The document summarizes the status of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) implementation in Europe based on data from 2018-2019. It finds that while formal PrEP rollout has been slow, especially in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, there is evidence of significant informal PrEP use across countries. As a result, an estimated 500,000 men who have sex with men (MSM) want or need PrEP but are unable to access it, representing a "PrEP gap" in Europe. Barriers to wider PrEP implementation include cost and lack of public funding in some countries.
- There were 49,752 TB cases notified in 29 EU/EEA countries in 2019, with a notification rate of 9.6 per 100,000 population. The number and rate of TB cases have declined steadily between 2010-2019.
- Males had higher notification rates than females across all age groups over 14. The highest rate was in those aged 25-44.
- 34.5% of cases were in persons of foreign origin, up from 25.3% in 2010.
- Treatment success rates after 12 months of treatment declined from 76.2% in 2009 to 63.7% in 2018.
1) Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has emerged as an important public health issue in Europe, with over 21,000 cases reported between 2005-2015 across EU/EEA countries.
2) Surveillance systems and case definitions for HEV vary between countries, but most (20/30) now have specific national surveillance for HEV in place.
3) The majority (98%) of HEV cases in Europe are now locally acquired rather than travel-associated, and over half of all cases are diagnosed in hospitals.
Summary slides on the epidemiological situation in the EU/EEA.
2018 surveillance data.
Report and ppt slides available from: http://bit.ly/HIVAIDSsurv18
ECDC symposium "Responding to two of the main STI threats of our time: syphilis and antimicrobial resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae"
Presentation by: Otilia Mårdh
Presented at: IUSTI 2019, Tallinn
Presentation from the opening session of the 17th European AIDS Conference (EACS) 2019, Basel, Switzerland.
Presenter: Anastasia Pharris, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
The document summarizes the status of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) implementation in Europe based on data from 2018-2019. It finds that while formal PrEP rollout has been slow, especially in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, there is evidence of significant informal PrEP use across countries. As a result, an estimated 500,000 men who have sex with men (MSM) want or need PrEP but are unable to access it, representing a "PrEP gap" in Europe. Barriers to wider PrEP implementation include cost and lack of public funding in some countries.
- There were 49,752 TB cases notified in 29 EU/EEA countries in 2019, with a notification rate of 9.6 per 100,000 population. The number and rate of TB cases have declined steadily between 2010-2019.
- Males had higher notification rates than females across all age groups over 14. The highest rate was in those aged 25-44.
- 34.5% of cases were in persons of foreign origin, up from 25.3% in 2010.
- Treatment success rates after 12 months of treatment declined from 76.2% in 2009 to 63.7% in 2018.
1) Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has emerged as an important public health issue in Europe, with over 21,000 cases reported between 2005-2015 across EU/EEA countries.
2) Surveillance systems and case definitions for HEV vary between countries, but most (20/30) now have specific national surveillance for HEV in place.
3) The majority (98%) of HEV cases in Europe are now locally acquired rather than travel-associated, and over half of all cases are diagnosed in hospitals.
Summary slides on the epidemiological situation in the EU/EEA.
2018 surveillance data.
Report and ppt slides available from: http://bit.ly/HIVAIDSsurv18
ECDC symposium "Responding to two of the main STI threats of our time: syphilis and antimicrobial resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae"
Presentation by: Otilia Mårdh
Presented at: IUSTI 2019, Tallinn
Presentation from the opening session of the 17th European AIDS Conference (EACS) 2019, Basel, Switzerland.
Presenter: Anastasia Pharris, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Anastasia Pharris of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control on infections among people who inject drugs. It finds that over 30,000 new HIV diagnoses in Europe in 2016 were due to injecting drug use, with most cases concentrated in Eastern Europe. While harm reduction efforts have made progress in some countries, people who inject drugs still face high burdens of HIV, hepatitis C, and other infections. The presentation calls for improved testing, treatment, and prevention programs targeting this group.
ECDC poster at the 16th European AIDS Conference, 2017, Milan.
Authors: Lara Tavoschi, Joana Gomes-Dias, Anastasia Pharris, the EU/EEA HIV Surveillance Network
Providing an overview on data, trends and summary of findings on the hepatitis B and C surveillance data from EU/EEA countries for the year 2017:
Find ECDC's Annual Epidemiological reports online: http://bit.ly/ECDCAER
Data and trends from the ECDC Annual Epidemiological reports for 2016 on:
Chlamydia (http://bit.ly/AERch16)
Lymphogranuloma venereum (http://bit.ly/AERLGV16)
Gonorrhoea (http://bit.ly/AERsy16)
Syphilis (http://bit.ly/AERsy16)
Congenital syphilis (http://bit.ly/AERcs16)
See also: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/annual-epidemiological-reports
The document discusses HIV infection among children and adolescents in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA). It provides statistics on new HIV diagnoses from 2006-2015, showing an increase among adolescents ages 15-19. The majority of infections in children under 15 were due to mother-to-child transmission, while most adolescents were infected through heterosexual sex or sex between men. While mother-to-child transmission rates are declining in EU/EEA-born children, transmission remains high in children born outside the EU/EEA to migrant mothers. The document calls for targeted HIV prevention strategies focusing on at-risk groups.
1) 58,994 TB cases were notified in 30 EU/EEA countries in 2016, with a notification rate of 11.4 per 100,000 population. The number and rate of TB cases have declined continuously between 2007-2016.
2) The highest notification rates in 2016 were among those aged 25-44, and males had higher rates than females in all groups over 14. Rates have declined annually by 2-4% in all age groups between 2007-2016.
3) 32.7% of cases in 2016 were in persons of foreign origin, an increase from 21% in 2007. The rate of cases in foreign-born persons was stable between 2007-2016.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: ECDC's HIV expert Anastasia Pharris
a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
This presentation summarises the main data from the ECDC Annual epidemiological reports 2017 on chlamydia, gonorrhoea, lymphogranuloma venereum, (congenital) syphilis
Although HIV is preventable through effective public health measures, significant HIV transmission continues in Europe. In 2015, almost 30 000 people were diagnosed in European Union and European Economic Area Member States; a rate of 6.3 cases in every 100 000 people (when adjusted for reporting delay).
This report, prepared jointly with the WHO Regional Office for Europe, presents data on HIV and AIDS for the whole European Region, including the EU and EEA countries. Analyses are provided for the EU and EEA region.
This document analyzes EU surveillance data from 2009-2014 on shigellosis, a bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated food or water or directly from person to person through feces. The analysis found that domestically-acquired shigellosis cases increased over this period and accounted for over half of reported cases in 2014, with the proportion of cases among men doubling. Male-to-female ratios were highest among domestic cases, suggesting ongoing sexual transmission of certain Shigella strains like S. flexneri serotype 3a among men who have sex with men in Europe. The authors conclude countries should investigate domestic male cases and sexual transmission more and report such data to help monitor trends and facilitate public health interventions.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation: ECDC Acting Director Dr Andrea Ammon.
a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Although HIV is preventable through effective public health measures, significant HIV transmission continues in Europe. In 2014, almost 30 000 people were diagnosed in European Union and European Economic Area Member States. This slide set includes maps, graphs and tables from the 2014 HIV/AIDS surveillance report, published jointly by ECDC and WHO Europe.
This document summarizes a presentation on estimating mortality due to viral hepatitis using attributable fractions. It discusses:
1) The WHO reference method which uses national mortality statistics and attributable fraction estimates from GBD to estimate hepatitis-related deaths.
2) A sentinel pilot study conducted in Bulgaria and Portugal to develop local estimates of the attributable fractions of cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B and C. The pilot found the attributable fractions varied between sites.
3) Outcomes from the pilot included improved local mortality estimates and lessons learned for expanding the methodology to other countries through clinical and public health partnerships. Limitations around representing overall populations and assigning morbidity to mortality were also noted.
Presentation by ECDC HIV expert Anastasia Pharris on epidemiological challenges for the HIV response in Europe.
Presented at: 16th European AIDS Conference, 26 October 2017, Milan.
What is the current situation of HIV in Europe and Central Asia?
How can we more effectively prevent new infections?
Presentation by Anastasia Pharris,
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
at Glasgow HIV Drug Therapy Conference
28 October 2018
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Teymur Noori, ECDC
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
This document provides an overview of PrEP implementation strategies across Europe from ECDC. It discusses the ECDC's opinion on PrEP and a meeting held in April 2016 on the topic. Key findings from an informal Hornet/ECDC survey on PrEP use in Europe are presented. The status of PrEP implementation in different European countries is outlined, with some countries having implemented or planned demonstration projects, while issues limiting implementation like cost and eligibility criteria are discussed. The discourse around PrEP from a public health perspective is shown to have evolved from questions around efficacy to considerations of affordability, STI risk, and implementation models.
Based on ECDC surveillance report on Sexually transmitted infections in Europe 2013, these slides describes the epidemiological features and basic trends of the five STI under EU surveillance: chlamydia trachomatis infection, gonorrhoea, syphilis, congenital syphilis, and lymphogranuloma venereum. It covers the years 2004 to 2013.
Data and trends on hepatitis B and C for the countries of the European Union and European Economic Area.
2015 data.
See also ECDC's Annual Epidemiological Report: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/annual-epidemiological-reports
GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR MEASLES ELIMINATIONPreetam Kar
The document outlines the presentation of Dr. Preetam Kumar Kar on measles elimination. It discusses:
1. The global burden of measles in 2000 with over 500,000 deaths annually, mostly in developing countries.
2. The goals of the 2012 Global Measles Elimination Strategic Plan to reduce measles mortality by 95% by 2015 and achieve regional elimination in 5 WHO regions by 2020.
3. India's strategy to strengthen routine immunization, conduct supplemental immunization activities, and enhance surveillance to reduce measles cases and meet regional elimination targets.
TB in the workplace and beyond - Contribution of Occupational Health Services...Jean Jacques Bernatas
TB remains a global health problem, infecting over 10 million people annually. Workplaces can increase risk of TB infection and transmission due to factors like overcrowding and poor ventilation. Occupational health services can play an important role in TB elimination by implementing screening, facilitating access to diagnosis and treatment, and providing support to affected workers. The level of workplace contribution depends on TB burden - in high burden settings, intensified case detection is key, while in low burden settings, detecting latent TB through screening is important. A "TB-proof workplace" implements hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk management strategies to curb TB transmission and support workers.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Anastasia Pharris of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control on infections among people who inject drugs. It finds that over 30,000 new HIV diagnoses in Europe in 2016 were due to injecting drug use, with most cases concentrated in Eastern Europe. While harm reduction efforts have made progress in some countries, people who inject drugs still face high burdens of HIV, hepatitis C, and other infections. The presentation calls for improved testing, treatment, and prevention programs targeting this group.
ECDC poster at the 16th European AIDS Conference, 2017, Milan.
Authors: Lara Tavoschi, Joana Gomes-Dias, Anastasia Pharris, the EU/EEA HIV Surveillance Network
Providing an overview on data, trends and summary of findings on the hepatitis B and C surveillance data from EU/EEA countries for the year 2017:
Find ECDC's Annual Epidemiological reports online: http://bit.ly/ECDCAER
Data and trends from the ECDC Annual Epidemiological reports for 2016 on:
Chlamydia (http://bit.ly/AERch16)
Lymphogranuloma venereum (http://bit.ly/AERLGV16)
Gonorrhoea (http://bit.ly/AERsy16)
Syphilis (http://bit.ly/AERsy16)
Congenital syphilis (http://bit.ly/AERcs16)
See also: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/annual-epidemiological-reports
The document discusses HIV infection among children and adolescents in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA). It provides statistics on new HIV diagnoses from 2006-2015, showing an increase among adolescents ages 15-19. The majority of infections in children under 15 were due to mother-to-child transmission, while most adolescents were infected through heterosexual sex or sex between men. While mother-to-child transmission rates are declining in EU/EEA-born children, transmission remains high in children born outside the EU/EEA to migrant mothers. The document calls for targeted HIV prevention strategies focusing on at-risk groups.
1) 58,994 TB cases were notified in 30 EU/EEA countries in 2016, with a notification rate of 11.4 per 100,000 population. The number and rate of TB cases have declined continuously between 2007-2016.
2) The highest notification rates in 2016 were among those aged 25-44, and males had higher rates than females in all groups over 14. Rates have declined annually by 2-4% in all age groups between 2007-2016.
3) 32.7% of cases in 2016 were in persons of foreign origin, an increase from 21% in 2007. The rate of cases in foreign-born persons was stable between 2007-2016.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: ECDC's HIV expert Anastasia Pharris
a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
This presentation summarises the main data from the ECDC Annual epidemiological reports 2017 on chlamydia, gonorrhoea, lymphogranuloma venereum, (congenital) syphilis
Although HIV is preventable through effective public health measures, significant HIV transmission continues in Europe. In 2015, almost 30 000 people were diagnosed in European Union and European Economic Area Member States; a rate of 6.3 cases in every 100 000 people (when adjusted for reporting delay).
This report, prepared jointly with the WHO Regional Office for Europe, presents data on HIV and AIDS for the whole European Region, including the EU and EEA countries. Analyses are provided for the EU and EEA region.
This document analyzes EU surveillance data from 2009-2014 on shigellosis, a bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated food or water or directly from person to person through feces. The analysis found that domestically-acquired shigellosis cases increased over this period and accounted for over half of reported cases in 2014, with the proportion of cases among men doubling. Male-to-female ratios were highest among domestic cases, suggesting ongoing sexual transmission of certain Shigella strains like S. flexneri serotype 3a among men who have sex with men in Europe. The authors conclude countries should investigate domestic male cases and sexual transmission more and report such data to help monitor trends and facilitate public health interventions.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation: ECDC Acting Director Dr Andrea Ammon.
a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Although HIV is preventable through effective public health measures, significant HIV transmission continues in Europe. In 2014, almost 30 000 people were diagnosed in European Union and European Economic Area Member States. This slide set includes maps, graphs and tables from the 2014 HIV/AIDS surveillance report, published jointly by ECDC and WHO Europe.
This document summarizes a presentation on estimating mortality due to viral hepatitis using attributable fractions. It discusses:
1) The WHO reference method which uses national mortality statistics and attributable fraction estimates from GBD to estimate hepatitis-related deaths.
2) A sentinel pilot study conducted in Bulgaria and Portugal to develop local estimates of the attributable fractions of cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B and C. The pilot found the attributable fractions varied between sites.
3) Outcomes from the pilot included improved local mortality estimates and lessons learned for expanding the methodology to other countries through clinical and public health partnerships. Limitations around representing overall populations and assigning morbidity to mortality were also noted.
Presentation by ECDC HIV expert Anastasia Pharris on epidemiological challenges for the HIV response in Europe.
Presented at: 16th European AIDS Conference, 26 October 2017, Milan.
What is the current situation of HIV in Europe and Central Asia?
How can we more effectively prevent new infections?
Presentation by Anastasia Pharris,
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
at Glasgow HIV Drug Therapy Conference
28 October 2018
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Teymur Noori, ECDC
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
This document provides an overview of PrEP implementation strategies across Europe from ECDC. It discusses the ECDC's opinion on PrEP and a meeting held in April 2016 on the topic. Key findings from an informal Hornet/ECDC survey on PrEP use in Europe are presented. The status of PrEP implementation in different European countries is outlined, with some countries having implemented or planned demonstration projects, while issues limiting implementation like cost and eligibility criteria are discussed. The discourse around PrEP from a public health perspective is shown to have evolved from questions around efficacy to considerations of affordability, STI risk, and implementation models.
Based on ECDC surveillance report on Sexually transmitted infections in Europe 2013, these slides describes the epidemiological features and basic trends of the five STI under EU surveillance: chlamydia trachomatis infection, gonorrhoea, syphilis, congenital syphilis, and lymphogranuloma venereum. It covers the years 2004 to 2013.
Data and trends on hepatitis B and C for the countries of the European Union and European Economic Area.
2015 data.
See also ECDC's Annual Epidemiological Report: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/annual-epidemiological-reports
GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR MEASLES ELIMINATIONPreetam Kar
The document outlines the presentation of Dr. Preetam Kumar Kar on measles elimination. It discusses:
1. The global burden of measles in 2000 with over 500,000 deaths annually, mostly in developing countries.
2. The goals of the 2012 Global Measles Elimination Strategic Plan to reduce measles mortality by 95% by 2015 and achieve regional elimination in 5 WHO regions by 2020.
3. India's strategy to strengthen routine immunization, conduct supplemental immunization activities, and enhance surveillance to reduce measles cases and meet regional elimination targets.
TB in the workplace and beyond - Contribution of Occupational Health Services...Jean Jacques Bernatas
TB remains a global health problem, infecting over 10 million people annually. Workplaces can increase risk of TB infection and transmission due to factors like overcrowding and poor ventilation. Occupational health services can play an important role in TB elimination by implementing screening, facilitating access to diagnosis and treatment, and providing support to affected workers. The level of workplace contribution depends on TB burden - in high burden settings, intensified case detection is key, while in low burden settings, detecting latent TB through screening is important. A "TB-proof workplace" implements hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk management strategies to curb TB transmission and support workers.
R. Villano - Superbugs & superdrugs - Council Recommendation on patient safe...Raimondo Villano
This document provides a summary of a Council Recommendation on patient safety and the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections. It discusses how 8-12% of hospitalized patients in EU member states suffer adverse events during healthcare. It estimates 4.1 million healthcare-associated infections per year resulting in 37,000 deaths. The recommendation aims to improve patient safety by establishing reporting systems, training healthcare workers, developing common safety definitions and indicators, and sharing best practices between member states. It specifically recommends developing national strategies to prevent and control healthcare-associated infections by strengthening surveillance systems and allocating resources. The document defines key terms and recommends various actions member states can take to promote patient safety.
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) and the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) in India. It discusses TB as an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It then summarizes the history and objectives of NTEP, formerly known as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Key aspects of NTEP covered include organizational structure, services provided, case definitions, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and the national strategic plan to eliminate TB in India by 2025.
An overview of PhD research in the area of risk communications for animal disease management and incorporating approaches to fieldwork for second year stage of research.
Pulmonary tuberculosis and its managementShweta Sharma
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis and its management. It discusses the etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation including tuberculin skin test and chest x-ray, classification, medical management including DOTS therapy, complications, nursing assessment and interventions. Key points covered are that tuberculosis is caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects the lungs. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, skin test and chest x-ray. Treatment is with a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on education, monitoring for side effects and preventing transmission.
This document provides an overview of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) in India. It discusses that NTEP aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025, five years ahead of the global target of 2030. Key priorities of NTEP include improving active case finding, engaging the private sector, strengthening diagnosis and treatment, addressing comorbidities like HIV and diabetes, and taking a multi-sectoral approach involving other ministries. NTEP utilizes various strategies like digital tools and community involvement to achieve its goals of reducing TB incidence, prevalence, mortality and catastrophic expenditure due to the disease.
Managment Of Long Term Care In Era Covid-19komalicarol
COVID-19 gives the chance to address long-term care categories
that are sometimes disregarded and undervalued, such as nursing
and residential homes, as well as homecare. Each method of delivering long-term care must meet the highest possible standards
of ongoing care and quality of life. More study and evaluation are
needed to aid decision-making and policy-making, particularly on
the cost-effectiveness and cost-quality elements for each country,
region, or system.
ICON experts give an in-depth overview of infectious disease modeling with a focus on assessment of interventions and its challenges.
The nature of communicable diseases results in unique epidemiological characteristics that must be accounted for when considering the epidemiological, clinical, and economic consequences of interventions that modify transmission. These interventions clearly include vaccines, but also drug treatments that may reduce the duration of infectiousness.
This webinar outlines the unique epidemiological characteristics of communicable diseases and demonstrates how correctly accounting for these in clinical and economic assessments of interventions can capture the full value of these interventions. Some of the challenges faced when performing these analyses are also addressed.
Key Topics Include:
- Understanding infectious disease modeling
- Why infectious disease modeling is needed
- Challenges associated with infectious disease modeling
The document discusses various strategies for animal disease control including prevention, vaccination, biosecurity measures, surveillance, zoning/compartmentalization, and stamping out. It emphasizes applying the appropriate strategy based on factors like the disease, its impacts, stakeholders involved, and available resources. The overall goal is to reduce disease prevalence and impacts in a cost-effective manner.
Presented by Jonathan Wadsworth and Franck Berthe (World Bank Group) at the CGIAR Antimicrobial Resistance Hub Launching, ILRI Nairobi, 21-22 February 2019
ROLE OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP IN ACCELERATING VACCINE DEVELOPMENT:...iQHub
Product Development Partnerships (PDPs) try to bridge the gap between global health research priorities and the needs of resource-poor settings by integrating public health needs with private sector incentives. PDPs are nonprofit organizations that drive development of vaccines and other products for neglected diseases in partnership with public and private groups. IVI's typhoid conjugate vaccine development program with SK Bioscience and Biofarma is provided as a case study, highlighting progress through various clinical trial phases with the goal of licensure and WHO prequalification to make the vaccine available in low-resource countries with a high typhoid burden.
Question 26 emerging antibiotic resistance threats in the healtYASHU40
This document discusses the importance of financial planning for sports organizations and businesses. Financial planning involves examining future income and expenses to help guide a company's direction and requires developing a budget, which acts as a roadmap. A budget focuses on what a business wants to accomplish during a set period for a given product or industry unit. Financial planning can help provide appropriate solutions for common business problems and maximize the impact of every dollar spent. Developing budgets is a key part of effective financial planning.
1. Graham Love discusses the development of personalized medicine in Ireland from the perspective of the Health Research Board.
2. While some personalized cancer care exists, moving towards personalized medicine research requires large-scale sequencing efforts and clinical trials to validate biomarkers and treatments.
3. For personalized medicine to become a true revolution, there needs to be greater efforts to educate decision-makers and the general public about what personalized medicine is and its potential benefits.
This document provides an overview of antibiotic stewardship activities at Dutch hospitals CWZ and Radboud UMC from the perspective of Andreas Voss. It summarizes that the Dutch have many experts in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) working at these hospitals. It then
National tuberculosis elimination programme [Autosaved].pptxSanaKhader1
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) in India, including key terminology, disease burden statistics, milestones in the country's TB program, and details of the current National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP). It notes that India accounts for over a quarter of global TB cases. The NTEP aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025 through strategies like improving diagnosis, ensuring appropriate treatment, preventing at-risk populations from developing TB, and strengthening related policies and resources. It outlines diagnostic protocols, treatment regimens, and initiatives to engage private providers and provide social support to patients.
Periodontal health through public health approachesUKM
This document summarizes a lecture on approaching periodontal health through public health strategies. The lecturer discusses whether periodontal disease should be considered a public health problem based on criteria like burden on society and distribution. Data is presented showing the global prevalence and burden of periodontal disease. The determinants of periodontal health are complex and include both modifiable risk factors and broader socioeconomic factors. The current approach of treating periodontal disease individually is noted as ineffective at a population level. Small upstream preventive strategies integrating medical and dental care are proposed to potentially make a significant impact on periodontal health outcomes. The lecturer concludes by questioning if the tipping point has been reached to implement new public health approaches.
The document provides guidance on preventing and controlling infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. It recommends 7 key interventions: 1) providing clean injection equipment, 2) vaccination, 3) drug dependence treatment such as opioid substitution treatment, 4) voluntary testing and linking to treatment, 5) treatment for infectious diseases, 6) health promotion, and 7) targeted delivery of services. The interventions should be combined and delivered according to user needs to maximize effectiveness in reducing infections.
The document provides guidance on preventing and controlling infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. It recommends 7 key interventions: 1) providing clean injection equipment, 2) vaccination, 3) drug dependence treatment such as opioid substitution treatment, 4) voluntary testing and linking to treatment, 5) treatment for infectious diseases, 6) health promotion, and 7) targeted delivery of services. The interventions should be combined and delivered according to user needs to maximize effectiveness and prevention synergy.
Similar to What have we overlooked in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in Europe? (20)
Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) is a technique for sampling hard-to-reach populations. It works by having initial participants (seeds) recruit a small number of people from their social networks, who are then eligible to recruit others from their networks. This process continues in successive waves. RDS relies on assumptions about network structure and recruitment behaviors. Analysis adjusts for network size and recruitment patterns. The technique was used to sample migrants in Morocco to estimate HIV, syphilis, and tuberculosis prevalence and understand their demographics, risks, and access to services. Results provided insights to guide health programs for this population.
The document summarizes HIV/AIDS surveillance data in Europe for 2017. Some key findings are:
- 25,353 new HIV diagnoses were reported in 30 EU/EEA countries in 2017.
- Sex between men accounted for 38% of new diagnoses, while heterosexual transmission accounted for 33%.
- Nearly half (49%) of individuals were diagnosed late, with a CD4 count below 350 cells/mm3.
- Migrants accounted for 41% of new diagnoses, many originating from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
Teymur Noori, ECDC
22nd International AIDS Conference, Amsterdam 2018
2018 European African HIV/AIDS & Hepatitis C Community Summit. "Our Voices Matter for a lasting solution!!"
Poster presentation at the AIDS 2018 conference in Amsterdam.
By: Adam Bourne1, Beatrice Alba1, Alex Garner2, Gianfranco Spiteri3, Anastasia Pharris3, Teymur Noori3
1. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; 2. Hornet Gay Social Network, California, USA; 3. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC, Sweden
Poster presentation at the AIDS 2018 conference in Amsterdam.
By: Marieke J. van der Werf and Csaba Ködmön, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC.
Presentation by Daniel Simões, HIV in Europe, Portugal , at AIDS 2018 conference during the joint ECDC and EACS satellite "Getting to 90: Addressing inequalities in the HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia"
Presentation by Jens Lundgren, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen - European AIDS Clinical Society, Denmark, at AIDS 2018 conference during the joint ECDC and EACS satellite "Getting to 90: Addressing inequalities in the HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia"
Presentation by Chloe Orkin, Royal London Hospital - BHIVA, United Kingdom, at AIDS 2018 conference during the joint ECDC and EACS satellite "Getting to 90: Addressing inequalities in the HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia"
Presentation by Teymur Noori, ECDC, at AIDS 2018 conference during teh joint ECDC and EACS satellite "Getting to 90: Addressing inequalities in the HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia"
Summary of surveillance data for hepatitis B and hepatitis C across the European Union and European Economic area for 2016.
See also:
ECDC's Annual Epidemiological Report hepatitis B: http://bit.ly/AER16HBV
ECDC's Annual Epidemiological Report hepatitis C: http://bit.ly/AER16HCV
Presentation by: Erika Duffell, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
Presentad at: International Liver Congress, April 2018
This document summarizes tuberculosis monitoring indicators for the WHO European Region in 2016. It analyzes 19 indicators across three areas of intervention: integrated patient-centered care and prevention, bold policies and supportive systems, and intensified research and innovation. For most indicators, only a small number of countries met the targets, suggesting more progress is still needed to tackle TB across the European Region.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
What have we overlooked in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in Europe?
1. Prof. Michael A. Borg
Mater Dei Hospital & University of Malta
Malta
1
What have we overlooked in the
epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance
(AMR) in Europe?
2. What haven't we overlooked…
• >650,00 infections caused by antibiotic-
resistant bacteria resulting in:
– >30,000 attributable deaths
– >870,000 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
2
3. 3
3GCR MDR
E. coli K. pneumoniae
Carbapenem R Meticillin R
A. Baumanii S. aureus
5. 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
DDD beta-lactam antibiotics/1000 population/d
ln(R/(1-R))
GR
NL
DE
SE
FI
UK
IE LU
IT
PT
ES
BE
Figure 2: The logodds of resistance of invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin (PNSP; ln(R/(1-R))) is regressed
against out-patient sales of beta-lactam antibiotics in 12 European countries;
9. High resistance countries
Evidence suggests that in
high resistance European
countries, antibiotics are
used:
• more commonly
• less appropriately
than in countries with lower
resistance prevalence
9
10. High resistance countries
Evidence suggests that in
high resistance European
countries, antibiotics are
used:
• more commonly
• less appropriately
than in countries with lower
resistance prevalence
10
11. • Consumption of:
• total antibacterials for systemic use (J01);
• penicillins (J01C);
• cephalosporins (J01D);
• macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins (J01F);
• quinolones (J01M)
• No relationship with
– Gross National Income
– Mean years of schooling
– Number of physicians
11
12. µm
12
• Significant correlations: Bootstrap analysis
– Cultural values:
F(6,19) = 5.86, P < .001; R2= 0.65
– Socio-economic factors:
F(5,20) = 6.93, P < .001; R2= 0.63
– Personality characteristics*:
F(3,10) = 4.07, P = .04; R2= 0.55
*only 14 countries studied
13. µm
13
• Significant correlations: Bootstrap analysis
– Cultural values:
F(6,19) = 5.86, P < .001; R2= 0.65
– Socio-economic factors:
F(5,20) = 6.93, P < .001; R2= 0.63
– Personality characteristics*:
F(3,10) = 4.07, P = .04; R2= 0.55
*only 14 countries studied
14. What is “culture”
‘pattern of basic assumptions…
that a given group has invented, discovered or
developed in learning to cope with its problems
of external adaptation and internal integration…
which have worked well enough to be
considered valid…
and, therefore to be taught to new members as
the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in
relation to those problems’
14
Schein 1995
15. Culture…
• Deals with values
– commonly held standards of what is acceptable or
unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or
wrong, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community
or society
• Values which are deemed essential in one culture will be
unacceptable in another.
– Cannot be measured directly
• Cultural dimensions
– Constructs of identifiable behavioural manifestations
that can be measured
– provide a model to understand cultural differences
15
20. Countries with high power distance:
• Power holders:
– make all the decisions
– reluctant to share power / consult in decision making
• Less powerful stakeholders will defer responsibility.
• “I am not going to question the doctor why he prescribed an antibiotic for my
cold/flu…. he’s the expert and I do what he says”
20
Power distance
All societies incorporate
hierarchy but the way
power is exercised varies
substantially.
All animals are equal but
some animals are more
equal than others
(George Orwell: Animal Farm)
21. Uncertainty Avoidance
In high uncertainty avoidance countries, antibiotic prescribing
may be used to reduce ambiguity for clinician & patient:
• Given even in dubious clinical presentations
– “started antibiotics... just in case”
• Excessive use of wide spectrum formulations
– “need the widest possible cover…. to be safe”
• Unnecessarily long treatment duration
– “need to ensure treatment has been sufficient”
despite the increased and unnecessary risk of AMR 21
Societies differ in their ability
to handle daily uncertainties
of life and adapt to
ambiguous situations
22. 22
Power distance + + + ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ No data
Uncertainty avoidance + ++ +++ + ++ +++ + ++ +++ No data
Cultural dimensions in Europe
24. Addressing the situation
• What can be done to implement
effective antibiotic stewardship
when cultural dimensions may be
a challenge?
24
25. To assess the impact of the 2015/16 NHS England
Quality Premium on antibiotic prescribing by
General Practitioners (GPs) for respiratory tract
infections (RTIs).
25
26. • Inclusion of antibiotic prescribing in national Quality
Premium (QP),
• Financial remuneration to Clinical Commissioning
Groups (CCGs)
– Responsible for the planning and commissioning of
healthcare services in their region.
• Required CCGs to achieve a reduction of 1% in total
antibiotic prescribing in primary care and a 10%
decrease in the proportion of broad-spectrum
antibiotics prescribed,
– Specifically co-amoxiclav, cephalosporins and quinolones
26
27. Interrupted time series analyses of the total antibiotic prescription rate for RTI consultations
• 3% drop in the rate of antibiotic prescribing (p<0.05),
coinciding with the introduction of the Quality Premium.
– Equated to 14.65 prescriptions per 1000 RTI consultations 27
28. Changes in ambulatory antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants per year in France
between 1980 and 2009 according to the different IMS data sources.
29. • Largest decrease in prescriptions was observed for
nasopharyngitis and influenza.
• Antibiotic prescribing rates for bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis
media and tonsillitis remained persistently high.
– “Physicians might more easily abandon unnecessary prescribing
for infectious conditions …. with a low diagnostic uncertainty
compared with acute bronchitis, which continues to be a common
cause of antibiotic prescribing despite its frequent viral origin”
– “… while physicians only slightly improved their prescribing habit
for this indication … (the) campaign targeting the public may have
been effective in persuading patients with a sore throat not to
seek medical attention”
29
32. µm
• Significant correlations: Bootstrap analysis
– Cultural values:
F(6,19) = 5.86, P < .001; R2= 0.65
– Socio-economic factors:
F(5,20) = 6.93, P < .001; R2= 0.63
– Personality characteristics*:
F(3,10) = 4.07, P = .04; R2= 0.55
*only 14 countries studied
32
33. Socio-economic factors
• Governance quality:
– “…badly managed countries also fail in their health policies
and, consequently, in regulation of antibiotic use.”
• E.g. non-prescribed use, influence of pharma, veterinary practices…
33
34. • …the tools to address antibiotic prescribing and consequently
AMR are to be found primarily in behavioural – rather than
biomedical – science.
• Cultural influences are strong and pervasive
– Major effort needed to change antibiotic practices in high
prescribing countries.
– “Copy and paste” approaches are doomed to fail
• Behaviour change can best be achieved
through a combination of:
• Education (incl. guideline development)
• Motivational interventions
• System change
• It is not easy but it can be done!
What have we overlooked?