By end 2020
Achieve measles elimination in atleast five WHO regions.
13
14. Regional Measles & Rubella Elimination Goals
WHO world map of regional goals for the elimination of measles and either the elimination or control of rubella
14
15. WHO defines elimination of measles as absence of
endemic measles for a period of >=12 months in
presence of adequate surveillance.
One indicator of measles elimination is a sustained
measles incidence of <1/10 lakh population.
15
DEFINITION
17. 1. COUNTRY OWNERSHIP AND
SUSTAINABILITY
National governments and civil society to work
together.
2. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION AND HEALTH
SYSTEMS STRENGTHENING
Robust and effective health and immunization
systems, particularly a strong national EPI.
3. EQUITY
Specifically target children missed by routine services,
including underserved, migrant and poor children.
17
18. 4. LINKAGES
With polio eradication:
Providing polio vaccination during measles SIAs , facilitate
both polio eradication & measles control & elimination.
With other proven child survival interventions:
The routine measles vaccination visit at nine months
is widely used to provide vitamin A supplementation.
18
20. The strategy for 2012–2020 builds on the experiences in
the Americas and in countries in other WHO regions that
successfully eliminated indigenous transmission of
measles.
High coverage with two doses of MCV serves as the
foundation required to ensure high population immunity
against measles.
20
21. Component 1.
ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN HIGH LEVELS OF
POPULATION IMMUNITY
Vaccination Coverage >=95% with each of the two doses
of MCV.
Unvaccinated children old enough to receive MCV1 (9 or
12 months).
Strengthening routine immunization - critical component.
Catch up and follow up.
21
22. Component 2.
MONITOR DISEASE USING EFFECTIVE SURVEILLANCE
AND EVALUATE TO ENSURE PROGRESS
Effective surveillance needed to provide information :
1. To set priorities
2. Plan activities
3. Allocate resources
4. Implement prevention programmes
5. Respond to outbreaks
6. Evaluate control measures
22
23. Component 3.
DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN OUTBREAK
PREPAREDNESS AND RESPOND RAPIDLY TO
OUTBREAKS
In elimination setting :
Single case outbreak rapid investigation
and response.
In emergency setting:
Urgent coordinated SIAs include
Vit. A supplementation prevent outbreaks and
child mortality.
23
24. Component 4.
COMMUNICATE AND ENGAGE TO BUILD
PUBLIC CONFIDENCE
Community awareness regarding
a. Immunization rights
b. Benefits
c. Safety
d. Available services
Will promote public acceptance and participation.
24
25. Component 5.
PERFORM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CDC in May 2011 highlighted critical research areas
necessary to achieve measles eradication:
1. Measles epidemiology
2. Assessing vaccine efficacy and effectiveness
3. Needle free vaccine delivery methods
4. Improved methods for laboratory testing for
measles
25
26. 5. New immunization strategies.
6. Improved methods to monitor and evaluate vaccination
programmes.
7. Improved messages and strategies to communicate with
potential beneficiaries and their families.
8. Economic analyses of different strategic options and
mathematical modeling.
26
Component 5.
PERFORM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT….contd
28. ACCELERATED MEASLES CONTROL
STRATEGIES
1. Improve and sustain RI coverage (MCV-1).
2. Provide a second opportunity for measles immunization to all
eligible children (MCV-2).
3. Sensitive, laboratory supported measles outbreak surveillance
for case/outbreak confirmation.
4. Fully investigate all detected measles outbreaks and ensure
appropriate case management.
28
29. LEGEND
2012
2011
Dhenkanal
Sambalpur
Ganjam
Jajpur
Kalahandi
Cuttack
Khurda
Nabarangpur
Koraput
Malkangiri
Nayagarh
Bargarh
Rayagada
Bolangir
Boudh
Sonepur
Angul
Balasore
Bhadrak
Deogarh
Jharsuguda
Keonjhar
Mayurbhanj
Sundargarh
Kendrapara
Jagatsingpur
Puri
Gajapati
ANDHRA
PRADESH
JHARKHAND
N
Reported Measles
Outbreaks in the years
2011, 12 & 13
Kandhamal
2011, 2012 & 2013
2013
Source: SMO , NPSP unit Ganjam 29
30. CASE OF CLINICAL MEASLES
Any person in whom clinician suspects measles infection
OR
Any person with fever and maculo papular rash with Cough /
Coryza / CONJUNCTIVITIS
OR
A death which occurs within one month of onset of measles
For epidemiological investigation, clinical measles would be a case
30
within last 3 months.
31. CONFIRMATION OF OUTBREAK
By Serology
Positive Measles IgM antibody in any of the 5 blood
samples collected during the outbreak and tested in a
WHO accredited Laboratory.
(Measles negative samples are tested for Rubella)
31
32. WHICH POTENTIAL OUTBREAKS TO INVESTIGATE?
Desk Review of Measles data every Tuesday at district level
Identify blocks with 5 cases or 1 death in a week
5 cases in a block Any death in a block
Assess if these cases are clustered in
same/ adjacent villages
IF YES
Conduct preliminary field search in area to look for additional cases
IF ADDITIONAL CASES FOUND (~10 CASES)
conduct detailed investigation: HTH search, Serology from 5 cases,
Rx for all cases (Vit A, ORT etc.) 32
33. PLANNING FOR MEASLES OUTBREAK
INVESTIGATIONS
ERT
Members:
CMO.
District Surveillance Officer
RCH Officer / DIO
Epidemiologist
Pediatrician / physician
Laboratory Specialist
Statistical Officer
Surveillance Medical Officer (SMO)
others from the district as appropriate (partner
representatives)
The local MO to be co-opted at the time of the outbreak
investigation.
33
34. 2. ASSIGNING OUTBREAK NUMBER & PRELIMINARY
SEARCH
Assigning an Outbreak Number
MOB-ST-DIS-YY-NUM
MOB-0R-GJM-14-001
The PHC MO should ensure that the village/ locality of the
area is searched for additional cases.
The outcome of the search should be communicated to
the RCH Officer.
The RCH Officer/ SMO/IDSP-SO should decide if the
outbreak needs to be investigated in detail.
The state should be notified using the VPD-OB001 form
34
35. 3. MOBILIZATION OF THE EPIDEMIC RESPONSE
TEAM
When: As soon as an outbreak is identified.
Why: For detailed outbreak investigation at the outbreak
locality.
Who: The CMO of the district convenes a meeting of all
members of the ERT.
For: Micro planning the outbreak Investigation.
35
36. Form VPD-OB003
MEASLES OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION: DATA ON CASES
Village / Area: ________________ PHC:_________________ Block:____________________D_is_t_ric_t :________________Sta_t_e_:______ _____________
Outbreak ID: _________________________________ Report sent by:_____________________Date Sent: ____________
Sex
Date of last
measles
vaccine
Date of onset
of rash
If died, date of
death
Date of blood
specimen
collection
Setting: Urban / Rural
M/F Years Months dd/mm/yyyy dd/mm/yyyy dd/mm/yyyy dd/mm/yyyy
Yes
No
Yes
No
Unknown Unknown
Unknown Unknown
Yes Yes
No No
Unknown Unknown
Age
Yes Yes
No No
Patient's name, father's name
and address
Patient
number
Received
measles
vaccine
(circle)
Death
(circle)
36
37. Steps contd…..
Children suffering from Measles should be given
First dose of Vit A by health worker and informed of
second dose.
Supervisor to follow up with second dose
of Vit A.
Manage the existing cases.
Ask the family to report occurrence of new Measles
cases to the local health worker/nearest health center
immediately.
37
39. SPECIMEN COLLECTION & PROCESSING
Collect serum in
labeled sterile vials
Centrifuge Clotted Blood
Leave at
Room Temp
for clot
formation (30
mins.)
Storage
Centrifuge @ 1500 RPM – 10 Min
40. 8. DATA ANALYSIS
Defining the outbreak in terms of time, place & person
Age distribution
Proportion of cases vaccinated in different age groups
(How is RI performance?)
CFR
Mapping of cases: particular areas or communities of
village affected.
Calculation of attack rates and vaccine efficacy if
community survey done.
41. 9. REPORT WRITING AND FEEDBACK
Share the experience with programme implementers
(form VPD – OB004).
Document for comparison in the future Learning for an
evolving programme.
To be sent to state government, IDSP, GoI and NPSP.
42. Form VPD-OB004
MEASLES OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION: SUMMARY
Outbreak ID: _______________________
Notification
Source of notification: Weekly report / Active case search / Media / Other
Index case reported by:______________ Name of DIO:________________________
Designation:____________________ Name of SMO:_______________________
Date of notification of index case: ______________
Preliminary investigation including desk review
Desk review: date________________________ findings________________________________________________________
Date/s of preliminary search:__________________________
Number of health facilities searched: ___________________ Number of sub-centers/ urban wards searched: _________
Number of areas* searched:__________________ Total number of clinical measles cases:__________
Date of Epidemic Response Team meeting: ____________________
Whether considered as an outbreak requiring house to house investigation: Yes / No
If No, reason: No clustering of cases Low case count
Others (specify ) ________________________________________________________________
If Yes, provide details of outbreak investigation below
43.
44. 10. INITIATING ACTIONS
State level action
Collect data to guide development of policy.
Taking next step in measles control.
District Level action
Prevent death – Vit-A, ORT. Antibiotics, Referral chain.
Ensure availability of vaccines.
Improve routine immunization.
Targeting populations at risk.
Local level actions
Ensuring vaccine is available in all sessions.
Ensure that sessions are not missed.
Ensure coverage is complete in the target population.
46. 1. FINANCIAL RISKS
Sufficient predictable and sustainable funds .
2. HIGH POPULATION DENSITY AND HIGHLY
MOBILE POPULATIONS
The highly infectious nature of measles makes
control and elimination very challenging.
3. CONFLICT AND EMERGENCY SETTINGS
Humanitarian crises
46
47. 3. WEAK IMMUNIZATION SYSTEMS AND
INACCURATE REPORTING OF VACCINATION
COVERAGE
High infectiousness & high rate of clinical disease.
Strengthening routine immunization systems.
4. MANAGING PERCEPTIONS AND
MISPERCEPTIONS
When individuals no longer see cases of a
previously common disease they begin to believe
the vaccine no longer provides benefits.
47
48. CONCLUSION
Improving measles vaccination coverage and reducing
measles-related deaths is a global imperative, particularly as
it relates to the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goal
4 (MDG4), which aims to reduce the overall number of deaths
among children by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015.
We must work together to increase and sustain the socio-political
and financial commitments required to end the
devastation associated with preventable measles.
48
49. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Reverse the resurgence of measles,
achieve the 2015 mortality-reduction target
& look beyond, to reap the tremendous
long-term humanitarian and economic
benefits associated with a world free of
measles.
50.
51. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Levels & trends in child mortality report 2011: Estimates developed by the
UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York, NY, United
Nations Children’s Fund, 2011
(http://www.childinfo.org/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2011.pdf, accessed 11
March 2012).
2. Wolfson LJ et al. Estimates of measles case fatality ratios: a comprehensive
review of community-based studies. International Journal of Epidemiology,
2009, 38:192–205.
3. WHO/UNICEF Global Plan for reducing measles mortality 2006–2010
(http://whqlibdoc.who. int/hq/2005/WHO_IVB_05_11_eng.pdf).
4. Strebel PM et al. A world without measles. Journal of Infectious Diseases,
2011, 203:S1–S3.
5.Park’s textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 22nd edition.
6.Health Policies and programmes in India.dr. D.K.Taneja..
51