The Chinese civilization began along the Huang He and Chang Jiang rivers in northern China, where the fertile soil supported farming. The first dynasty, the Shang, established China's early social order between 1500 BC and 1050 BC. Confucius later promoted an ethical philosophy that emphasized family, society, and strong leadership, which influenced future Chinese empires. The Qin dynasty in the 3rd century BC unified China under a centralized government and established policies that led to cultural advances. Trade also expanded during this period through the Silk Road, connecting China to other civilizations.
MEDIEVAL CHINA The West & The World Key Enviro.docxARIV4
MEDIEVAL CHINA
The West & The World
Key Environmental Features
o Like India, China enjoyed a relative geographical isolation
which allowed it to develop a very distinctive culture.
Physical barriers separated China from the rest of the Asian
continent:
• SW: Himalayan Mts.
• W: Taklimakan (Takla Makan) Desert
• N: Gobi Desert and Mongolian Plateau
E & SE: the Pacific Ocean in east and southeast.
This led to:
• remarkable level of cultural continuity.
• a conscious effort of new ruling dynasties to conform to
past cultural traditions & to Sinicize all conquered
people.
• the belief in Chinese cultural superiority (rest of the
world was made up of “barbarians”).
Key Environmental Features, ct’d
o Central area is the cradle of Chinese civilization.
Earliest settlements developed in agricultural-friendly areas.
• Fertile plains and river valleys:
Yellow River (Huang Ho), also called “river of sorrows” –
flooded frequently and in unpredictable patterns; its
waters carried a fine yellow soil (the loess), very fertile
and easy to work.
Yangtze River, the longest in Asia and third largest in
the world.
Pearl River in the south.
• In modern times, the Manchurian plain in the N also
became part of China.
Main staples:
• wheat and millet in center and north
• rice in the south
Key Environmental Features, ct’d
o Other natural resources:
12 % of world’s mineral resources: iron, tin, copper, lead, zinc,
aluminum, etc.
Energy resources: coal, oil, natural gas
Gemstones: amber, amethyst, jade, opal, ruby, sapphire, topaz
Forests
Including medicinal and precious woods such as gingko
tress, golden larch, red sandalwood, lacquer tree
Largest areas of grassland in the world (N and W)
Tea (SW and N)
• China is the world’s first exporter of tea
Silk-worms
o Major premodern Chinese exports:
Silk - developed ca. 6500 y.a.; one of the most sought-after
products in premodern era.
Lacquered furniture – developed ca 3000 y.a.
Porcelain – developed ca. 2000 y.a.
Main Historical Developments
o Zhou Dynasty (1122-221 B.C.): Golden Age of China
A mythical time of great prosperity and excellent government.
• Rulers associated with this dynasty were considered great
sages (i.e. exemplars of wisdom).
Religious beliefs: polytheistic.
• The gods and the spirits of the ancestors were in control of
humans’ well-being.
To avoid misery and hardships, people had to keep these
celestial beings happy (through daily prayers and sacrifices).
• The spirits of the ancestors could act as mediators between
mortals and the gods. To do so in a positive way, ancestors had
to be honored daily through offerings of food, prayers and pious
reference to their memory.
A good, easy life was a sign of happy ancestors.
Misfortunes were signs of displeased ancestors.
Ancestor Worship: At Home
...
It is the presentation of Acient Chinese, specially made for knowing their history of architecture. it contains breif history about china, their geography, their geological influences, climatic influence, SOCIAL, RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES, and Architectural Character....with examples of PAGoDAS, THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA, AND PAI LOUS..
MEDIEVAL CHINA The West & The World Key Enviro.docxARIV4
MEDIEVAL CHINA
The West & The World
Key Environmental Features
o Like India, China enjoyed a relative geographical isolation
which allowed it to develop a very distinctive culture.
Physical barriers separated China from the rest of the Asian
continent:
• SW: Himalayan Mts.
• W: Taklimakan (Takla Makan) Desert
• N: Gobi Desert and Mongolian Plateau
E & SE: the Pacific Ocean in east and southeast.
This led to:
• remarkable level of cultural continuity.
• a conscious effort of new ruling dynasties to conform to
past cultural traditions & to Sinicize all conquered
people.
• the belief in Chinese cultural superiority (rest of the
world was made up of “barbarians”).
Key Environmental Features, ct’d
o Central area is the cradle of Chinese civilization.
Earliest settlements developed in agricultural-friendly areas.
• Fertile plains and river valleys:
Yellow River (Huang Ho), also called “river of sorrows” –
flooded frequently and in unpredictable patterns; its
waters carried a fine yellow soil (the loess), very fertile
and easy to work.
Yangtze River, the longest in Asia and third largest in
the world.
Pearl River in the south.
• In modern times, the Manchurian plain in the N also
became part of China.
Main staples:
• wheat and millet in center and north
• rice in the south
Key Environmental Features, ct’d
o Other natural resources:
12 % of world’s mineral resources: iron, tin, copper, lead, zinc,
aluminum, etc.
Energy resources: coal, oil, natural gas
Gemstones: amber, amethyst, jade, opal, ruby, sapphire, topaz
Forests
Including medicinal and precious woods such as gingko
tress, golden larch, red sandalwood, lacquer tree
Largest areas of grassland in the world (N and W)
Tea (SW and N)
• China is the world’s first exporter of tea
Silk-worms
o Major premodern Chinese exports:
Silk - developed ca. 6500 y.a.; one of the most sought-after
products in premodern era.
Lacquered furniture – developed ca 3000 y.a.
Porcelain – developed ca. 2000 y.a.
Main Historical Developments
o Zhou Dynasty (1122-221 B.C.): Golden Age of China
A mythical time of great prosperity and excellent government.
• Rulers associated with this dynasty were considered great
sages (i.e. exemplars of wisdom).
Religious beliefs: polytheistic.
• The gods and the spirits of the ancestors were in control of
humans’ well-being.
To avoid misery and hardships, people had to keep these
celestial beings happy (through daily prayers and sacrifices).
• The spirits of the ancestors could act as mediators between
mortals and the gods. To do so in a positive way, ancestors had
to be honored daily through offerings of food, prayers and pious
reference to their memory.
A good, easy life was a sign of happy ancestors.
Misfortunes were signs of displeased ancestors.
Ancestor Worship: At Home
...
It is the presentation of Acient Chinese, specially made for knowing their history of architecture. it contains breif history about china, their geography, their geological influences, climatic influence, SOCIAL, RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES, and Architectural Character....with examples of PAGoDAS, THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA, AND PAI LOUS..
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Geography and Early China
The Big Idea
Chinese civilization began with the Shang dynasty
along the Huang He.
Main Ideas
• China’s physical geography made farming possible but
travel and communication difficult.
• Civilization began in China along the Huang He and Chang
Jiang rivers.
• China’s first dynasties helped Chinese society develop and
made many other achievements.
2.
3. Varied Landscape
• China covers an area of almost 4 million square miles.
• The Gobi desert lies in the north.
• Low-lying plains in the east make up one of the world’s
largest farming areas.
• Mountain ranges lie in the west, including the Plateau of
Tibet and the Qinling Shandi. There was limited contact
between people in the east and west.
• The weather and temperature vary from cold and dry to
wet and humid, and monsoons can bring up to 250 inches
(20.8 fts) of rain each year.
Physical Geography
4. Huang He
• Also called the Yellow River
• Nearly 3,000 miles long
across northern China
• Often floods, and has been
referred to as “China’s
sorrow” because of the
destruction
Chang Jiang
• The longest river in Asia;
also called the Yangzi River
• Flows across central China
from Tibet to the Pacific
Ocean
Two Rivers of China
5. Farming
Early Settlements
• Frequent flooding made the land fertile around the Chang
Jiang and Huang He rivers.
• Along with farming, the Chinese people hunted, fished, and
domesticated animals.
• Some small villages along the rivers grew into larger cities.
• Separate cultures developed in the north and the south. Over
time people learned to dig wells and use potter’s wheels.
• Findings at burial sites suggest that the ancient Chinese
believed in an afterlife and had a complex social order.
Civilization Begins
6. • The Xia dynasty might have been founded around 2200
BC, by Yu the Great.
• Tales say that Yu dug channels to drain floodwaters and
created the major waterways of North China.
• Archaeologists have no firm evidence that tales about the
Xia dynasty are true.
Xia dynasty
7.
8. • Established by 1500 BC, the Shang was the first dynasty
that there is clear evidence to support.
• The Shang reorganized the social order in China: the top
ranking was the royals, then nobles, warriors, artisans,
farmers, and slaves.
• Most citizens lived within the city walls.
• Many cultural advances were made, including China’s first
writing system, complex tools, metal pots, and
ornaments.
Shang dynasty
9.
10. The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas
The Big Idea
Confucius and other philosophers taught ways to deal with
social and political problems in ancient China.
Main Ideas
• The Zhou dynasty expanded China but then declined.
• Confucius offered ideas to bring order to Chinese society.
• Daoism and Legalism also gained followers.
11.
12. The Qin Dynasty
The Big Idea
The Qin dynasty unified China with a strong government and
a system of standardization.
Main Ideas
• The first Qin emperor created a strong but strict
government.
• A unified China was created through Qin policies and
achievements.
13.
14. The Han Dynasty
The Big Idea
The Han dynasty created a new form of government that
valued family, art, and learning.
Main Ideas
• Han dynasty government was based on the ideas of
Confucius.
• Family life was supported and strengthened in Han China.
• The Han made many achievements in art, literature, and
learning.
15. The Analects
Leading by
Example
Moral Values
Disgusted with the rude and insensitive
nature of the people around him, Confucius
pushed for a return to ethics, or moral
values.
This code of ethics was passed down and
written in a book. These stories focused on
morality, family, society, and government.
One of the major ideas Confucius put forth
for the success of both family and
government was leading by example.
Confucius believed that when people
behaved well and acted morally, they were
carrying out what heaven expected of them.
Confucianism
16.
17. Four Social Classes
under the Confucian System
• Upper Class: The Emperor, his court, and his scholars
• Second Class: The peasants, who made life work on a
daily basis
• Third Class: The artisans, who produced items for daily life
and some luxury goods
• Fourth Class: The merchants, who bought and sold what
others made
18. Daoism
• Daoism comes from Dao,
meaning “the way.”
• Daoists believed that
people should avoid
interfering with nature or
each other.
• Laozi wrote The Way and
Its Power, a book teaching
that power and wealth are
unnecessary.
Two Schools of Thought
Legalism
• Legalism is the political
philosophy that people
need to be controlled.
• It is unconcerned with
religion or individual
thought, and prepared
always for war.
• Legalists put their ideas
into practice throughout
China.
19. Contact with New Cultures
Impacts on China
• When the Han dynasty began to fail, people looked to old
religions to find answers, but were disappointed.
• After coming into contact with Indian Buddhists on trade
routes, many Chinese brought the teachings home to China.
• In hopes of relieving the suffering of human life, both rich and
poor people began to embrace the teachings of the Buddha.
• The popularity of Buddhism in China is an example of
diffusion: the spread of ideas from one culture to another.
Buddhism Comes to China
20. Social Classes
and Wealth
• Social rank did
not reflect
prosperity.
• Hard work and
heavy labor did
not reflect
prosperity.
• A strong family
was stressed so
that people
would obey the
emperor.
Men
• Men were the
head of the
household.
• Rulers had to
obey their elders
too; it was a
crime to disobey.
• Some men
gained jobs
based on the
respect they
showed to
elders.
Family Life
Women
• Women were
taught to obey
their husbands.
• Girls were not
valued as highly
as boys.
• Women could
influence their
sons’ families.
21. • Chinese goods became highly valued in other lands, so
trade routes began opening up.
• Trading Chinese silk for strong Central Asian horses
became a primary goal under the rule of Emperor Wudi.
• Central Asians could then take the silk and trade it for
products in other lands.
Trade Routes
22. Chinese traders only used the road until they reached Central
Asia, and then gave their goods to local traders.
The Silk Road
China grew rich from trading silk with other lands.
Travelers banded together for protection along the many miles
of difficult terrain.
The Silk Road was a network of routes stretching more than
4,000 miles across Asia’s deserts and mountain ranges, through
the Middle East and stopping at the Mediterranean Sea.